مؤسسة هيريتيج

(تم التحويل من Heritage Foundation)


The Heritage Foundation
The Heritage Foundation.svg
الاختصارHeritage[1][2]
التشكل16 فبراير 1973;
منذ 51 سنة (1973-02-16
النوعNonprofit
المقر الرئيسي214 Massachusetts Avenue NE, Washington, D.C., U.S.
الموقع
President
Kevin D. Roberts
Chairman
Barb Van Andel-Gaby
الدخل (2022)
US$106 million[3]
المصاريف (2022)US$93٫7 million[3]
جزء من سلسلة عن
التيار المحافظ
في الولايات المتحدة
رونالد ريگانكالڤن كولدجباري گولدواتروليام ف. بكلي، الابنجاك كمپملتون فريدمانأنتونين سكالياكلارنس توماسصاموِل أليتوكولاج من تسع محافظين أمريكان: رونالد ريگان، كالڤن كولدج، باري گولدواتر، وليام ف. بكلي، الابن، جاك كمپ، ملتون فريدمان، أنتونين سكاليا، كلارنس توماس، صاموِل أليتو
عن هذه الصورة
مدارس
المبادئ
التاريخ
شخصيات
أحزاب
مراكز تفكـُّر
منظمات أخرى
الإعلام
تنويعات وحركات
انظر أيضاً
خطأ لوا في وحدة:Portal-inline على السطر 80: attempt to call upvalue 'processPortalArgs' (a nil value).

The Heritage Foundation, sometimes referred to simply as "Heritage,"[1][2] is an activist American conservative think tank based in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1973, it took a leading role in the conservative movement in the 1980s during the presidency of Ronald Reagan, whose policies were taken from Heritage Foundation studies, including its Mandate for Leadership.[4]

The Heritage Foundation has had significant influence in U.S. public policy making, and has historically been ranked among the most influential public policy organizations in the United States.[5] In 2010, it founded a sister organization, Heritage Action, an influential activist force in conservative and Republican politics.[6][7][8][9]

Heritage leads the 2025 Presidential Transition Project, also known as Project 2025, an extensive plan to consolidate presidential control over the executive branch of government to accomplish its policy goals.[10]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

History

Early years

The Heritage Foundation's headquarters on Massachusetts Avenue on Capitol Hill

The Heritage Foundation was founded on February 16, 1973, during the Nixon administration by Paul Weyrich, Edwin Feulner, and Joseph Coors.[11][12][13] Growing out of the new business activist movement inspired by the Powell Memorandum,[14][15] discontent with Richard Nixon's embrace of the liberal consensus, and the nonpolemical, cautious nature of existing think tanks,[16] Weyrich and Feulner sought to create a conservative version of the Brookings Institution that advanced conservative policies.[11] In its early years, Coors was the Heritage Foundation's primary funding source.[13] Weyrich was the foundation's first president. Later, under Weyrich's successor, Frank J. Walton, the Heritage Foundation began using direct mail fundraising, which contributed to the growth of its annual income, which reached $1 million a year in 1976.[13] By 1981, the annual budget grew to $5.3 million.[11]

The Heritage Foundation advocated for pro-business policies and anti-communism in its early years, but distinguished itself from the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) by also advocating for cultural issues that were important to Christian conservatives"[11] But throughout the 1970s, the Heritage Foundation remained small relative to Brookings and AEI.[11]

Reagan administration

In January 1981, the Heritage Foundation published Mandate for Leadership, a comprehensive report aimed at reducing the size of the federal government. It provided public policy guidance to the incoming Reagan administration, and included over 2,000 specific policy recommendations on how the Reagan administration could utilize the federal government to advance conservative policies. The report was well received by the White House, and several of its authors went on to take positions in the Reagan administration.[17] Ronald Reagan liked the ideas so much that he gave a copy to each member of his cabinet to review.[18] Among the 2,000 Heritage proposals, approximately 60% of them were implemented or initiated by the end of Reagan's first year in office.[17][19] Reagan later called the Heritage Foundation a "vital force" during his presidency.[18]

The Heritage Foundation was influential in developing and advancing the Reagan Doctrine, a key Reagan administration foreign policy initiative under which the U.S. began providing military and other support to anti-communist resistance movements fighting Soviet-aligned governments in Afghanistan, Angola, Cambodia, Nicaragua, and other nations during the final years of the Cold War.[20]

When Reagan met with Mikhail Gorbachev in Moscow in the 1980s, The Wall Street Journal later reported, "the Soviet leader offered a complaint: Reagan was influenced by the Heritage Foundation, Washington’s conservative think tank. The outfit lent intellectual energy to the Gipper’s agenda, including the Reagan Doctrine—the idea that America should support insurgents resisting communist domination."[21]

The Heritage Foundation also supported the development of a new ballistic missile defense system for the United States. In 1983, Reagan made the development of this new defense system, known as the Strategic Defense Initiative, his top defense priority.[17]

By mid-decade, the Heritage Foundation had begun emerging as a key organization in the national conservative movement, publishing influential reports on a broad range of policy issues by prominent conservative thought leaders.[22] In 1986, in recognition of the Heritage Foundation's fast-growing influence, Time magazine labeled the Heritage Foundation "the foremost of the new breed of advocacy tanks".[23] During the Reagan and subsequent George H. W. Bush administrations, the Heritage Foundation served as the brain trust on foreign policy to both administrations.[24]

George H. W. Bush administration

The Heritage Foundation remained an influential voice on domestic and foreign policy issues during President George H. W. Bush's administration. In 1990 and 1991, the foundation was a leading proponent of Operation Desert Storm designed to liberate Kuwait following Saddam Hussein's invasion and occupation of Kuwait in August 1990. According to Baltimore Sun Washington bureau chief Frank Starr, the Heritage Foundation's studies "laid much of the groundwork for Bush administration thinking" about post-Soviet foreign policy.[25] In domestic policy, the Bush administration agreed with six of the ten budget reform proposals the Heritage Foundation proposed in its Mandate for Leadership III book, which the administration included in its 1990 budget proposal.

Clinton administration

The Heritage Foundation continued to grow throughout the 1990s. The foundation's flagship journal, Policy Review, reached a circulation of 23,000. In 1993, Heritage was an opponent of the Clinton health care plan, which died in the U.S. Senate the following year, in August 1994.

In the 1994 Congressional elections, Republicans took control of the House of Representatives, and Newt Gingrich was elected as the new House Speaker in January 1995, largely based on commitments made in the Contract with America, which was issued six weeks prior to the 1994 elections. The Contract was a pact of principles that directly challenged the political status quo in Washington, D.C. and many of the ideas at the heart of the Clinton administration.[26]

The Heritage Foundation also became engaged in the culture wars, publishing The Index of Leading Cultural Indicators by William Bennett in 1994. The Index documented how crime, illegitimacy, divorce, teenage suicide, drug use, and fourteen other social indicators had worsened measurably since the 1960s.[27]

In 1995, the Heritage Foundation published its first Index of Economic Freedom, an annual publication that assesses the state of economic freedom in every country in the world; two years later, in 1997, The Wall Street Journal joined the project as a co-manager and co-author of the annual publication.

In 1996, Clinton aligned some of his welfare reforms with the Heritage Foundation's recommendations, incorporating them into the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act.

George W. Bush administration

Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, the Heritage Foundation supported the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq in the war on terror.[28][29] The Heritage Foundation challenged opposition to the war.[30] They defended the George W. Bush administration's treatment of suspected terrorists at Guantanamo Bay.[28]

The Washington Post wrote in 2005 that the Heritage Foundation softened its criticism of the Malaysian government after Heritage Foundation president Edwin Feulner initiated a business relationship with Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad. "Heritage's new, pro-Malaysian outlook emerged at the same time a Hong Kong consulting firm co-founded by Edwin J. Feulner, Heritage's president, began representing Malaysian business interests" through his relationship with Belle Haven Consultants.[31][32] The Heritage Foundation denied a conflict of interest, saying that its views on Malaysia changed following the country's cooperation with the U.S. after the September 11 attacks,[33] and the Malaysian government "moving in the right economic and political direction."[34][35]

Obama administration

ملف:US Navy 100513-N-8273J-010 Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Adm. Gary Roughead speaks at the Heritage Foundation.jpg
Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Gary Roughead speaking at the Heritage Foundation in May 2010

In March 2010, the Obama administration introduced a health insurance mandate in the Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obamacare, an idea the Heritage Foundation initially developed and supported in "Assuring Affordable Health Care for All Americans", a study the foundation released on October 1, 1989.[36] The mandate proposed in the Heritage Foundation study previously had been incorporated into Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney's health care plan for Massachusetts in 2006, commonly referred to as Romneycare.[37] The Heritage Foundation opposed the Affordable Care Act.[6]

Partly inspired by the model of the Center for American Progress Action Fund on the progressive side, in April 2010, Heritage Action launched as a sister 501(c)4 organization to expand Heritage's reach.[6][38] The new group quickly became influential.[6][7]

In July 2011, the Heritage Foundation released a study on poverty in the United States.[39] The study was criticized by The New Republic, The Nation, the Center for American Progress, and The Washington Post.[40][41][42][43]

In December 2012, Jim DeMint, then a U.S. Senator representing South Carolina, announced that he intended to resign from the Senate to head the Heritage Foundation.[44] As Heritage Foundation president, DeMint was paid $1 million annually, making him the highest paid think tank president in Washington, D.C. at the time.[45][46]

Some pundits predicted that DeMint would bring a sharper, more politicized edge to the Heritage Foundation.[47] DeMint led changes to the historical process that the foundation had utilized for publishing policy papers under which policy experts authored policy papers that were then reviewed by senior departmental staff.[48] Under DeMint, however, his team heavily edited policy papers and sometimes shelved them entirely.[48] In response to DeMint's new practice, several scholars at the foundation quit.[48]

In May 2013, Jason Richwine, who co-authored a controversial Heritage Foundation report on the costs of amnesty for migrants, resigned his position following intensive media scrutiny to his Harvard University Ph.D. thesis, authored four years earlier, in 2009, and comments he made at an American Enterprise Institute forum in 2008. Richwine argued that Hispanics and Blacks are intellectually inferior to Whites and have trouble assimilating because of a supposed genetic predisposition to lower IQ.[49][50]

The same year, in 2013, a Heritage Foundation study co-authored by senior fellow Richwine and Robert Rector was widely criticized across the political spectrum for methodology the two used in criticizing immigration reform legislation.[51] Reason magazine and the Cato Institute criticized the report for failing to employ dynamic scoring, which Heritage previously incorporated in analyzing other policy proposals.[52] The study was also criticized because of Richwine's 2009 doctoral dissertation that concluded that immigrants' IQs should be considered when crafting public policy.[53]

In July 2013, following disputes with the Heritage Foundation over the farm bill, the Republican Study Committee, which then included 172 conservative U.S. House members, reversed a decades-old tradition and barred Heritage employees from attending its weekly meeting in the U.S. Capitol, though it continued cooperating with the foundation through "regular joint events and briefings".[54]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2015 cyberattack

In September 2015, the Heritage Foundation announced that it had been targeted by hackers, which resulted in donors' information being taken. The Hill, a Washington, D.C.-based newspaper covering politics, compared the hacking to the cyberattack against the United States Office of Personnel Management a few months earlier by China's Jiangsu State Security Department, a subsidiary the Ministry of State Security spy agency, that accessed security clearance information on millions of federal government employees. The Heritage Foundation released no further information about the September 2015 hacking.[55][56]

2016 Trump candidacy

In June 2015, Donald Trump announced his candidacy for the 2016 Republican presidential nomination. In July 2015, appearing on a Fox News panel, the leader of Heritage Action, the foundation's advocacy arm, said, "Donald Trump's a clown. He needs to be out of the race."[57] The following month, in August, a Heritage Foundation economic writer, Stephen Moore, criticized Trump's policy positions, saying, "the problem for Trump is that he’s full of all of these contradictions. He’s kind of a tabula rasa on policy."[58] In December 2015, then Heritage Foundation executive vice president Kim Holmes, opposing Trump's candidacy, criticized Trump as "not a conservative." Holmes also criticized Trump supporters, writing that, "they are behaving more like an alienated class of Marxist imagination than as social agents of stability and tradition. They are indeed thinking like revolutionaries, only now their ire is aimed at their progressive masters and the institutions they control," he wrote.[59] Then Heritage president Jim Demint "praised both Rubio and Cruz, but said that he couldn’t 'make a recommendation coming from Heritage'."[60]

After Trump secured the Republican nomination and as the 2016 general election approached, the Heritage Foundation began emailing potential political appointees in the event Trump won the general election. "I need to assess your interest in serving as a presidential appointee in an administration that will promote conservative principles," the email said. It asked that questionnaires and a resume or bio be returned to them by October 26, roughly a week prior to the general election.[61]

Trump administration

Following Trump's victory in the 2016 presidential election, the Heritage Foundation obtained influence in his presidential transition and administration.[62][48][63] The foundation had a say in the staffing of the administration; CNN reported during the transition that "no other Washington institution has that kind of footprint in the transition."[62] One reason for the Heritage Foundation's disproportionate influence relative to other conservative think tanks, CNN reported, was that other conservative think tanks had "Never Trump" staff during the 2016 presidential election, while the Heritage Foundation ultimately signaled that it would be supportive of him.[62][48]

Drawing from a database that the Heritage Foundation began building in 2014 of approximately 3,000 conservatives who they trusted to serve in a hypothetical Republican administration, at least 66 foundation employees and alumni were hired into the Trump administration.[48] According to Heritage employees involved in developing the database, several hundred people from the Heritage database ultimately received jobs in government agencies, including Betsy DeVos, Mick Mulvaney, Rick Perry, Scott Pruitt, Jeff Sessions, and others who became members of Trump's cabinet.[48] Jim DeMint, president of the Heritage Foundation from 2013 to 2017, personally intervened on behalf of Mulvaney, who was appointed to head the Office of Management and Budget and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, and later served as Trump's acting White House Chief of Staff.[48]

In May 2017, the foundation's board of trustees voted unanimously to terminate DeMint as its president. In a public statement, the board said that a thorough investigation of the foundation's operations under DeMint found "significant and worsening management issues that led to a breakdown of internal communications and cooperation." "While the organization has seen many successes," the board said, "Jim DeMint and a handful of his closest advisers failed to resolve these problems."[64] DeMint's firing was praised by some, including former U.S. congressman Mickey Edwards (R-OK), who said he saw it as a step by the foundation to pare back its partisan edge and restore its reputation as a pioneering think tank.[65] In January 2018, DeMint was succeeded by Kay Coles James as the foundation's president. The same month, Heritage claimed the Trump administration had by then embraced 64%, or nearly 2/3rds, of 334 proposed policies in the foundation's agenda.[66][67]

Biden administration

In February 2021, after Trump lost re-election, the Heritage Foundation hired three former Trump administration officials, Ken Cuccinelli, Mark A. Morgan, and Chad Wolf, who held various roles in immigration-related functions in the Trump administration. Cuccinelli and Wolf authored several publications in 2021 before leaving the foundation.[68][69][70]

At the same time, Heritage also hired former U.S. vice president Mike Pence as a distinguished visiting fellow. The following month, in March 2021, Pence authored and published an op-ed column on a Heritage Foundation website that made false claims of fraud in the 2020 presidential election, including numerous false claims about the For the People Act, a Democrat-supported bill to expand voting rights. Pence's false claims drew criticism and corrections from multiple media outlets and fact-checking organizations.[71][72][73] Pence left the foundation in 2022.[74][75]

The Heritage Foundation's positions and management under Kay Coles James drew criticism from conservatives and Trump allies, which intensified in 2020 and 2021. "In the early days of the pandemic in spring 2020, Heritage leadership under James rejected an article from one of its scholars denouncing government restrictions, two people with knowledge of the matter said. The foundation's offices stayed closed for about three months, and signs urging masking became something of a joke for many conservatives who mocked the concept", The Washington Post reported in February 2022. Conservatives also began commenting publicly that the Heritage Foundation had lost the significant intellectual and political clout that led to the foundation's ascent in the 1980s and 1990s. "People do not walk around in fear of the Heritage Foundation the way they did 10 years ago," one conservative told The Washington Post. In March 2021, in response to mounting criticism of her leadership of the foundation, James resigned from the foundation.[76]

In October 2021, the Heritage Foundation announced James would be replaced by Kevin Roberts, who previously led a state-based think tank, the Texas Public Policy Foundation, and participated as a member of Texas Governor Greg Abbott's COVID-19 task force.[76][77] Roberts stated that he saw the role of Heritage as "institutionalizing Trumpism."[78][79]

Beginning incrementally in 2022, the Heritage Foundation began publicly embracing national conservatism as its guiding ideology.[80]

In May 2022, the Heritage Foundation completely reversed its position supporting military aid to Ukraine in its attempt to repel the Russian invasion of the nation, which it had previously supported.[81] Following the reversal of its position on military aid to Ukraine, the foundation claimed, "Ukraine Aid Package Puts America Last".[82] In September 2022, the foundation's foreign policy director said the foundation ordered him to retract his earlier statements supporting aid to Ukraine; he subsequently left the organization.[83] In August 2023, Thomas Spoehr, the foundation's Center for National Defense director, resigned his position over the dramatic policy change.[84]

In September 2022, one Heritage employee said he had been "required by management to remove a Twitter post condemning the January 6 storming of the Capitol."[85]

In March 2023, the Heritage Foundation established a cooperative relationship with the Danube Institute, a Budapest-based state-funded think tank founded in 2013.[86]

On July 12, 2024, Heritage stated a conspiracy theory that Biden could attempt to remain in office following the 2024 election by force,[87] and that the 2024 election was illegitimate in advance.[88]

Activities

The Heritage Foundation has historically ranked among the world's most influential think tanks. In 2020, the Global Go To Think Tank Index Report, published by the University of Pennsylvania, ranked the foundation sixth on its list of "top ten think tanks in the United States", 13th among think tanks globally, and first in its category of think tanks having the most significant impact on public policy between 2017 and 2019.[89]

Policy Review

المقالة الرئيسية: Policy Review

From its 1973 founding through 2001, the Heritage Foundation published Policy Review, a public policy journal and its flagship publication; the journal was acquired by the Hoover Institution in 2001.

Mandate for Leadership

المقالة الرئيسية: Mandate for Leadership

In 1981, the Heritage Foundation published Mandate for Leadership, which offered specific policy recommendations on policy, budget, and administrative action for the incoming Reagan administration. Ten additional editions of Mandate for Leadership have been published since.

Asian Studies Center

المقالة الرئيسية: The Heritage Foundation's Asian Studies Center

In 1983, the Heritage Foundation's founded The Heritage Foundation's Asian Studies Center, which publishes research studies and commentary on Asia and the Pacific Rim and U.S. policy toward the region. The center also has hosted Asia-specific lectures by Henry Kissinger (1995), Donald Rumsfeld (1988), Paul Wolfowitz (2000), Henry Paulson (2007), and others.


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

State Policy Network

المقالة الرئيسية: State Policy Network

The Heritage Foundation is an associate member of the State Policy Network, founded in 1992, a network of conservative and libertarian organizations financed by the Koch brothers, Philip Morris, and other corporate sources.[90][91][92]

Index of Economic Freedom

المقالة الرئيسية: Index of Economic Freedom

Since 1995, the Heritage Foundation has published Index of Economic Freedom, an annual publication that measures countries' state of economic freedom, using property rights, freedom from government regulation, corruption in government, barriers to international trade, income tax and corporate tax rates, government expenditures, rule of law and the ability to enforce contracts, regulatory burdens, banking restrictions, labor regulations, and black market activities as key metrics.

In 1997, The Wall Street Journal began partnering with Heritage as co-manager and co-editor of the Index of Economic Freedom. In 2014, Charles W. L. Hill, a professor at the Foster School of Business at the University of Washington, criticized the Index of Economic Freedom, writing that, "given that the Heritage Foundation has a political agenda, its work should be viewed with caution."[93]

2012 Republican presidential debate

للمزيد من المعلومات: 2012 Republican Party presidential debates and forums

In November 2011, the Heritage Foundation and the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) co-hosted a debate among the candidates for the 2012 Republican 2012 presidential election on foreign policy and national defense issues, which was televised by CNN[94] and was the first presidential debate hosted by Heritage or AEI.[95] Heritage fellows Edwin Meese and David Addington were among the debate's moderators.[96] Following the debate, political commentator Michael Barone wrote in The Washington Examiner that it was "probably the most substantive and serious presidential debate of this election cycle.".[97]

The Daily Signal

المقالة الرئيسية: The Daily Signal

In June 2014, the Heritage Foundation phased out its blog, The Foundry, replacing it with The Daily Signal, a news and conservative commentary website.[98][99]

In June 2024, The Signal became an independent publication with its own board of directors and leadership.[100]

Project 2025

This paragraph is an excerpt from المشروع 2025.[تحرير]
مشروع الانتقال الرئاسي 2025 (Presidential Transition Project،[101] يُعرف أيضاً باسم المشروع 2025 Project 2025)، هي مبادرة نظمتها مؤسسة هيريتيج بهدف الترويج لمجموعة من المقترحات السياسية المحافظة واليمينية لإعادة تشكيل الحكومة الفدرالية الأمريكية وتوحيد السلطة التنفيذية في حال فوز دونالد ترمپ في الانتخابات الرئاسية 2024.[102][103] يؤكد المشروع أن السلطة التنفيذية بأكملها تقع تحت السيطرة المباشرة للرئيس بموجب نظرية السلطة التنفيذية الموحدة.[104][105]

Other initiatives

Publications

The Heritage Foundation publishes The Insider, a quarterly magazine about public policy.[106] From 1995 to 2005, the Heritage Foundation ran Townhall, a conservative website that was subsequently acquired by Salem Communications.[107]

Index of Dependence

Beginning in 2002, the Heritage Foundation began publishing "Index of Dependence", an annual report on federal government programs in five areas: housing, health care and welfare, retirement, higher education, and rural and agricultural services that, in its view, constrain private sector or local government alternatives and impact the dependence of individuals on the federal government.[108] The 2010 edition of the "Index of Dependence" concluded that the number of Americans who pay nothing in federal personal income taxes and the number who rely on government services have both increased measurably,[109] and that, over the prior eight years, Americans' dependence on government had grown by almost 33 percent.[110] In February 2012, the foundation's conclusions were challenged by Rex Nutting of MarketWatch, who wrote that the report was "misleading" and "alarmist", that the percentage of Americans "dependent" upon government had remained essentially the same as it was in the 1980s, and that a small increase was attributable to the Great Recession and an aging population with proportionally more retirees.[111]

Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom

In September 2005, the Heritage Foundation established the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom named in honor of the former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher.[112] Thatcher maintained a long-standing relationship with the Heritage Foundation. In September 1991, shortly after Thatcher left office, the foundation hosted a dinner in Thatcher's honor.[113] Six years later, in 1997, Thatcher delivered the keynote address at Heritage's 25th anniversary celebration.[114] In 2002, Thatcher was again honored by the foundation, which awarded her with its annual Clare Boothe Luce Award.[115]

Positions

Anti-critical race theory legislation

In 2021, the Heritage Foundation said that one of its two priorities, along with tightening voting laws, was to push Republican-controlled states to ban or restrict critical race theory instruction.[116] The Heritage Foundation sought to get Republicans in Congress to put anti-critical race theory provisions into must-pass legislation such as the annual defense spending bill.[116]

Black Lives Matter

In September 2021, a Heritage Foundation senior fellow, Mike Gonzalez, released a book, BLM: The New Making of a Marxist Revolution, which characterizes Black Lives Matter as "a nationwide insurgency" and labels its leaders "avowed Marxists who say they want to dismantle our way of life".[117]

Climate change denial

The Heritage Foundation rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.[118][119] The foundation is one of many climate change denial organizations that have been funded by ExxonMobil, an oil and petroleum company that is the eighth-largest corporation in the world with over $413 billion in revenue as of 2022.[118][120]

The Heritage Foundation strongly criticized the December 1997 Kyoto Agreement to curb climate change, arguing that American participation in the treaty would "result in lower economic growth in every state and nearly every sector of the economy".[121] The foundation projected that the 2009 cap-and-trade bill, the American Clean Energy and Security Act, would result in a cost of $1,870 per family in 2025 and $6,800 by 2035, which varied greatly from those of the non-partisan Congressional Budget Office, which projected that it would cost the average family $175 in 2020.[122]

LGBT rights opposition

In 2013, a Heritage Foundation panel denounced the Boy Scouts of America organization's proposal to allow membership for gay boy scouts, but not gay scout leaders. Heritage's panelists variously argued that the proposal, if implemented, would be a "fatal concession" that would lead to "increased boy on boy contact", "moral confusion", and damage to "understanding of fatherhood" or "character formation".[123][124]

The Heritage Foundation has opposed gay marriage,[125][126] including both the 2015 Obergefell v. Hodges decision by the Supreme Court,[127][128][129] and the 2022 Respect for Marriage Act.[130][125] Ahead of the Obergefell ruling, Heritage's Ryan T. Anderson argued that gay acceptance is linked to single motherhood, sexual permissiveness, and reformed divorce laws. He added that the issue should be left to the states, but that the states should not legalize gay marriage either.[127] Arguing against the 2022 Respect for Marriage Act, Heritage's Roger Severino stated: "Marriage is the exclusive, lifelong, conjugal union between one man and one woman, and any departure from that design hurts the indispensable goal of having every child raised in a stable home by the mom and dad who conceived him."[131] In 2010, the Heritage Foundation also conducted meetings, which included social researchers opposed to gay marriage, which reportedly helped lead to the publication of the controversial New Family Structures Study.[126][132]

The group has engaged in several activities in opposition to transgender rights, including hosting several anti-transgender rights events,[133][134] developing and supporting legislation templates against transgender rights,[135][136][137] and making claims about transgender youth healthcare and suicide rates based on internal research, which are contradicted by numerous peer-reviewed scientific studies.[138] The Heritage Foundation-led initiative Project 2025 proposed LGBT-related policies, including the limiting of LGBT anti-discrimination protections, and a ban on transgender people from the military.[139]

Ukraine

In May 2022, Heritage Action, the Heritage Foundation's political activism organization, announced its opposition to the $40 billion military aid package for Ukraine passed that month following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, completely reversing the organization's previous position of support for such aid.[140][141] The Heritage Foundation's foreign policy director at the time, Luke Coffey, said he was ordered to retract his earlier statements supporting aid to Ukraine; he subsequently left the foundation.[83]

In August 2023, newly installed Heritage president Kevin Roberts stated in an op-ed column that Congress was holding victims of the 2023 Hawaii wildfires hostage "in order to spend more money in Ukraine". The op-ed was followed by a public messaging campaign with the same message and with a tweet by a Heritage vice president, who argued, "It's time to end the blank, undated checks for Ukraine." This, in turn, led the foundation's second senior official, Lt. Gen. (Ret) Thomas Spoehr, director of Heritage's Center for National Defense, to submit his resignation.[84][142]

Voter fraud claims

The Heritage Foundation has promoted false claims of electoral fraud. Hans von Spakovsky, who heads the Heritage Foundation's Election Law Reform Initiative, has played an influential role in elevating alarmism about voter fraud in the Republican Party, despite offering no evidence of widespread voter fraud.[143][144] His work, which claims voting fraud is rampant, has been discredited.[145]

Following the 2020 presidential election, in which President Donald Trump made baseless claims of fraud after he was defeated for reelection, the Heritage Foundation launched a campaign in support of Republican efforts to make state voting laws more restrictive.[146][147]

In March 2021, The New York Times reported that the Heritage Foundation's political arm, Heritage Action, planned to spend $24 million over two years across eight key states to support efforts to restrict voting, in coordination with the Republican Party and allied conservative outside groups, including the Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America, American Legislative Exchange Council, and State Policy Network. Almost two dozen election bills introduced by Republican state legislators in early 2021 were based on a Heritage letter and report.[148] Heritage also mobilized in opposition to H.R. 1./S. 1, a Democratic bill to establish uniform nationwide voting standards, including expanded early and postal voting, automatic and same-day voter registration, campaign finance law reforms, and prohibiting partisan redistricting.[146][147]

In May 2021, Heritage Action spent $750,000 on television ads in Arizona to promote the false claim that "Democrats...want to register illegal aliens" to vote, even though the Democrats' legislation creates safeguards to ensure that ineligible people cannot register.[147] In April 2021, Heritage Action boasted to its private donors that it had successfully crafted the election reform bills that Republican state legislators introduced in Georgia and other states.[149]

On January 21, 2024, after three years of silence on Trump's position that Biden was an illegitimate president and that Trump actually won the 2020 election, Lulu Garcia-Navarro, a reporter for The New York Times, presented the question to Heritage president Kevin Roberts: "Do you believe that President Biden won the 2020 election?" "No", Roberts replied.[150]

Funding

In 1973, businessman Joseph Coors contributed $250,000 to establish the Heritage Foundation and continued to fund it through the Adolph Coors Foundation.[151][152] The foundation's trustees have historically included individuals affiliated with Chase Manhattan Bank, Dow Chemical, General Motors, Mobil, Pfizer, Sears, and other corporations.[153]

Heritage is a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) organization and BBB Wise Giving Alliance-accredited charity funded by donations from private individuals, corporations, and charitable foundations.[154][155][156] It is not required to disclose its donors and donations under the current laws that guide tax-deductible organizations.[155]

In the 1980s, the Heritage Foundation reportedly received a $2.2 million donation from South Korea's National Intelligence Service, South Korea's intelligence agency, then known as the Korean Central Intelligence Agency.[157]

As of 2010, the foundation reported that it had 710,000 individual financial contributors.[158]

For the fiscal year ending December 31, 2011, CharityWatch reported that Edwin Feulner, the Heritage Foundation's past president, received the highest compensation in its top 25 list of compensation received by charity members. Two years later, in 2013, according to CharityWatch, Feulner received $2,702,687, which included investment earnings of $1,656,230 accrued over 33 years.[159]

As of 2013, Heritage is a grantee of Donors Trust, a nonprofit donor-advised fund.[160][161][162]

In 2022, the foundation's total revenue was $106 million and its expenditures were $93.7 million, according to ProPublica.[3]

Notable board of trustees members

As of June 2024, eighteen individuals serve as members of the organization's Board of Trustee. Notable members include:

Notable former members of the Board of Trustees include:

Notes

References

  1. ^ أ ب "About Heritage". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 2017-05-30. Retrieved May 30, 2017. Heritage's staff pursues this mission...
  2. ^ أ ب Ryssdal, Kai (May 3, 2017). "From Reagan to Trump: How the Heritage Foundation Has Influenced Policy". Marketplace. American Public Media. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved May 31, 2017. How did Heritage get to be 'Heritage', capital H?
  3. ^ أ ب ت "Heritage Foundation" Archived مارس 3, 2024 at the Wayback Machine at ProPublica, retrieved March 18, 2024
  4. ^ Weisberg, Jacob (8 يناير 1998). "Happy Birthday, Heritage Foundation". Slate. Archived from the original on 23 مارس 2010.
  5. ^ "Guides: Public Policy Research Think Tanks 2019: Top Think Tanks – US". guides.library.upenn.edu (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2022-12-03. Retrieved 2022-12-03.
  6. ^ أ ب ت ث Khimm, Suzy (January 25, 2013). "Heritage Action's Distinct Lobbying Plan". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
  7. ^ أ ب Martin, Jonathan; Rutenberg, Jim; Peters, Jeremy W. (October 19, 2013). "Fiscal Crisis Sounds the Charge in G.O.P.'s 'Civil War'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
  8. ^ Glueck, Katie (2016-11-22). "Trump's shadow transition team". Politico (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved 2023-09-28.
  9. ^ Riccardi, Nicholas; Izaguirre, Anthony (2021-05-14). "Conservative group boasts of secret role in voting laws". AP News (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved 2023-09-28.
  10. ^ "What is Project 2025? Wish list for a Trump presidency, explained". www.bbc.com (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  11. ^ أ ب ت ث ج "Right Moves | Jason Stahl | University of North Carolina Press". University of North Carolina Press (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). pp. 55, 70, 73, 78, 80, 89. Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2018-10-06.
  12. ^ "Brewery magnate Joseph Coors dies at 85". USA Today. Associated Press. March 17, 2003. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05. Retrieved 2017-09-16.
  13. ^ أ ب ت Edwards, Lee (1997). The Power of Ideas:The Heritage Foundation at 25 Years. Ottawa, Illinois: Jameson Books. pp. 1–20. ISBN 0-915463-77-6.
  14. ^ Bill Moyers (November 2, 2011). How Wall Street Occupied America Archived 2013-12-20 at the Wayback Machine. The Nation. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
  15. ^ Kevin Doogan (2009). New Capitalism. Polity. ISBN 0745633250 p. 34 Archived سبتمبر 15, 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  16. ^ Monroney, Susanna. "Laying the Right Foundations". Rutherford (December 1995): 10.
  17. ^ أ ب ت Edwards, Lee (1997). The Power of Ideas. Ottawa, Illinois: Jameson Books. pp. 41–68. ISBN 0-915463-77-6.
  18. ^ أ ب "Reagan and Heritage: A Unique Partnership". The Heritage Foundation (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on February 6, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  19. ^ Holwill, Richard (1981). The First Year. Washington, D.C.: The Heritage Foundation. p. 1.
  20. ^ "Heritage Foundation receives largest donation to date" Archived ديسمبر 5, 2022 at the Wayback Machine, [1] Archived ديسمبر 5, 2022 at the Wayback Machine by Rebecca Shabad, The Hill, September 17, 2013, retrieved June 27, 2018
  21. ^ "What Time Is It at the Heritage Foundation?" Archived مارس 18, 2024 at the Wayback Machine, The Wall Street Journal, October 5, 2023
  22. ^ Edwards, Lee (1997). The Power of Ideas. Ottawa, Illinois: Jameson Books. pp. 25–35. ISBN 0-915463-77-6.
  23. ^ "Joining the think ranks". Time. September 1, 1986. Archived from the original on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
  24. ^ Arin, Kubilay Yado (2013): Think Tanks, the Brain Trusts of US Foreign Policy. Wiesbaden: vs Springer.
  25. ^ Starr, Frank (1991-01-20). "What Kind of New World Order? What Will the U.S. Fight For? | Liberation of Kuwait campaign". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2018-03-19. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
  26. ^ "Washington and The Contract With America". theatlantic.com. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved 2020-09-16.
  27. ^ Edwards, Lee (1997). The Power of Ideas. Ottawa, Illinois: Jameson Books. pp. 43–50. ISBN 0-915463-77-6.
  28. ^ أ ب Zalman, Amy; Clarke, Jonathan (2009). "The Global War on Terror: A Narrative in Need of a Rewrite". Ethics & International Affairs (in الإنجليزية). 23 (2): 101–113. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7093.2009.00201.x. ISSN 0892-6794. S2CID 145665077.
  29. ^ "Viewpoint: Why Saddam must go" (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). 2003-01-09. Archived from the original on June 22, 2019. Retrieved 2019-06-22.
  30. ^ Kaufmann, Chaim (March 17, 2024). "Threat Inflation and the Failure of the Marketplace of Ideas: The Selling of the Iraq War". International Security. 29, No. 1 (Summer 2004): 5–48. JSTOR 4137546. Archived from the original on April 18, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
  31. ^ "Think Tank's Ideas Shifted As Malaysia Ties Grew", The Washington Post, April 16, 2005
  32. ^ "Foreign lobbies took the guise of nonprofits" Archived مارس 18, 2024 at the Wayback Machine, NBC News, November 3, 2006
  33. ^ Thomas B. Edsall (April 17, 2005). "Think Tank's Ideas Shifted As Malaysia Ties Grew: Business Interests Overlapped Policy". The Washington Post. p. A01. Archived from the original on 2017-10-25. Retrieved 2017-09-16.
  34. ^ ""Heritage hails Malaysia's bold economic policies.", Asia Africa Intelligence Wire". 2005-01-05. Archived from the original on 2012-01-17. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  35. ^ "Heritage Foundation advocated for Iraq war?" Archived 2016-05-29 at the Wayback Machine Real Time with Bill Maher.
  36. ^ "Individual health care insurance mandate has roots two decades long". Fox News. June 28, 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2013-05-08.
  37. ^ Roy, Avik (2011-10-20). "How the Heritage Foundation, a Conservative Think Tank, Promoted the Individual Mandate". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2013-07-15. Retrieved 2013-09-26.
  38. ^ "Heritage Action for America". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  39. ^ Robert Rector and Rachel Sheffield (July 19, 2011). Air Conditioning, Cable TV, and an Xbox: What is Poverty in the United States Today? Archived سبتمبر 1, 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  40. ^ Jonathan Rothwell (November 8, 2011). Why Heritage Is Wrong About Poverty in America Archived 2015-10-18 at the Wayback Machine. The New Republic Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  41. ^ Melissa Boteach and Donna Cooper (August 5, 2011). What You Need When You're Poor; Heritage Foundation Hasn't a Clue Archived 2013-10-03 at the Wayback Machine. Center For American Progress. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  42. ^ Courtland Milloy (September 13, 2011). Study dismisses poverty, but try telling that to the poor Archived سبتمبر 10, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. The Washington Post. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  43. ^ Katrina vanden Heuvel (July 28, 2011). Colbert Challenges the Poverty Deniers Archived أبريل 17, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The Nation Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  44. ^ Paul Kane (December 6, 2012). "Jim DeMint to head conservative think tank". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2015-08-04. Retrieved 2017-09-16.
  45. ^ "Jim DeMint gets his reward" Archived فبراير 7, 2023 at the Wayback Machine, by David Frum, Daily Beast, December 6, 2012
  46. ^ "Jim Demint cashes in" Archived ديسمبر 10, 2023 at the Wayback Machine, New York magazine, December 6, 2012
  47. ^ Karen Tumulty (December 7, 2012). "A sharper edge". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-09-16.
  48. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د Mahler, Jonathan (June 20, 2018). "How One Conservative Think Tank Is Stocking Trump's Government". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-06-21. Retrieved 2018-06-21.
  49. ^ "Amnesty study author Jason Richwine resigns from Heritage Foundation". Washington Examiner. May 10, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
  50. ^ "Co-Author of Controversial Heritage Foundation Report Resigns". ABC News. 2013-05-10. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved 2013-12-09.
  51. ^ Keller, Bill (May 12, 2013). "Dark Heritage". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2014-12-16. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  52. ^ Dalmia, Shikha (May 7, 2013). "Heritage's Updated Study on the Welfare Costs of Immigrants: Garbage In, Garbage Out". Reason Magazine Hit & Run Blog. Archived from the original on 2014-12-06. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  53. ^ Parker, Ashley (May 10, 2013). "Author of Study on Immigrants' I.Q. Leaves Heritage Foundation". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2015-01-10. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
  54. ^ Republican Lawmakers Retaliate Against Heritage Foundation Archived 2013-08-28 at the Wayback Machine, Tim Alberts, National Journal, August 28, 2013
  55. ^ "Heritage Foundation hit by hackers". The Hill. 2015-09-02. Archived from the original on 2015-10-18. Retrieved 2015-10-18.
  56. ^ Sanders, Sam (4 June 2015). "Massive Data Breach Puts 4 Million Federal Employees' Records At Risk". NPR. Archived from the original on June 5, 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  57. ^ "Fox Panel Dines Out on Trump’s Comments: ‘Despicable,’ ‘Clown’" Archived أغسطس 29, 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Mediaite, July 19, 2015
  58. ^ "Donald Trump struggles to turn political fling into a durable campaign" Archived ديسمبر 4, 2022 at the Wayback Machine, The Washington Post, August 9, 2015
  59. ^ "Donald Trump: At Home in Postmodern America" Archived مارس 29, 2024 at the Wayback Machine, Public Discourse, December 14, 2015
  60. ^ "Where in the World Is Jim DeMint?", Washingtonian, October 11, 2016.
  61. ^ [https://web.archive.org/web/20240329020835/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/1719517/report-heritage-foundation-cold-calling-for-trump-posts/ Archived مارس 29, 2024 at the Wayback Machine "Report: Heritage Foundation cold calling for Trump posts", Washington Examiner, October 22, 2016
  62. ^ أ ب ت Tal Kopan (December 6, 2016). "Meet Donald Trump's think tank". CNN. Archived from the original on 2017-01-30. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
  63. ^ "Trump's shadow transition team". Politico. Archived from the original on 2017-02-03. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
  64. ^ "The real reason Jim DeMint got the boot" Archived مايو 8, 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Politico, May 2, 2017
  65. ^ "The real reason Jim DeMint got the boot". Politico. Archived from the original on 2018-05-08. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
  66. ^ Peters, Jeremy W. (2018-01-22). "Heritage Foundation Says Trump Has Embraced Two-Thirds of Its Agenda". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
  67. ^ "Trump Administration Embraces Heritage Foundation Policy Recommendations". Heritage Foundation. January 23, 2018. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
  68. ^ Kight, Alayna Treene, Stef W. (January 29, 2021). "Top Trump Homeland Security officials join Heritage Foundation". Axios (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved 2021-01-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  69. ^ "Ken Cuccinelli" at The Heritage Foundation
  70. ^ "Chad Wolf" Archived مارس 18, 2024 at the Wayback Machine at The Heritage Foundation
  71. ^ "Fact check: Pence echoes Trump's Big Lie in dishonest op-ed on election rules". CNN (in الإنجليزية). March 3, 2021. Archived from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
  72. ^ Washington, District of Columbia 1800 I. Street NW; Dc 20006. "PolitiFact - Pence falsely says if HR 1 passes, millions of people in US illegally will be registered to vote". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2023-03-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  73. ^ Ibrahim, Nur (4 March 2021). "Would HR 1 Ensure Millions of 'Illegal Immigrants' Are Registered to Vote?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
  74. ^ Groppe, Maureen. "Mike Pence to join Heritage Foundation to 'lead the conservative movement into the future'". USA Today (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  75. ^ "Vice President Mike Pence Joins Heritage Foundation as Distinguished Visiting Fellow". The Heritage Foundation (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-10-22.
  76. ^ أ ب "Heritage Foundation, former powerhouse of GOP policy, adjusts in face of new competition from Trump allies". The Washington Post (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2022-02-07. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  77. ^ Samuels, Brett (October 14, 2021). "Heritage Foundation names new president". Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
  78. ^ Garcia-Navarro, Lulu (January 21, 2024). "Inside the Heritage Foundation's Plans for 'Institutionalizing Trumpism'". The New York Times Magazine. ISSN 0028-7822. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
  79. ^ Leingang, Rachael (July 1, 2024). "The force behind Project 2025: Kevin Roberts has the roadmap for a second Trump term". The Guardian. Archived from the original on July 12, 2024. Retrieved July 13, 2024.
  80. ^ ""National conservatives" are forging a global front against liberalism". The Economist. London. February 15, 2024. Archived from the original on February 20, 2024.
  81. ^ "The Path Forward in Ukraine". The Heritage Foundation (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on August 27, 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-27.
  82. ^ Edmondson, Catie (2022-05-27). "Why the Once-Hawkish Heritage Foundation Opposed Aid to Ukraine". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 27, 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-27.
  83. ^ أ ب Fahlberg, Audrey; Lawson, Charlotte (September 15, 2022). "Partisanship Over Policy at the Heritage Foundation". The Dispatch (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on October 21, 2022. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
  84. ^ أ ب Quinn, Jimmy (2023-08-23). "Heritage's Top Defense Expert to Exit over Ukraine Stance". nationalreview.com. Archived from the original on August 27, 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-27.(يتطلب اشتراك)
  85. ^ "Partnership over policy at the Heritage Foundation" Archived أكتوبر 21, 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Politico, September 15, 2022
  86. ^ "Heritage Foundation and Danube Institute Sign Landmark Cooperation Agreement" Archived فبراير 24, 2024 at the Wayback Machine, Hungarian Conservative, March 13, 2023
  87. ^ Fields, Gary; Swenson, Ali (July 12, 2024). "Conservative group behind Project 2025 floats conspiracy idea that Biden could retain power by force". The Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 13, 2024. Retrieved July 13, 2024.
  88. ^ Arnsdorf, Isaac (July 11, 2024). "Trump allies at Heritage declare 2024 election illegitimate in advance". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on July 13, 2024. Retrieved July 13, 2024.
  89. ^ James G. McGann, 2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report Archived مايو 22, 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program, University of Pennsylvania (January 28, 2021).
  90. ^ Pilkington, Ed; Goldenberg, Suzanne (December 5, 2013). "State conservative groups plan US-wide assault on education, health and tax". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on March 1, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  91. ^ Kopan, Tal (November 13, 2013). "Report: Think tanks tied to Kochs". Politico. Archived from the original on 2015-02-15. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
  92. ^ "Directory SPN Members". State Policy Network. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
  93. ^ Hill, Charles W. L. (2014). International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace (10 ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-07-811277-5.
  94. ^ "GOP candidates talk foreign policy, national security at Heritage/AEI debate". The Washington Times. 2011-11-23. Archived from the original on 2014-10-24. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
  95. ^ Gonzalez, Mike (November 1, 2011). "National Security Debate Moves to Nov 22". The Foundry. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 2011-11-24. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
  96. ^ Jim Rutenberg and Jeff Zeleny (November 22, 2011). "Spirited Foreign Policy Debate Includes a Test of Gingrich's Rise". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2011-12-03. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
  97. ^ Michael Barone (November 23, 2012). "Barone: Thoughts on the AEI-Heritage-CNN debate". The Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on 2011-11-25. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
  98. ^ Jessica Chasmar (June 3, 2014). "Sharyl Attkisson joins new Heritage website The Daily Signal". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 2014-12-31. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  99. ^ Dylan Byers (May 7, 2014). "Heritage Foundation to launch news service". Politico. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  100. ^ Bluey, Rob (June 3, 2024). "Independent and Ambitious: A New Era for The Daily Signal". Daily Signal. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
  101. ^ "About Project 2025". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on November 13, 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  102. ^ Haberman, Maggie; Savage, Charlie; Swan, Jonathan (July 17, 2023). "Trump and Allies Forge Plans to Increase Presidential Power in 2025". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 13, 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  103. ^ Mascaro, Lisa (August 29, 2023). "Conservative Groups Draw Up Plan to Dismantle the US Government and Replace It with Trump's Vision". Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved September 21, 2023. While many of the Project 2025 proposals are inspired by Trump, they are being echoed by GOP rivals Ron DeSantis and Vivek Ramaswamy and are gaining prominence among other Republicans.
  104. ^ Wendling, Mike (July 7, 2024). "Project 2025: A wish list for a Trump presidency, explained". BBC. Archived from the original on June 12, 2024. Retrieved June 13, 2024. ...a controversial idea known as 'unitary executive theory'
  105. ^ Driesen, David (July 9, 2024). "The Unitary Executive Theory in Comparative Context". UC Law.
  106. ^ The Insider Archived مارس 8, 2024 at the Wayback Machine, The Heritage Foundation, retrieved March 7, 2024
  107. ^ About Us Archived 2007-05-03 at the Wayback Machine Townhall.com
  108. ^ David Hogberg (June 28, 2010). "Government Dependency Surges; Addiction to get worse". Investor's Business Daily. blog.investors.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-29. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
  109. ^ William Beach (October 24, 2010). "The 2010 Index of Dependence on Government". Heritage Foundation. heritage.org. Archived from the original on 2011-09-04. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
  110. ^ Matt Hadro (April 22, 2010). "Dependence on Government Growing in U.S." Human Events. Archived from the original on 2010-06-25. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
  111. ^ Rex Nutting (February 9, 2012). "Heritage Foundation is wrong about welfare state". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  112. ^ Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (September 13, 2005). "Honoring the Iron Lady". The Washington Times.
  113. ^ Roxanne Roberts (September 24, 1991). "Margaret Thatcher, On the Right Track; Raves for the Iron Lady at the Heritage Foundation Dinner". The Washington Post.
  114. ^ Margaret Rankin (December 12, 1997). "Heritage of conservatism is ongoing after 25 years". The Washington Times.
  115. ^ "Tribute to Margaret Thatcher". C-SPAN. December 9, 2002. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
  116. ^ أ ب "'The Tea Party to the 10th power': Trumpworld bets big on critical race theory". Politico (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
  117. ^ "BLM: A New Marxist Revolution" Archived أغسطس 30, 2023 at the Wayback Machine, The Heritage Foundation
  118. ^ أ ب Washington, Haydn; Cook, John (2011). Climate Change Denial: Heads in the Sand. London: Earthscan. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-84971-335-1. OCLC 682903020.
  119. ^ Fisher, Michael. "Heritage Foundation". Archived from the original on August 8, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
  120. ^ Powell, James Lawrence (2011). The Inquisition of Climate Science. Columbia University Press. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-0-231-52784-2. Archived from the original on August 13, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  121. ^ Turner, James (2018). The Republican Reversal: Conservatives and the Environment from Nixon to Trump. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 167, 183. ISBN 978-0-674-97997-0. OCLC 1023100262.
  122. ^ Catharine Richert (November 27, 2009). "$6,800 for cap and trade not a CBO estimate". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  123. ^ Flock, Elizabeth (May 14, 2013). "Heritage Foundation Alleges Gays in Scouts Would Lead to More 'Boy-on-Boy Contact'". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  124. ^ McCambridge, Ruth (May 17, 2013). "Heritage Panelists: Don't Be 'Snookered' by Boy Scout Proposal". Nonprofit Quarterly. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  125. ^ أ ب Shackford, Scott (November 30, 2022). "What Does the Respect for Marriage Act Actually Say?". Reason. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  126. ^ أ ب Eckholm, Erik (2014-02-23). "Opponents of Same-Sex Marriage Take Bad-for-Children Argument to Court". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 22, 2024. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
  127. ^ أ ب Sherman, Mark (April 21, 2015). "Opponents to same-sex marriage want Supreme Court to decide slowly". PBS. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  128. ^ Cassella, Megan (June 27, 2015). "Celebration and bittersweet memories outside U.S. Supreme Court". Reuters. Retrieved June 9, 2024. Outside the courthouse, Jennifer Marshall of the Heritage Foundation conservative think tank said the case 'won't settle the marriage debate any more than Roe v. Wade settled the abortion debate,' referring to the court's 1973 ruling legalizing abortion.
  129. ^ "Supreme Court rules in favor of gay marriage". PBS NewsHour. June 26, 2015. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  130. ^ Dorn, Sara (November 23, 2022). "Ads Attacking Same-Sex Marriage Bill Will Air During Thanksgiving NFL Games–But Here's What They Get Wrong". Forbes. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  131. ^ Jalonick, Mary Clare (November 30, 2022). "Landmark same-sex marriage bill wins Senate passage". The Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 15, 2024. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  132. ^ Frank, Nathaniel (March 4, 2014). "The Shamelessness of Professor Mark Regnerus". Slate. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  133. ^ "Conservative group hosts anti-transgender panel of feminists 'from the left'". NBC News (in الإنجليزية). January 29, 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-05-03. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  134. ^ Law, Developments in the (12 April 2021). "Outlawing Trans Youth: State Legislatures and the Battle over Gender-Affirming Healthcare for Minors". harvardlawreview.org (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2023-02-16. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  135. ^ "State anti-transgender bills represent coordinated attack, advocates say". NBC News (in الإنجليزية). February 17, 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  136. ^ Holt, Lauren (2021-03-29). "Transgender rights in the spotlight as Arkansas and Tennessee become latest states to pass anti-trans legislation". CNN (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2023-02-16. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  137. ^ Bauer, Sydney (2020-02-11). "The New Anti-Trans Culture War Hiding in Plain Sight". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Archived from the original on 2021-10-18. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  138. ^ Migdon, Brooke (2022-06-14). "'Absurd:' LGBTQ+ advocates, medical professionals respond to conservative study linking gender-affirming care to greater risk of youth suicide". The Hill (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2022-06-19. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
  139. ^ Barrón-López, Laura; Popat, Shrai (March 27, 2024). "How a second Trump presidency could impact the LGBTQ+ community". PBS NewsHour. Archived from the original on June 13, 2024. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  140. ^ Brooks, Emily (2022-10-12). "Future Ukraine aid faces bumpier road in House Republican majority". The Hill (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2022-10-22. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
  141. ^ "Ukraine Aid Package Puts America Last". Heritage Action for America (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). May 10, 2022. Archived from the original on October 25, 2022. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
  142. ^ @Heritage. ""It's time to end the blank, undated checks for Ukraine." - @VictoriaCoates You won't believe what the Biden administration is doing to try and coerce Congress to authorize more unaccountable aid for Ukraine" (Tweet) – via Twitter. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help) Missing or empty |date= (help)
  143. ^ "Trump's pick to investigate voter fraud is freaking out voting rights activists". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved 2017-07-26.
  144. ^ Jane Mayer, "The Voter Fraud Myth". The New Yorker. October 25, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2017. Archived يناير 6, 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  145. ^ Huseman, Mike Spies, Jake Pearson, Jessica (September 15, 2020). "No Democrats Allowed: A Conservative Lawyer Holds Secret Voter Fraud Meetings With State Election Officials". ProPublica (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved 2020-09-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  146. ^ أ ب Caitlin Huey-Burns (March 22, 2021). "Republicans unite on "election integrity" message for coming elections". CBS News. Archived from the original on March 31, 2021. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  147. ^ أ ب ت Glenn Kessler (March 31, 2021). "The bogus claim that Democrats seek to register 'illegal aliens' to vote". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  148. ^ Nick Corasaniti; Reid J. Epstein (March 25, 2021). "G.O.P. and Allies Draft 'Best Practices' for Restricting Voting". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 2, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  149. ^ Berman, Ari; Surgey, Nick. "Leaked video: Dark money group brags about writing GOP voter suppression bills across the country". Mother Jones (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
  150. ^ Garcia-Navarro, Lulu (2024-01-21). "Inside the Heritage Foundation's Plans for 'Institutionalizing Trumpism'". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
  151. ^ John J. Miller (March 20, 2003). "Joseph Coors, RIP". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
  152. ^ Bellant, Russ (1991). The Coors Connection: How Coors Family Philanthropy Undermines Democratic Pluralism. Political Research Associates. ISBN 978-0-89608-416-2. Archived from the original on 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  153. ^ David M. Kotz (2015). The Rise and Fall of Neoliberal Capitalism Archived 2015-04-14 at the Wayback Machine. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674725654 p. 74 Archived 2015-09-15 at the Wayback Machine.
  154. ^ "Heritage Foundation – Charity Reports – Give.org". Better Business Bureau. 2010-12-31. Archived from the original on 2013-12-12. Retrieved 2013-12-09.
  155. ^ أ ب Josh Barro (June 11, 2013). "The Heritage Foundation Is Using Anonymous, Tax-Deductible Donations To Blast Marco Rubio". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 2013-11-24. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
  156. ^ "About Heritage". heritage.org. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 2013-11-28. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
  157. ^ Bellant, Russ (1991). The Coors Connection: How Coors Family Philanthropy Undermines Democratic Pluralism (in الإنجليزية). South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-416-2.
  158. ^ David W. Kreutzer (August 3, 2011). "Subsidizing Natural-Gas Technology" (PDF). waysandmeans.house.gov. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-19. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
  159. ^ "Charity Watch: Top Charity Compensation Packages". CharityWatch. Archived from the original on 2015-04-09. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
  160. ^ Kroll, Andy (February 5, 2013). "Exposed: The Dark-Money ATM of the Conservative Movement". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on 2015-02-18. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
  161. ^ Kroll, Andy (February 11, 2013). "Exclusive: Donors Trust, The Right's Dark-Money ATM, Paid Out $30 Million in 2011". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on 2015-02-26. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  162. ^ Abowd, Paul (February 14, 2013). "Koch-funded charity passes money to free-market think tanks in states". NBC News. Center for Public Integrity. Archived from the original on 2015-03-13. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  163. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح "Board of Trustees". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 2023-09-09. Retrieved 2023-10-13.

External links

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=مؤسسة_هيريتيج&oldid=4012680"