جيلينا

Coordinates: 49°13′22″N 18°44′24″E / 49.22278°N 18.74000°E / 49.22278; 18.74000
(تم التحويل من Žilina)
For other uses, see جيلينا (توضيح).
Žilina
City
Top: Žilina Holy Trinity Cathedral, Mariánske námestie with burgher heritage houses in Mariánske Square, Middle: An inside view of Žilina St.Stephen Church, A heritage of Žilina Town Hall, St.Paul the Apostle and Jesuit Church, Bottom: Budatín Castle, Mirage Commerce Complex Center (all item from left to right)
Top: Žilina Holy Trinity Cathedral, Mariánske námestie with burgher heritage houses in Mariánske Square, Middle: An inside view of Žilina St.Stephen Church, A heritage of Žilina Town Hall, St.Paul the Apostle and Jesuit Church, Bottom: Budatín Castle, Mirage Commerce Complex Center (all item from left to right)
علم Žilina
Flag
درع Žilina
Coat of arms
الكنية: 
Komix City, Pearl of Vah
الشعار: 
Žilina ,the City with face
Žilina is located in Žilina Region
Žilina
Žilina
الموقع في سلوفاكيا
Žilina is located in سلوڤاكيا
Žilina
Žilina
Žilina (سلوڤاكيا)
الإحداثيات: 49°13′22″N 18°44′24″E / 49.22278°N 18.74000°E / 49.22278; 18.74000
CountryFlag of Slovakia.svg سلوفاكيا
المنطقةجيلينا
المقاطعةجيلينا
First mentioned1208
الحكومة
 • MayorPeter Fiabáne
المساحة
[1]
 • City80٫04 كم² (30٫90 ميل²)
 (2022)
المنسوب
378[2] m (1٬240[2] ft)
التعداد
 (2022)[3]
 • City81٬219
 • الترتيب4th
 • الكثافة1٬000/km2 (2٬600/sq mi)
 • Urban
108٬000
 • العمرانية
160٬000
صفة المواطن(m)Žilinčan/(f)Žilinčanka
منطقة التوقيتUTC+1 (CET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
010 01[2]
مفتاح الهاتف+421 41[2]
Car plateZA
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.zilina.sk

جيلينا ( Žilina ؛ sk؛ مجرية: Zsolna hu؛ ألمانية: Sillein de؛ پولندية: Żylina pl؛ الأسماء في اللغات الأخرى) هي مدينة في شمال غرب سلوفاكيا، تبعد حوالي 170 كم من العاصمة براتيسلاڤا، وهي قريبة من كل من الحدود التشيكية والپولندية. It is the fourth largest city of Slovakia بتعداد يناهز 80,000 نسمة، وهي مركز صناعي هام، وأكبر مدينة على نهر ڤاه، ومقر لكل من كراي (منطقة جيلينا) و okres (مقاطعة جيلينا). وتقع في منطقة أعلى الڤاه السياحية.

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أصل الاسم

The name is derived from Slavic/Slovak word žila - a "(river) vein".[4][5] Žilina means "a place with many watercourses". Alternatively, it is a secondary name derived from Žilinka river or from the name of the local people, Žilín/Žiliňane.[4]


التاريخ

Panorama of the historic center

The area around today's Žilina was inhabited in the late Stone Age (about 20,000 BC). In the 5th century, Slavs started to move into the area. However, the first written reference to Žilina was in 1208 as terra de Selinan. From the second half of the 10th century until 1918, it was part of the Kingdom of Hungary.

In the middle of the 13th century, terra Sylna was the property of the Cseszneky de Milvány family.[6] The city started to develop around 1300, and, according to records in 1312, it was already a town. In 1321, King Charles I made Žilina a free royal town. On 7 May 1381, King Louis I issued Privilegium pro Slavis, which made the Slav inhabitants equal to the Germans by allocating half of the seats at the city council to Slavs.[7] The town was burned in 1431 by the Hussites.

During the 17th century, Žilina gained position as a center of manufacturing, trade, and education, and, during the Baroque age, many monasteries and churches, as well as the Budatín Castle, were built. In the Revolutions of 1848, Slovak volunteers, part of the Imperial Army, won a battle near the city against Hungarian honveds and gardists.[بحاجة لمصدر]

The city boomed in the second half of the 19th century as new railway tracks were built: the Kassa Oderberg Railway was finished in 1872 and the railway to Bratislava (Pozsony in Hungarian) in 1883, and new factories started to spring up, such as the drapery factory Slovena (1891) and the Považie chemical works (1892).

It was one of the first municipalities to sign the Martin Declaration (30 October 1918), and until March 1919, it was the seat of the Slovak government. On 6 October 1938, shortly after the Munich Agreement, the autonomy of Slovakia within Czechoslovakia was declared in Žilina.

During the Holocaust in Slovakia, tens of thousands of Jews were deported from Žilina.[8] Žilina was captured on 30 April 1945 by Czechoslovak and Soviet troops of the 4th Ukrainian Front, after which it again became part of Czechoslovakia. After the war, the city continued its development with many new factories, schools and housing projects being built. It was the seat of the Žilina Region from 1949 to 1960 and again since 1996.

Today, Žilina is the fourth largest city in Slovakia, the third most important industrial center and the seat of a university, the Žilinská univerzita (founded in 1953). Since 1990 the historical center of the city has been largely restored and the city has built trolleybus lines.

الجغرافيا

Žilina lies at an altitude of 342 metres (1,122 ft) above sea level and covers an area of 80.03 square kilometres (30.9 sq mi).[9] It is located in the Upper Váh region (سلوڤاكية: Horné Považie) at the confluence of three rivers: Váh, flowing from the east into the south-west, Kysuca, flowing from the north and Rajčanka rivers from the south, in the Žilina Basin. The city is surrounded by these mountain ranges: Malá Fatra, Súľovské vrchy, Javorníky and Kysucká vrchovina. Protected areas nearby include the Strážov Mountains Protected Landscape Area, the Kysuce Protected Landscape Area, and the Malá Fatra National Park. There are two hydroelectric dams on the Váh river around Žilina: the Žilina dam in the east and the Hričov dam in the west.

المناخ

Žilina lies in the north temperate zone and has a continental climate with four distinct seasons. It is characterized by a significant variation between hot summers and cold, snowy winters. The average temperature in July is 18 °C (64 °F), in January, −4 °C (25 °F). The average annual rainfall is 600–700 mm (23.6–27.6 in); most of the rainfall occurs in June and in the first half of July. Snow cover lasts from 60 to 80 days per year.

Climate data for جيلينا
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 0
(33) 		3
(38) 		8
(47) 		14
(58) 		20
(68) 		22
(72) 		25
(76) 		25
(77) 		20
(67) 		14
(58) 		6
(44) 		1
(35) 		13
(56)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5
(22) 		−5
(23) 		−1
(30) 		3
(37) 		8
(46) 		10
(51) 		12
(54) 		12
(53) 		9
(47) 		5
(41) 		0
(33) 		−4
(26) 		4
(39)
Average precipitation cm (inches) 2.85
(1.12) 		2.67
(1.05) 		3.10
(1.22) 		4.08
(1.61) 		4.82
(1.90) 		6.99
(2.75) 		6.84
(2.69) 		5.19
(2.04) 		4.74
(1.87) 		4.19
(1.65) 		3.91
(1.54) 		3.42
(1.35) 		52.8
(20.79)
Source: MSN Weather[10]

الرمز

The coat of arms of Žilina is a golden double-cross (so-called cross of Lorraine) with roots and two golden stars on an olive-green background. The double-cross is of Byzantine origin and stems from Cyrillic-methodic tradition. This is one of the oldest municipal coat of arms, not only in Slovakia, but in Europe. It has been used as the city's symbol since 1378.

السكان

Historical population
YearPop.±%
198070٬025—    
199183٬911+19.8%
200185٬400+1.8%
201181٬494−4.6%
202182٬656+1.4%
Source:[11]
Municipality Urban Metro
Žilina 85,302 85,302
Kysucké Nové Mesto - 16,420
Varín - 3,537
Teplička nad Váhom 3,502 3,502
Belá - 3,361
Rajecké Teplice - 2,950
Rosina 2,925 2,925
Strečno - 2,661
Višňové 2,610 2,610
Divina - 2,483
Dlhé Pole - 2,029
Turie 1,981 1,981
Kamenná Poruba - 1,826
Stráňavy - 1,822
Lietavská Lúčka 1,786 1,786
Rudina - 1,669
Lietavská Svinná - Babkov - 1,596
Lietava 1,422 1,422
Radoľa - 1,391
Konská - 1,393
Dolná Tižiná - 1,243
Gbeľany 1,239 1,239
Krasňany 1,223 1,223
Snežnica - 1,013
Svederník 1,003 1,003
Kunerad - 949
Nededza 927 927
Divinka - 882
Lysica - 864
Lutiše - 795
Podhorie - 781
Horný Hričov - 763
Dolný Hričov 1,506 1,506
Hričovské Podhradie - 374
Hôrky 635 635
Bitarová 630 630
Ovčiarsko 511 511
Brezany 462 462
Mojš 450 450
Porúbka - 447
Rudinka - 384
Nezbudská Lúčka - 366
Total 108,114 159,729

Žilina has a population of 82,664 (as of September 2020), with the population of the urban area of 108,114 and the population of the metro area of 159,729. According to the 2001 census, 96.9% of inhabitants were Slovaks, 1.6% Czechs, 0.2% Romani, 0.1% Hungarians and 0.1% Moravians. The religious makeup was 74.9% Roman Catholics, 16.7% people with no religious affiliation, and 3.7% Lutherans.[9]


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Economy

Žilina is the main industrial hub of the upper Váh river basin region, with a fast-growing economy as north-west Slovakia's business center with large retail and construction sectors.

By far the biggest and most important employer is Korean car maker Kia Motors. By 2009, the plant produced 300,000 cars a year and had up to 3,000 employees. Kia Motors' direct investment in the Žilina car plant amounts to over 1.5 billion USD. In 2009 the Žilina car plant produced Kia Cee'd, Kia Sportage and Hyundai ix35 car models. Kia Motors is further upgrading its capacity to be ready to produce engines for a sister company, Hyundai, located at Nošovice in the Czech Republic with a planned investment of US$200 million.

Žilina is also the seat of the biggest Slovak construction and transportation engineering company, Vahostav. The chemical industry is represented by Považské chemické závody and Tento, a paper mill company. Siemens Mobility also has an engineering center in Žilina.[12]

المعالم الرئيسية

Mariánske námestie with burgher houses
Budatín Castle
Frescoes inside the church of St Stephen the King

The historical center of the city, reconstructed in the early 1990s is protected as a city monument reserve (سلوڤاكية: Mestská pamiatková rezervácia). It is centered on the Mariánske námestie and Andrej Hlinka squares. The Mariánske námestie square has 106 arcade passages and 44 burgher houses along the whole square.[13] It is dominated by the Church of St. Paul the Apostle, the old building of the city council, and the baroque statue of the Virgin Mary. Nearby is the Church of the Holy Trinity, a sacral building built around 1400, which is since February 2008 the cathedral of the Diocese of Žilina.

The Church of Saint Stephen the King (سلوڤاكية: Kostol Sv. Štefana kráľa) is the oldest architectural relic of town Zilina,[14] located just 1 kilometre (0.6 miles) southwest from the center. It is one of the first Romanesque churches in Slovakia,[15] dating back to the years 1200–1250, by the experts. The legend goes that the Hungarian King István I himself ordered to build it. Valuable is the inner decoration of the church. Wall paintings originate from approximately 1260; in 1950 they were discovered and later on restored by the Žilina fine artist Mojmír Vlkoláček.[16] Nowadays it is a popular place for wedding ceremonies.

Other landmarks around the city include:

  • Budatín Castle, housing Považie Museum with its tinker trade exhibition
  • The wooden Roman Catholic church of St. George in the Trnové section (one of the few outside north-eastern Slovakia)
  • The Orthodox synagogue, which now houses the Museum of Jewish culture
  • The New Synagogue, now a cultural centre

The city is a starting point for various locations of western and eastern Slovakia, including hiking trails into the Lesser Fatra and Greater Fatra mountains. Other locations of interest include Bojnice Castle, Strečno, Orava region, and the villages of Čičmany and Vlkolínec.

الثقافة

Žilina is candidate city for the title of European Capital of Culture 2026.

Žilina host several cultural institutions:

open-air museum Čičmany, manor-house in Divinka

Žilina is also home of two multi 3D digital theaters, in Mirage Shopping Centre - Ster Century Cinemas and Cinemax MAX in Max Shopping Centre OC Max Solinky.

The city host also several cultural events:

  • Žilina Cultural Summer
  • Fest Anca - Animated film festival
  • Žilina Literary festival
  • KIOSK – festival of new Slovak theater
  • Allegretto Žilina – International music Festival
  • Puppet Žilina
  • Jánošik's Days

Sport

Štadión pod Dubňom

Football (soccer) club MŠK Žilina plays in the top Slovak division Fortuna liga and is one of the most successful teams in recent years, having won five domestic titles and been runners-up three times between 2001 and 2010. The team's colors are the yellow and green, taken from the city's flag. Home games are played at the Stadium Pod Dubňom which is situated at the edge of city center in the neighborhood of the ice hockey stadium. They played in the 2010-11 UEFA Champions League in the group stage for the first time in their history.

Ice hockey club MsHK Žilina plays in the Slovak Extraliga. They have won one domestic title so far.

Slovak professional road bicycle racer for World Tour team Bora-Hansgrohe, three-time world champion Peter Sagan, was born in Žilina in 1990, and is considered one of cycling's most promising young talents, having earned many prestigious victories in his early twenties. He was the winner of the points classification in the Tour de France in 2012 through 2016; as a result, Sagan became the first rider to win the classification in his first five attempts. In 2015, he was also the first Slovak cyclist to win the UCI Road World Championships.

Government

Žilina City Council
View over Žilina

The city is governed by a mayor (سلوڤاكية: primátor) and a city council (Slovak: mestské zastupiteľstvo). The mayor is the head of the city and its chief executive, with a four-year term of office. The current mayor is Peter Fiabáne . The council is the city's legislative body, with 31 councillors. The last municipal election was held in 2014 and councillors are elected to four-year terms, concurrent with the mayor's. Žilina is divided into eight electoral districts, consisting of the following neighborhoods:[17]

  • Staré mesto, Hliny I-IV, Hliny VIII (5 councillors)
  • Hliny V-VII, Bôrik (4 councillors)
  • Solinky (5 councillors)
  • Vlčince (6 councillors)
  • Hájik (3 councillors)
  • Bytčica, Rosinky, Trnové, Mojšová Lúčka (2 councillors)
  • Závodie, Bánová, Strážov, Žilinská Lehota (2 councillors)
  • Budatín, Považský Chlmec, Vranie, Brodno, Zádubnie, Zástranie (3 councillors)

Žilina is the capital of one of eight considerably autonomous Regions of Slovakia.[18] It is also the capital of a smaller district. The Žilina District (Slovak: okres Žilina) is nested within the Žilina Region.

The city also hosts a regional branch of the National Bank of Slovakia.

Education

former building of Žilina University - Faculty of Nature Science
Memorial dedicated to Saints Cyril and Methodius, with Holy Trinity Church in the background

The city is home to the University of Žilina, which has seven faculties and 12,402 students, including 625 doctoral students.[19]

There are 18 public primary schools, one private primary school, and three church primary schools.[20] Overall, they enroll 7,484 pupils.[20] The city's system of secondary education (some middle schools and all high schools) consists of eight gymnasia with 3,514 students,[21] ten specialized high schools with 3,696 students,[22] and nine vocational schools with 4,870 students.[23][24]


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Transport

The city is an important international road junction, and Žilina railway station is a major rail junction.

Roads and railways connect the city with Bratislava and Prievidza in the south, Čadca in the north, and Martin in the east. The construction of the D1, and D3 motorways and their feeders continues towards Žilina.

The city is also served by international Žilina Airport, which is about 10 kilometres (6 miles) away from the city center.

Public transport within the city is operated by DPMZ[25] and consists of buses (since 1949) and trolleybuses (since 1994).

Night bus services started in Žilina in 1970 with the introduction of one route, the 50,[26] which continues to operate as the sole night bus in the city, operating from 22:55 to 04:22.[27][28] Route 50 makes a circuitous route of all major residential areas, and includes a stop at Železničná stanica, the principal railway station.[29]

  • Trolleybus transport

    Trolleybus transport

  • Aerial view of Žilina

    Aerial view of Žilina

Notable people

Ladislav Hecht

Twin towns – sister cities

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in Slovakia

Žilina is twinned with:[30]

References

  1. ^ Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (www.statistics.sk). "Hustota obyvateľstva - obce". www.statistics.sk. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث "Základná charakteristika". www.statistics.sk (in السلوفاكية). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2015-04-17. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
  3. ^ Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (www.statistics.sk). "Počet obyvateľov podľa pohlavia - obce (ročne)". www.statistics.sk. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
  4. ^ أ ب Štefánik, Martin; Lukačka, Ján, eds. (2010). Lexikón stredovekých miest na Slovensku [Lexicon of Medieval Towns in Slovakia] (PDF) (in السلوفاكية). Bratislava: Historický ústav SAV. p. 577. ISBN 978-80-89396-11-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-02. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
  5. ^ Krško, Jaromír (2011). Hydronymia horného povodia Váhu [Hydronymy of the Upper Váh Basin] (in السلوفاكية). Banská Bystrica: Univerzita Mateja Bela. p. 125.
  6. ^ Monumenta Hungariae historica
  7. ^ Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (1995). A history of Slovakia : the struggle for survival. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-16125-5.
  8. ^ Fatran, Gila (2007). Boj o prežitie [The Struggle for Survival] (in السلوفاكية). Bratislava: SNM - Múzeum Židovskej Kultúry. pp. 180–181. ISBN 978-80-8060-206-2.
  9. ^ أ ب "Municipal Statistics". Statistical Office of the Slovak republic. Archived from the original on 2007-12-17. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
  10. ^ "Monthly Averages for Žilina, Slovakia". MSN. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2008.
  11. ^ "SLOVAKIA: Regions and Major Cities". Citypopulation. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  12. ^ "Railway Gazette: Rail Automation Business Unit opens". Retrieved 2010-10-31.
  13. ^ Spectacular Slovakia 2004: Žilina and Northern Slovakia, the Malá Fatra mountains
  14. ^ "Tourist information office Žilina". Tikzilina.eu. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  15. ^ "What to see in Zilina". Slovakiatravels.com. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  16. ^ "Church of St. Stephen the King / Kostol Sv. Štefana krála (Zilina, Slovakia) - Medieval Churches on". Waymarking.com. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  17. ^ "Členovia Mestského zastupiteľstva" (in السلوفاكية). Archived from the original on 2009-07-24. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
  18. ^ Brusis, Martin (2002). "Between EU Requirements, Competitive Politics, and National Traditions: Re-creating Regions in the Accession Countries of Central and Eastern Europe". Governance. 15 (4): 531–559. doi:10.1111/1468-0491.00200.
  19. ^ "Žilinská univerzita" (PDF) (in السلوفاكية). Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-05-08. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  20. ^ أ ب "Prehľad základných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007" (PDF) (in السلوفاكية). Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  21. ^ "Prehľad gymnázií v školskom roku 2006/2007" (PDF) (in السلوفاكية). Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva. Retrieved 2008-02-15.[dead link]
  22. ^ "Prehľad stredných odborných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007" (PDF) (in السلوفاكية). Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva. Retrieved 2008-02-15.[dead link]
  23. ^ "Prehľad združených stredných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007" (PDF) (in السلوفاكية). Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  24. ^ "Prehľad stredných odborných učilíšť a učilíšť v školskom roku 2006/2007" (PDF) (in السلوفاكية). Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  25. ^ DPMZ
  26. ^ Mihalik, Tomáš (2021-01-08). "Topic: Nightlines / Téma: Nočné linky". imhd.sk (in السلوفاكية). Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  27. ^ Juraj, Milo (2012-12-11). "The nightline will be free on New Year's Eve / Nočná linka bude počas Silvestra zadarmo". myzilina.sme.sk (in السلوفاكية). Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  28. ^ "50. Timetable / Cestovný". dpmz.sk. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  29. ^ "Municipal Bus Lines Network / Sieť liniek MHD Žilina (Effective 2021-04-01)" (PDF). dpmz.sk. 2021-04-01. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  30. ^ "Partnerské mestá" (in السلوفاكية). Žilina. Retrieved 2021-12-29.

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for جيلينا.

قالب:Zilina District

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=جيلينا&oldid=4020161"