نهر السين

Coordinates: 49°26′02″N 0°12′24″E / 49.43389°N 0.20667°E / 49.43389; 0.20667
"Seine River" redirects here. For other uses, see Seine (disambiguation) and Seine River (disambiguation).
يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين Seyne, Sienne (river), or Seym (river).
السين
Bercy, Paris 01.jpg
The Seine in Paris
Bassin Seine.png
Topographic map of the Seine basin
الاسم المحليError {{native name}}: an IETF language tag as parameter {{{1}}} is required (help)
الموقع
البلدفرنسا
السمات الطبيعية
المنبع 
 ⁃ الموقعSource-Seine
المصبالقنال الإنگليزي (فرنسية: la Manche)
 - الموقع
Le Havre/Honfleur
 - الإحداثيات
49°26′02″N 0°12′24″E / 49.43389°N 0.20667°E / 49.43389; 0.20667
 - المنسوب
0 m (0 ft)
الطول777 km (483 mi)
مساحة الحوض79,000 km2 (31,000 sq mi)
التدفق 
 ⁃ الموقعLe Havre
 ⁃ المتوسط560 m3/s (20,000 cu ft/s)
سمات الحوض
النظام النهريSeine basin
الروافد 
 - اليسرىYonne, Loing, Eure, Risle
 - اليمنىOurce, Aube, المارن، Oise, Epte

السين هو نهر رئيسي في شمال فرنسا، وأحد طرق النقل المائية التجارية. كما أنه مصدر جذب سياحي، وبالذات في مدينة باريس التي يمر عبرها.

نهر السين ممر مائي تجاري أساسي لفرنسا، يمتد لمسافة 29 كم شمال غرب ديجون. ومن هناك يجري في مسار ملتو لحوالي 764 كم في اتجاه الشمال الغربي إلى مصبه في القنال الإنجليزي بالقرب من مدينة لو هافر. وعلى بعد حوالي 378 كم من منبعه يصبح السين نهرًا عريضًا يخترق قلب باريس، حيث يمر تحت أكثر من 30 جسرًا، بعضها يتجاوز عمره 300 سنة. وعلى الضفة اليسرى جنوب نهر السين في باريس يُوجد الحي اللاتيني والسوربون وحدائق لوكسمبرج وبرج إيفل والشانزليزيه والتروكاردو. وتقع كاتدرائية نوتردام في جزيرة المدينة في نهر السين.

Panoramic view of the Seine in باريس with St-Michel bridge on the left and Notre-Dame cathedral to the right

Bridge over seine bs.jpg

تحمل القوارب في نهر السين السائحين من جانب إلى آخر في باريس، كما تحمل كذلك الناس والبضائع في اتجاه الغرب من باريس مرورًا بسانت كلود المشهورة بسباق الخيل، ومرورًا بسانت جيرمان المشهورة بقصورها الجميلة. ومن ثم يتعرج نهر السين عبر مقاطعة نورمنديا إلى رون والميناء البحري لمدينة لو هافر. وإلى الجنوب الشرقي من باريس يجري النهر بالقرب من فونتينبلو.

ونهر السين مهم تجاريًا، ويرتبط بأنهار أوب ومارن ويون وأواس. وتربط القنوات المائية نهر السين بأنهار اللُوار والرون والراين والميوز وشيلدي. ويمكن للقوارب أن تبحر فيه لمسافة 547 كم. أغرق نهر السين ضفتيه مرارًا، وتسبب في أضرار جسيمة للمحاصيل الزراعية والممتلكات عندما ارتفع لأكثر من 7م أثناء فيضان عام 1910م.

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Dams and flood control

Four large storage reservoirs have been built since 1950 on the Seine as well as its tributaries Yonne, Marne, and Aube. These help in maintaining a constant level for the river through the city, but cannot prevent significant increases in river level during periods of extreme runoff. The dams are Lac d’Orient, Lac des Settons, Lake Der-Chantecoq, and Auzon-Temple and Amance, respectively.[1]


Flooding

A very severe period of high water in January 1910 resulted in extensive flooding throughout the city of Paris. The Seine again rose to threatening levels in 1924, 1955, 1982, 1999–2000, June 2016, and January 2018.[2][3] After a first-level flood alert in 2003, about 100,000 works of art were moved out of Paris, the largest relocation of art since World War II. Much of the art in Paris is kept in underground storage rooms that would have been flooded.[4]

A 2002 report by the French government stated the worst-case Seine flood scenario would cost 10 billion euros and cut telephone service for a million Parisians, leaving 200,000 without electricity and 100,000 without gas.[5]

2018 Paris flood

In January 2018 the Seine again flooded, reaching a flood level of 5.84 metres (19 ft 2 in) on 29 January.[6] An official warning was issued on 24 January that heavy rainfall was likely to cause the river to flood.[7] By 27 January, the river was rising.[8] The Deputy Mayor of Paris Colombe Brossel warned that the heavy rain was caused by climate change. He added that "We have to understand that climatic change is not a word, it's a reality."[9]

Watershed

The basin area, including a part of Belgium, is 78,910 square kilometres (30,470 sq mi),[10] 2 percent of which is forest and 78 percent cultivated land. In addition to Paris, three other cities with a population over 100,000 are in the Seine watershed: Le Havre at the estuary, Rouen in the Seine valley and Reims at the northern limit—with an annual urban growth rate of 0.2 percent.[10] The population density is 201 per square kilometer.

Tributaries

Tributaries of the Seine are, from source to mouth:[11]

Water quality

Due to concentrated levels of industry, agriculture and urban populations of Paris and its surroundings, the Seine-Normandy watershed experiences the highest human impacts of any hydrographic basin in France. Compared to most other large European rivers, the ability of the Seine to dilute urban sewage and farmland runoff is very low. Low oxygen levels, high concentrations of ammonia, nitrites and faecal bacteria, extending from Paris to the estuary, have been issues for over a century. The advent of nitrogenous fertilizers in the 1960s marked an upturn in agricultural pollution due to land use changes that had previously scaled with population growth. Heavy industries near Paris and along the Oise River discharged virtually untreated wastewaters from the turn of the 19th century, causing concentrations of toxins in the river that were ignored until the late 1980s. Major French laws to address water quality were passed in 1898, 1964, 1996, and 2006.[12]

At the beginning of the 20th century, most domestic sewage was used as fertilizer for nearby croplands. As populations grew, the agricultural capacity to absorb those wastewaters was exceeded. Large-scale construction of waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) began in 1940 to meet demand; however, by 1970, about 60% of urban sewage was allowed to flow into the river untreated. The resulting oxygen depletion reduced the number of fish species to three. Measures taken in the early 2000s due to the Water Framework Directive led to significant reductions of organic carbon, phosphorus and ammonium, which in turn decreased the occurrence and severity of phytoplankton blooms. Continued WWTP construction and new treatment methods improved environmental conditions.[13] In 2009, it was announced that Atlantic salmon had returned to the Seine.[14] By the early 2020s, the number of fish species near Paris had rebounded to 32.[13]

Periodically the sewage systems of Paris experience a failure known as sanitary sewer overflow, often in periods of high rainfall. Under these conditions, untreated residential and industrial sewage is discharged into the Seine to prevent backflow. This is due in large part to Paris' "single system" drainage scheme dating from the 19th century, which combines street runoff and sewage.[15][16] The resulting oxygen deficit is principally caused by allochthonous bacteria larger than one micrometre in size. The specific activity of these sewage bacteria is typically three to four times greater than that of the autochthonous (background) bacterial population. Heavy metal concentrations in the Seine are relatively high.[17] The pH level of the Seine at Pont Neuf has been measured to be 8.46. Despite this, the water quality has improved significantly over what several historians at various times in the past called an "open sewer".[18]

In 2018, a €1.4 billion ($1.55 billion) cleanup programme called the "Swimming Plan" was launched with the aim of making the river safe to use for the 2024 Summer Olympics. The project included constructing a basin to store rainwater, which would then be slowly released into the sewer system, preventing overflow. Plans also call for several public swimming areas to be made available by 2025, ending a ban instituted in 1923 due to the polluted water.[19] These efforts have produced mixed results, as E. coli levels have often been found to be far higher than what is safe to swim in, though this could depend on the season.[20][21] At the same time, the fish population in the river has surged, from just two species to over 30.[21] To demonstrate the river's improved cleanliness, Mayor Anne Hidalgo and President Emmanuel Macron both pledged to take a swim in the waters,[22] and Hidalgo did so on July 17, 2024.[23]

During the Summer Olympics, the date of the triathlon was postponed due to water quality issues,[24] as the earlier rainstorm during the opening ceremony had driven some untreated rainwater back into the Seine.[25] However, the triathlon proceeded the following day, after testing found the water quality to be sufficient for swimming.[26]

التاريخ

The gigantic Cratère de Vix - at 1.64 meters high, the largest bronze vessel of all antiquity, 500 BCح. 500 BC
The Seine in Paris during the World Expo in 1937
The Seine and Eiffel Tower

The name Seine comes from Gaullish Sēquana, from the Celtic Gallo-Roman goddess of the river, as offerings for her were found at the source. Sometimes it is associated with Latin; the Latin word seems to derive from the same root as Latin sequor (I follow) and English sequence, namely Proto-Indo-European *seikw-, signifying 'to flow' or 'to pour forth'.[27]

On 28 or 29 March 845, an army of Vikings led by a chieftain named Reginherus, which is possibly another name for Ragnar Lothbrok, sailed up the River Seine with siege towers and sacked Paris.

On 25 November 885, another Viking expedition led by Rollo was sent up the River Seine to attack Paris again.

In March 1314, King Philip IV of France had Jacques de Molay, last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, burned on a scaffold on an island in the River Seine in front of Notre Dame de Paris.[28]

After the burning of Joan of Arc in 1431, her ashes were thrown into the Seine from the medieval stone Mathilde Bridge at Rouen, though unsupported counter-claims persist.[29]

Plaque commemorating Robert Fulton's first successful trial of the steamboat in the Seine

On 9 August 1803 Robert Fulton, American painter and marine engineer, made his first successful test of his steamboat in the Seine beside the Tuileries Garden. Having a length of sixty-six feet and an eight-foot beam Fulton's steamboat attained speeds of three to four miles per hour against the Seine's current.[30]

Reaching the Seine was one of the original objectives of Operation Overlord, during the Second World War, in 1944. The Allies' intention was to reach the Seine by 90 days after D-Day. That objective was met. An anticipated assault crossing of the river never materialized as German resistance in France crumbled by early September 1944. However, the First Canadian Army did encounter resistance immediately west of the Seine and fighting occurred in the Forêt de la Londe as Allied troops attempted to cut off the escape across the river of parts of the German 7th Army in the closing phases of the Battle of Normandy.

Some of the Algerian victims of the Paris massacre of 1961 drowned in the Seine after being thrown by French policemen from the Pont Saint-Michel and other locations in Paris.


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At the Olympics

1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics

At the 1900 Summer Olympics, the river hosted the rowing, swimming, and water polo events.[31] Twenty-four years later, it hosted the rowing events again at Bassin d'Argenteuil, along the Seine north of Paris.[32]

2024 Summer Olympics

انظر أيضاً: Concerns and controversies at the 2024 Summer Olympics § Water pollution of the Seine and uncertain role in the wider Games

More than a century later, during the 2024 Summer Olympics, the Seine hosted a boat parade with boats for each national delegation during the opening ceremony.[33]

The river was also the site of the men's and women's event for marathon swimming, as well as the swimming portion of the triathlon.[34] Although swimming in the Seine had been banned since 1923, a €1.4 billion cleanup effort by the French government sought to reduce bacterial levels in the river to those safe for swimming.[35] During the Olympics, daily tests of the water quality were taken to determine if it was safe for swimming; this caused the triathlon to be delayed by a day, before being allowed to proceed on July 31.[36] A few of the triathletes who swam in the river became sick afterwards,[37] though it was not clear if the Seine water was the cause.[38]


World Heritage Sites

In 1991, UNESCO added the banks of the Seine in Paris—the Rive Gauche and Rive Droite—to its list of World Heritage Sites in Europe.[39]


الرسامون

Carl Fredrik Hill, Seine-Landschaft bei Bois-Le-Roi (Seine Landscape in Bois-Le-Roi) (1877)
George Seurat's Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1884-1886) is set on an island in the Seine.

During the 19th and the 20th centuries, the Seine has inspired many painters including:

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ "LC". Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  2. ^ Seine river Basin Archived 8 أغسطس 2007 at the Wayback Machine, United Nations Environment Programme Department of Early Warning and Assessment (accessed 5 June 2007).
  3. ^ Willsher, Kim (24 January 2018). "Paris on flooding alert as rising Seine causes travel disruption". The Guardian.
  4. ^ Riding, Alan (19 February 2003). "Fearing a Big Flood, Paris Moves Art". The New York Times.
  5. ^ Mulholland, Rory (25 January 2002). "Paris flood warning". BBC News.
  6. ^ Garriga, Nicolas; Schaeffer, Jeffrey (29 January 2018). "France sees worst rains in 50 years, floods peak in Paris". Deseret News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018.
  7. ^ Willsher, Kim (24 January 2018). "Paris on flooding alert as rising Seine causes travel disruption". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
  8. ^ Held, Amy (27 January 2018). "Déjà Vu Flooding in Paris As Officials Say Seine Will Crest Soon". The Two-Way. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018.
  9. ^ Vandoorne, Saskya; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren (26 January 2018). "Paris is still on flood alert even though the rain has stopped". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 February 2018.
  10. ^ أ ب "World Resources Institute". Earthtrends.wri.org. 22 February 1999. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
  11. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة sandre
  12. ^ Flipo, Nicolas; Lestel, Laurence; Labadie, Pierre; Meybeck, Michel; Garnier, Josette (2020). "Trajectories of the Seine River Basin". The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–28. doi:10.1007/698_2019_437. ISBN 978-3-030-54259-7. ISSN 1867-979X.
  13. ^ أ ب Garnier, J.; Marescaux, A.; Guillon, S.; Vilmin, L.; Rocher, V.; Billen, G.; Thieu, V.; Silvestre, M.; Passy, P.; Raimonet, M.; Groleau, A.; Théry, S.; Tallec, G.; Flipo, N. (2020). "Ecological Functioning of the Seine River: From Long-Term Modelling Approaches to High-Frequency Data Analysis". The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 189–216. doi:10.1007/698_2019_379. ISBN 978-3-030-54259-7. ISSN 1867-979X.
  14. ^ "Radio France Internationale – Atlantic salmon return to river Seine". Rfi.fr. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
  15. ^ Martin Seidl, The fate of organic matter in river Seine after a combined sewer overflow, ENPC – University Paris Val de Marne Paris XII (France), 1997, 181 pp.
  16. ^ Schofield, Hugh (25 July 2023). "Paris to bring back swimming in Seine after 100 years". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  17. ^ J.F.Chiffoleau. 2007. Metal contamination. the Seine-Aval scientific programme. Quae. 40 pages
  18. ^ Hogan, C. Michael (2006). Water quality of fresh water bodies in France. Aberdeen: Luminna Press.
  19. ^ Guy, Jack; Mawad, Dalal; Briscoe, Oliver (26 July 2023). "Paris to bring back swimming in River Seine after 100 years". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  20. ^ Hartley, Noemie Bisserbe and Eve. "Herculean Feat in Paris Olympics: Make the Seine Safe to Swim". WSJ (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2024-04-18.
  21. ^ أ ب Guy, Jack; Mawad, Dalal; Briscoe, Oliver (2023-07-26). "Paris to bring back swimming in River Seine after 100 years". CNN (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2024-04-18.
  22. ^ Bush, Evan (2024-06-21). "Levels of contamination in the Seine remain unsafe for Paris Olympians, report says". NBC News (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  23. ^ Nouvian, Tom (2024-07-17). "Paris mayor dips into the Seine River to showcase its improved cleanliness before Olympic events". AP News (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2024-08-18.
  24. ^ Graham, Pat; Brumback, Kate (2024-07-30). "Paris Olympics postpone men's triathlon due to poor Seine River water quality". The National Desk. Associated Press.
  25. ^ Massy-Beresford, Helen. "No, the Seine Cleanup Wasn't a Failure". Wired (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2024-08-14.
  26. ^ "Women's triathlon begins at Paris Games after tests confirm Seine water quality". 31 July 2024.
  27. ^ Julius Pokorny, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Francke, 1959), word 1664 https://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/natlang/ie/pokorny.html Archived 6 أغسطس 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages Vol. III by Henry Charles Lea, NY: Hamper & Bros, Franklin Sq. 1888, p. 325. Not in copyright.
  29. ^ In February 2006 a team of forensic scientists announced the beginning of a six-month study to assess relics from a museum at Chinon reputed to be the remains of Jeanne d'Arc. In 2007, the investigators reported their conclusion that the relics from Chinon came from an Egyptian mummy and a cat, see Butler, Declan (2007). "Joan of Arc's relics exposed as forgery". Nature. 446 (7136): 593. Bibcode:2007Natur.446..593B. doi:10.1038/446593a. PMID 17410145.
  30. ^ Dickinson, Henry Winram (1913). Robert Fulton, Engineer and Artist: His Life and Works (in الإنجليزية). London: John Lane Company. pp. 157–158.
  31. ^ "Official Report of the 1900 Olympic Games" (PDF) (in الفرنسية). 1901. pp. 17–18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2008 – via LA84 Foundation.
  32. ^ "Official Report of the 1924 Olympic Games and Official Report of the 1924 Olympic Winter Games" (PDF). 1925. pp. 165–6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2008 – via LA84 Foundation.
  33. ^ "Opening Ceremony". Paris 2024 (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  34. ^ "Olympic Marathon Swimming Schedule & Results". Olympics Paris 2024 (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  35. ^ O'Sullivan, Feargus (23 July 2024). "Paris Spent €1.4 Billion to Clean up the Seine. Has It Worked?". Bloomberg.
  36. ^ Brumback, Kate; Graham, Pat (31 July 2024). "Olympic triathletes swim in Seine River after days of concerns about water quality". Associated Press News.
  37. ^ "Olympic triathletes fall ill after River Seine swims. What we know so far - National | Globalnews.ca". Global News (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2024-08-08.
  38. ^ Kate, Brumback; Newberry, Paul (August 7, 2024). "Olympic triathlete who fell ill after swim in Seine says virus made her sick, not E. coli". Cbc.ca. Associated Press. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
  39. ^ Paris, Banks of the Seine Archived 21 مارس 2018 at the Wayback Machine, the World Heritage Site entry from the UNESCO website
مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Seine.

طالع أيضاً

Europe stub.gif هذه بذرة مقالة عن جغرافيا أوروبا تحتاج للنمو والتحسين، فساهم في إثرائها بالمشاركة في تحريرها.
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