بورج

(تم التحويل من Bourges)
For other uses, see بورج (توضيح).
بورج
Prefecture and commune
كاتدرائية بورج
كاتدرائية بورج
علم بورج
Flag
درع بورج
Coat of arms
Location of بورج
بورج is located in فرنسا
بورج
بورج
بورج is located in Centre-Val de Loire
بورج
بورج
الإحداثيات: 47°05′04″N 2°23′47″E / 47.0844°N 2.3964°E / 47.0844; 2.3964Coordinates: 47°05′04″N 2°23′47″E / 47.0844°N 2.3964°E / 47.0844; 2.3964
البلدفرنسا
المنطقةCentre-Val de Loire
الإقليمCher
الدائرةبورج
بين‌التجمعاتCA Bourges Plus
الحكومة
 • العمدة (2014–2020) Pascal Blanc
المساحة
1
68٫74 كم² (26٫54 ميل²)
التعداد
 (1-1-2017)
64٬551
 • الكثافة940/km2 (2٬400/sq mi)
صفة المواطنBerruyers
منطقة التوقيتUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/الرمز البريدي
18033 /18000
المنسوب120–169 m (394–554 ft)
(avg. 153 m or 502 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

بورج (Bourges ؛ النطق الفرنسي: [buʁʒ]  (Speaker Icon.svg استمع)) هي بلدة في وسط فرنسا على نهر ياڤر. وهي عاصمة إقليم شر، وأيضاً كانت عاصمة المقاطعة السابقة بري.

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التاريخ

The name of the commune derives either from the Bituriges, the name of the original inhabitants, or from the Germanic word Burg (French: bourg. Spanish: burgo. English, others: burgh, berg, or borough), for "hill" or "village". The Celts called it Avaricon; Latin-speakers: Avaricum. In the fourth century BC, as in the time of Caesar, the area around it was the center of a Gallic (Celtic) confederacy.

In 52 BC, the sixth year of the Gallic Wars, while the Gauls implemented a scorched-earth policy to try to deny Caesar's forces supplies, the inhabitants of Avaricum begged not to have their town burned.[بحاجة لمصدر] It was temporarily spared due to its good defences provided by the surrounding marshes, by a river that nearly encircled it, and by a strong southern wall. Julius Caesar's forces, nevertheless, captured and destroyed the town, killing all but 800 of its inhabitants.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Rome reconstructed Avaricum as a Roman town, with a monumental gate, aqueducts, thermae and an amphitheatre; it reached a greater size than it would attain during the Middle Ages. The massive walls surrounding the late-Roman town, enclosing 40 hectares, were built in part with stone re-used from earlier public buildings.

The third-century AD Saint Ursinus, also known as Saint Ursin, is considered[ممن؟] the first bishop of the town. Bourges functions as the seat of an archbishopric. During the 8th century Bourges lay on the northern fringes of the Duchy of Aquitaine and was therefore the first town to come under Frankish attacks when the Franks crossed the Loire. The Frankish Charles Martel captured the town in 731, but Duke Odo the Great of Aquitaine immediately re-took it. It remained under the rule of counts who pledged allegiance to the Aquitanian dukes up to the destructive siege by the Frankish King Pepin the Short in 762, when Basque troops are found defending the town along with its count.

بورج في 1820

During the Middle Ages, Bourges served as the capital of the Viscounty of Bourges until 1101. In the fourteenth century, it became the capital of the Duchy of Berry (established in 1360). The future king of France, Charles VII (ح. 1422–1461), sought refuge there in the 1420s during the Hundred Years' War. His son, Louis XI, was born there in 1423. In 1438, Charles VII decreed the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. During this period, Bourges was a major centre of alchemy.[بحاجة لمصدر]

The Gothic Cathedral of Saint Etienne, begun at the end of the twelfth century, ranks as a World Heritage Site. It is considered[ممن؟] one of the earliest examples of the High Gothic style of the thirteenth century.[1]

Bourges has a long tradition of art and history. Apart from the cathedral, other sites of importance include the 15th-century Palace of Jacques Cœur and a sixty-five-hectare district of half-timbered houses and fine town-houses.


الجغرافيا

Bourges sits at the river junction where the Auron flows into the Yèvre. The disused Canal de Berry follows alongside the course of the Auron through Bourges.

المناخ

Bourges, located in the center of France, away from the Atlantic ocean, features a typical degraded oceanic climate (Köppen : Cfb), characterized by colder, drier winters and warmer, wetter summers than the oceanic climate.

بيانات مناخ Bourges (Bourges Airport), elevation: 166 m or 545 ft, 1981-2010 normals
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر العام
العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) 17.6
(63.7) 		22.6
(72.7) 		29.4
(84.9) 		29.4
(84.9) 		32.0
(89.6) 		38.0
(100.4) 		39.6
(103.3) 		39.9
(103.8) 		35.1
(95.2) 		31.7
(89.1) 		23.4
(74.1) 		20.0
(68) 		39٫9
(103٫8)
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) 6.9
(44.4) 		8.5
(47.3) 		12.5
(54.5) 		15.5
(59.9) 		19.6
(67.3) 		23.1
(73.6) 		26.0
(78.8) 		25.6
(78.1) 		21.8
(71.2) 		17.0
(62.6) 		10.7
(51.3) 		7.4
(45.3) 		16٫3
(61٫3)
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) 1.1
(34) 		1.1
(34) 		3.4
(38.1) 		5.3
(41.5) 		9.2
(48.6) 		12.4
(54.3) 		14.4
(57.9) 		14.1
(57.4) 		11.1
(52) 		8.3
(46.9) 		4.0
(39.2) 		1.8
(35.2) 		7٫2
(45)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) -20.4
(-4.7) 		-16.4
(2.5) 		-11.3
(11.7) 		-3.7
(25.3) 		-2.6
(27.3) 		3.4
(38.1) 		4.6
(40.3) 		4.6
(40.3) 		1.8
(35.2) 		-5.0
(23) 		-9.1
(15.6) 		-14.0
(6.8) 		−20٫4
(−4٫7)
هطول mm (inches) 55.2
(2.173) 		52.0
(2.047) 		53.2
(2.094) 		62.4
(2.457) 		78.6
(3.094) 		60.5
(2.382) 		66.1
(2.602) 		55.0
(2.165) 		59.7
(2.35) 		71.7
(2.823) 		65.7
(2.587) 		67.8
(2.669) 		747٫9
(29٫445)
Avg. precipitation days 11.6 9.3 10.2 10.6 11.6 8.6 7.9 7.7 8.2 10.4 10.9 11.3 118٫2
Sunshine hours 67.9 88.6 151.0 175.7 210.0 224.9 239.0 232.7 185.8 124.5 72.2 55.3 1٬827٫5
Source: Météo France[2][3]


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المعالم

Half-timbered houses in Place Gordaine
Jacques Cœur's palace

النقل

The railway station Gare de Bourges offers direct connections to Paris (2 hours), Orléans, Tours, Lyon and several regional destinations. The A71 motorway connects Bourges with Orléans and Clermont-Ferrand. Bourges Airport is a small regional airport.

الرياضة والترفيه

Bourges' principal football team are Bourges Football 18. It is also home to the women's basketball club CJM Bourges Basket, which has won multiple titles in domestic and European basketball. Bourges XV is the premier rugby team in the region, currently playing in French National Division, Federal 3.

الكليات والجامعات

البلدات التوأم - المدن الشقيقة

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Bourges is twinned with:[11]

أحداث

The Printemps de Bourges music festival takes place in Bourges every year.

Every summer, and since 2002, Les mille univers hosts a writing workshop in collaboration with Oulipo.[12]

أشخاص

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ [1] Destination 360 (Accessed 7 October 2016) Cathedral one of the earliest examples of High Gothic.
  2. ^ "Données climatiques de la station de Bourges" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 30 December 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  3. ^ "Climat Centre-Val de Loire" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 30 December 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  4. ^ "Bourges (07255) - WMO Weather Station". NOAA. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  5. ^ "Normes et records 1961-1990: Bourges (18) - altitude 161m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 30 December 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  6. ^ Jacques Cœur's palace, visitor centre Archived 21 أبريل 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Lallemant's hotel, visitor centre Archived 4 مارس 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Berry museum, visitor center Archived 7 مايو 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Estève museum, visitor centre Archived 5 مارس 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Bourges' marshes, visitor centre
  11. ^ "Villes jumelles". ville-bourges.fr (in الفرنسية). Bourges. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
  12. ^ Les récréations à Bourges.

ببليوگرافيا

انظر أيضاً: Bibliography of the history of Bourges


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وصلات خارجية

مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Bourges.
معرفة المصادر بها نص من the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica مقالة Bourges.

قالب:Cher communes

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