البنغال الغربية

(تم التحويل من غرب البنغال)
"Paschimbanga" redirects here. For other uses, see Bangla (disambiguation) and Bengal (disambiguation).
هذا المقال هو عن the Indian State in Eastern India created in 1947. إذا كنت تريد the Indian Province that existed between 1905 and 1911، انظر Western Bengal Province.
البنغال الغربية
Paschim Banga
West Bengal
State
Howrah bridge betwixt Lights.jpg
Dakshineswar Kali Temple, Dakshineswar, West Bengal, India (2007).jpg
Chhau dance.jpg
HAZARDUARI - PALACE.jpg
Durga Puja - 18.jpg
Digha Sankarpur 2Arnab.jpg
Royal Bengal Tiger walking down Mangrove Island in Sundarbans 3.jpg
Darjeeling.jpg
الشعار الرسمي لـ البنغال الغربية
Emblem
أصل الاسم: الجانب الغربي من البنغال المتحدة
الكنية: 
"Hub of all Cultural traits"
الشعار: 
Satyameva Jayate
(Truth Alone Triumphs)
موقع البنغال الغربية
موقع البنغال الغربية
البلد الهند
تأسست26 يناير 1950
العاصمةكلكتا
  • largest_city
كلكتا
الأضلع
الحكومة
 • الكيانحكومة البنغال الغربية
 • الحاكمKeshari Nath Tripathi
 • Chief MinisterMamata Banerjee (AITC)
 • LegislatureLegislative Assembly (295)
 • High Courtمحكمة كلكتا العليا
المساحة
 • الإجمالي88٬752 كم² (34٬267 ميل²)
ترتيب المساحة14th
التعداد
 (2011)[1]
 • الإجمالي91٬347٬736
 • الترتيب4th
 • الكثافة1٬029/km2 (2٬670/sq mi)
صفة المواطنبنغالي
ن.م.إ. (2018–19)
[2][3]
 • الإجمالي₹13٫14 lakh crore (160 بليون US$)
 • للفرد₹108٬372 (US$1٬400)
اللغات
 • الرسمية
 • رسمية إضافية
Nepali in two sub-divisions of Darjeeling[7]
منطقة التوقيتUTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-WB
لوحة السيارةWB
HDI (2017)▲ 0.637 (medium) · 21st[8]
Literacy (2011)77.08%[9]
Sex ratio (2011)950 ♀/1000 ♂[10]
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.wb.gov.in
^* 294 elected, 1 nominated

البنغال الغربية (إنگليزية: West Bengal؛ بالبنغالي: Poshchim Bongo, pronounced: [ˈpoʃtʃim ˈbɔŋɡo] ( استمع), abbr. WB) هي ولاية تقع في شمالي الهند، وتبلغ مساحتها 87,853 كم². وفي عام 2023، كان يقطن الولاية 102,552,787 نسمة.[16] يدين 75% منهم بالهندوسية، و20% بالإسلام، والبقية بوذيُّون، ونصارى، ويانيون، وسيخ. يتكلم 85% من السكان اللغة البنغالية، والآخرون يتكلمون اللغة الهندية، والأوردو، وبعض اللهجات القبلية. نسبة التعليم 40%. ويعيش 30% من السكان في المراكز الحضرية. أهم المدن كَلكتا العاصمة، وأسانسول ودرغابور. West Bengal is the fourth-most populous and thirteenth-largest state by area in India, as well as the eighth-most populous country subdivision of the world. As a part of the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent, it borders Bangladesh in the east, and Nepal and Bhutan in the north. It also borders the Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar, Sikkim and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata, the third-largest metropolis, and seventh largest city by population in India. West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region, the Ganges delta, the Rarh region, the coastal Sundarbans and the Bay of Bengal. The state's main ethnic group are the Bengalis, with the Bengali Hindus forming the demographic majority.

The area's early history featured a succession of Indian empires, internal squabbling, and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance. Ancient Bengal was the site of several major Janapadas, while the earliest cities date back to the Vedic period. The region was part of several ancient pan−Indian empires, including the Vangas, Mauryans, and the Guptas. The citadel of Gauḍa served as the capital of the Gauḍa Kingdom, the Pala Empire, and the Sena Empire. Islam was introduced through trade with the Abbasid Caliphate, but following the Ghurid conquests led by Bakhtiyar Khalji and the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, the Muslim faith spread across the entire Bengal region. During the Bengal Sultanate, the territory was a major trading nation in the world, and was often referred by the Europeans as the "richest country to trade with". It was absorbed into the Mughal Empire in 1576. Simultaneously, some parts of the region were ruled by several Hindu states, and Baro-Bhuyan landlords, and part of it was briefly overrun by the Suri Empire. Following the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in the early 1700s, the proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal became a semi-independent state under the Nawabs of Bengal, and showed signs of the first Industrial revolution.[17][18] The region was later annexed into the Bengal Presidency by the British East India Company after the Battle of Buxar in 1764.[19][20] From 1772 to 1911, Calcutta was the capital of all of East India Company's territories and then the capital of the entirety of India after the establishment of the Viceroyalty.[21] From 1912 to India's Independence in 1947, it was the capital of the Bengal Province.[22]

The region was a hotbed of the Indian independence movement and has remained one of India's great artistic and intellectual centres.[23] Following widespread religious violence, the Bengal Legislative Council and the Bengal Legislative Assembly voted on the Partition of Bengal in 1947 along religious lines into two independent dominions: West Bengal, a Hindu-majority Indian state, and East Bengal, a Muslim-majority province of Pakistan which later became the independent Bangladesh. The state was also flooded with Hindu refugees from East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh) in the decades following the 1947 partition of India, transforming its landscape and shaping its politics.[24][25] The early and prolonged exposure to British administration resulted in an expansion of Western education, culminating in developments in science, institutional education, and social reforms in the region, including what became known as the Bengali Renaissance. Several regional and pan−Indian empires throughout Bengal's history have shaped its culture, cuisine, and architecture.

Post-Indian independence, as a welfare state, West Bengal's economy is based on agricultural production and small and medium-sized enterprises.[26] The state's cultural heritage, besides varied folk traditions, ranges from stalwarts in literature including Nobel-laureate Rabindranath Tagore to scores of musicians, film-makers and artists. For several decades, the state underwent political violence and economic stagnation after the beginning of communist rule in 1977 before it rebounded.[27] In 2023–24, the economy of West Bengal is the sixth-largest state economy in India with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of ₹17٫19 lakh crore (220 بليون US$),[11] and has the country's 20th-highest GSDP per capita of ₹121٬267 (US$1٬500)[28] as of 2020–21. Despite being one of the fastest-growing major economies, West Bengal has struggled to attract foreign direct investment due to adverse land acquisition policies, poor infrastructure, and red tape.[29][30] It also has the 26th-highest ranking among Indian states in human development index, with the index value being lower than the Indian average.[8][26] The state government debt of ₹6٫47 lakh crore (81 بليون US$), or 37.67% of GSDP, has dropped from 40.65% since 2010–11.[31][11] West Bengal has three World Heritage sites and ranks as the eight-most visited tourist destination in India and third-most visited state of India globally.[32][33]

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أصل الاسم

المقالة الرئيسية: أسماء البنغال

The origin of the name Bengal (Bangla and Bongo in Bengali) is unknown. One theory suggests the word derives from "Bang", the name of a Dravidian tribe that settled the region around 1000 BCE.[34] The Bengali word Bongo might have been derived from the ancient kingdom of Vanga (or Banga). Although some early Sanskrit literature mentions the name Vanga, the region's early history is obscure.[35]

In 1947, at the end of British rule over the Indian subcontinent the Bengal Legislative Council and the Bengal Legislative Assembly voted on the Partition of Bengal along religious lines into two separate entities: West Bengal, which continued as an Indian state, and East Bengal, a province of Pakistan, which came to be known be as East Pakistan and later became the independent Bangladesh.[36][37]

In 2011 the Government of West Bengal proposed a change in the official name of the state to PaschimBanga (بالبنغالية: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Pôshchimbônggô).[38] This is the native name of the state, literally meaning "western Bengal" in the native Bengali language. In August 2016 the West Bengal Legislative Assembly passed another resolution to change the name of West Bengal to "Bengal" in English, and "Bangla" in Bengali. Despite the Trinamool Congress government's efforts to forge a consensus on the name change resolution, the Indian National Congress, the Left Front, and the Bharatiya Janata Party opposed the resolution.[39] However, the central government has turned down the proposal maintaining the state should have one single name for all languages instead of three, and it should not be the same as that of any other territory (pointing out that the name 'Bangla' may create confusion with neighboring Bangladesh).[39][40][41]


التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ البنغال and تاريخ البنغال الغربية

الفترة القديمة والكلاسيكية

A coin of the King Shashanka showing the obverse and reverse sides
عملة الملك شاشانكا، الذي خلق أول كيان سياسي منفصل في البنغال، باسم مملكة گاودا.

عـُثـِر على أدوات من العصر الحجري تعود إلى 20,000 سنة مضت في حفريات بالولاية، تبين أن الاستيطان البشري كان متواجداً قبل 8,000 سنة من تقديرات الدارسين.[42] وحسب الملحمة الهندية مهابهاراتا فإن المنطقة كانت جزءاً من مملكة ڤانگا.[43] وكان تواجد عدد من الأملاك الڤيدية في منطقة البنغال، بما في ذلك ڤانگا، رار، و پوندراڤردانا، ومملكة سوهما. أحد أقدم الإشارات الأجنبية إلى البنغال كان من اليونانيين القدماء حوالي 100 ق.م. لأرض تُدعى گانگاريداي وتقع في مصب الگانج.[44] وكان للبنغال تجارة وراء البحار مع سوڤارنابومي (بورما وتايلند السفلى وأسفل شبه جزيرة الملايو، وسومطرة).[45] وحسب التأريخ السريلانكي مهاڤامسا، فإن الأمير ڤيجايا (ح. 543-505 ق.م.)، من مملكة ڤانگا، هزم لانكا (سري لانكا الحالية) وأسمى البلد مملكة سنهالا.[46]

امبراطورية پالا في عهد دارماپالا امبراطورية پالا في عهد دارماپالا
امبراطورية پالا في عهد دارماپالا
امبراطورية پالا في عهد دڤاپالا
راجا رام موهان روي يُعتبر "أبو نهضة البنغال."

تُعدّ سلالة الدراڤيديين أولى السلالات التي سكنت الهند، وهم جماعات صغيرة، كانت تمارس جمع الثمار والصيد. حوالي عام 200 ق.م، كانت البنغال جزءًا من إمبراطورية موريا.

دخلها الإسلام في مطلع القرن السابع الهجري، الثالث عشر الميلادي، في عهد الدولة العباسية.[47] وإثر الفتوحات المبكرة التي قام بها محمد بن بختيار خلجي وتأسيس سلطنة دلهي، انتشر الإسلام في منطقة البنغال. ولاحقاً بين الفينة والأخرى، دعم غزاة مسلمون عملية اعتناق السكان الإسلام ببنائهم المساجد والمدارس والخانقاوات. وفي عهد سلطنة البنغال الإسلامية، التي تأسست في 1352، أصبحت البنغال أمة تجارية كبرى على مستوى العالم وكثيراً ما كان الأوروپيون يشيرون إليها بأنها أغنى بلد يمكنهم التجارة معه.[48] ومن بعدهم جاء الأفغان، ثم استطاع الإمبراطور المغولي، أكبر، بسط نفوذه على البنغال الغربية، في 1576، فامتص سلطنة البنغال في سلطنة المغل.[49]

الفترات القروسطية والحديثة المبكرة

Firoz Minar a red stone tower at Gauda
فيروز منار في گاودا بُني أثناء سلطنة البنغال.

الفترة الاستعمارية

An map of Bengal in 1880
خريطة للبنغال من سنة 1880

أثار المد الإسلامي الأوروبيين فتوجهت أنظارهم إليها. وفي عام 1700، أصبحت البنغال دولة مستقلة، ولكن تحت سيطرة فعلية لشركة الهند الشرقية البريطانية، التي احتكرت إمكانات الولاية الاقتصادية.

في القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي، أصبحت البنغال المركز السياسي والاقتصادي للهند البريطانية واتسعت رقعتها، بعد دارجيلنگ، وما حولها. أدّى تقسيم اللورد كرزون للبنغال إلى ولايتين جديدتين هما: البنغال الغربية، وآسام وولاية البنغال الشرقية وأوريسا وبيهار إلى:

  1. ظهور معارضة قوية للحكم البريطاني وسط البنغاليين.
  2. وضع بذور الشقاق بين المسلمين، والهندوس الذي انتهى إلى انفصال باكستان بقسميها الشرقي والغربي عن الهند.
  3. حدوث هجرات ضخمة للمسلمين إلى باكستان، والهندوس إلى الهند. وقد صاحب تلك الهجرات الكثير من إراقة الدماء.

من أعلام البنغال الشاعر والروائي طاغور، الذي حاز جائزة نوبل للآداب عام 1913.

استقلال الهند وما بعده

سوباش تشاندرا بوزه هو أحد أبرز المقاتلين البنغال من أجل الحرية في حركة الاستقلال الهندية ضد الراج البريطاني.
A photograph of the engine and several cars of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway with people in either side of it
Darjeeling Himalayan Railway أختيرت موقع تراث عالمي لليونسكو في 1999.


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الجغرافيا

خريطة البنغال الغربية
Many areas remain flooded during the heavy rains brought by monsoon.
National Highway 31A winds along the banks of the Teesta River near Kalimpong, in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region.

ولاية البنغال الغربية في معظمها سهول دلتاوية تنتشر فيها الرواسب الفيضانية والمستنقعات الطينية. الجزء الشمالي من الولاية به سفوح جبال الهملايا، التي ترتفع إلى 4,000م. أما الجزء الغربي، فيتكون من مرتفعات تنحدر تدريجيًا، نحو هضبة شوتاناجبور في ولاية بيهار.

هنالك ثلاثة فصول مناخية في الولاية هي: فصل حار جاف، يمتد من مارس إلى منتصف يونيو، فصل حار ممطر، يشمل الفترة من يونيو إلى سبتمبر، فصل بارد جاف، من أكتوبر إلى فبراير.

بالبنغال الغربية ثلاثة أنهار هي: نهر الگنج، ونهر هوگلي، ونهر دمادار.

دارجيلنگ، تقع فوق تلال البنغال الغربية، وتعتبر مركزًا لإنتاج الشاي. يزرع ربع محصول الشاي الهندي في هذه المنطقة، يلتقط العمال حوالي 18كجم من ورق الشاي يوميًا.


الاقتصاد

كلكتا هي المركز الاقتصادي للبنغال الغربية
المقالة الرئيسية: اقتصاد البنغال الغربية
Gross State Domestic Product at Current Prices (93–94 Base)[50]

الأرقام بالكرورى روپية هندية

السنة الناتج المحلي الإجمالي للولاية
1999–2000 135,182
2000–2001 143,532
2001–2002 157,136
2002–2003 168,047
2003–2004 189,099
2004–2005 208,578
2005–2006 236,044

المجتمع في البنغال الغربية زراعي، ويُمثِّل الأرز 80% من مساحة الأراضي المزروعة. أما المحاصيل الأخرى فتشمل: الجوت، والذرة، والحبوب الزيتية، والتبغ والخضراوات، وتسهم الولاية بنحو 25% من إنتاج الشاي في الهند، وتتركز زراعته حول دارجيلنگ.

تُسهم البنغال الغربية بربع إنتاج الهند من المعادن، وأهمها الفحم، والحديد.

مازالت الصناعات اليدوية مهمة، خاصة صناعة الحرير الطبيعي والفخار. أما الصناعات الحديثة فتشمل: الصناعات الهندسية، وصناعة الجوت، اللتين بدأتا في القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي. هذا بجانب صناعة الورق والنسيج، والصناعات الإلكترونيَّة والكيميائية وغيرها.

ترتبط البنغال الغربية بالسكك الحديدية والطرق مع بقية الهند، وتصدر فيها عدة صحف، كما تحتل المرتبة الثانية من حيث توزيع الصحف اليومية في الهند؛ فيوزع فيها مليونان من النسخ يوميًا.



النبيت والوحيش

Photograph of a Bengal Tiger
نمر بنغالي
Photograph of a Sal tree
أشجار السال في غابة أراباري، في غرب ميدناپور. الادارة المشتركة للغابات تقوم بصيانة الغابة.
رموز ولاية البنغال الغربية
العنوان الرمز الصورة
حيوان الولاية Fishing cat[51] Fishing Cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) 3.jpg
طائر الولاية White-throated kingfisher White-throated kingfisher BNC.jpg
زهرة الولاية Night-flowering jasmine[51] Flower & flower buds I IMG 2257.jpg
شجرة الولاية Devil tree[51] Alstonia scholaris.jpg


الحكومة والسياسة

المقالة الرئيسية: Government of West Bengal and Politics of West Bengal
انظر أيضاً: Council of Ministers of West Bengal and List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal

West Bengal is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. There are two branches of government. The legislature, the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Calcutta High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the Head of State appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor. The Council of Ministers is appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 295 members, or MLAs,[52] including one nominated from the Anglo-Indian community. Terms of office run for five years unless the Assembly is dissolved before the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs. The state contributes 42 seats to the Lok Sabha[53] and 16 seats to the Rajya Sabha of the Indian Parliament.[54]

Politics in West Bengal is dominated by the All India Trinamool Congress (AITC), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Indian National Congress (INC), and the Left Front alliance (led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) or CPI(M)). Following the West Bengal State Assembly Election in 2011, the All India Trinamool Congress and Indian National Congress coalition under Mamata Banerjee of the All India Trinamool Congress was elected to power with 225 seats in the legislature.[55]

Prior to this, West Bengal was ruled by the Left Front for 34 years (1977–2011), making it the world's longest-running democratically elected communist government.[56] Banerjee was re-elected twice as Chief Minister in the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election and 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election with 211 and 215 seats respectively, an absolute majority by the Trinamool Congress.[57] The state has one autonomous region, the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration.[58]

Main offices in West Bengal
Raj Bhavan, the residence of the governor of the state
West Bengal Legislative Assembly
المحكمة العليا في كلكتا هي أعلى محكمة في البنغال الغربية.
Nabanna, office of Chief Minister of West Bengal
Writers' Building, West Bengal Government Secretariat


A Left Front حشد سياسي في كلكتا.



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التقسيم الإداري - الأضلع

أضلع البنغال الغربية

As of 2017, West Bengal is divided into 23 districts.[59]

District Population Growth rate Sex ratio Literacy Density per square Kilometer
North 24 Parganas 10,009,781 12.04 955 84.06 2445
South 24 Parganas 8,161,961 18.17 956 77.51 819
Purba Bardhaman[أ]  –  –  –  –  –
غرب بردهامن[أ] 2,882,031  – 922 78.75 1,800
Murshidabad 7,103,807 21.09 958 66.59 1334
West Midnapore 5,913,457 13.86 966 78.00 631
Hooghly 5,519,145 9.46 961 81.80 1753
ناديا 5,167,600 12.22 947 74.97 1316
East Midnapore 5,095,875 15.36 938 87.02 1081
Howrah 4,850,029 13.50 939 83.31 3306
Kolkata 4,496,69 −1.67 908 86.31 24306
Maldah 3,988,845 21.22 944 61.73 1069
Jalpaiguri 3,872,846 13.87 953 73.25 622
Alipurduar[ب] 1,700,000  –  –  – 400
Bankura 3,596,292 12.64 954 70.95 523
Birbhum 3,502,404 16.15 956 70.68 771
North Dinajpur 3,007,134 23.15 939 59.07 958
Purulia 2,930,115 15.52 957 64.48 468
Cooch Behar 2,819,086 13.71 942 74.78 832
Darjeeling 1,846,823 14.77 970 79.56 586
Dakshin Dinajpur 1,676,276 11.52 956 72.82 755
Kalimpong[ب] 202,239  –  –  –  –
Jhargram[ب] 1,136,548  –  –  –  –
  1. ^ أ ب Bardhaman was bifurcated into Purba Bardhaman and Paschim Bardhaman in 2017. Thus, no demographic information was available as of January 2018
  2. ^ أ ب ت Was created after the 2011 Census

Each district is governed by a district collector or district magistrate, appointed by either the Indian Administrative Service or the West Bengal Civil Service.[60] Each district is subdivided into sub-divisions, governed by a Sub-Divisional Magistrate, and again into blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities.[61]

The capital and largest city of the state is Kolkata—the third-largest urban agglomeration[62] and the seventh-largest city[63] in India. Asansol is the second-largest city and urban agglomeration in West Bengal.[62] Siliguri is an economically important city, strategically located in the northeastern Siliguri Corridor (Chicken's Neck) of India.[64] Other larger cities and towns in West Bengal are: Durgapur, Howrah, Bardhaman, Baharampur, Jalpaiguri, Kharagpur, and Chandannagar.[65]

المدن

The capital and largest city of the state is Kolkata—the third-largest urban agglomeration[62] and the seventh-largest city[66] in India. Asansol is the second-largest city and urban agglomeration in West Bengal.[62]

Major planned cities of West Bengal include Bidhannagar, New Town, Kalyani, Haldia, Durgapur and Kharagpur. Kolkata has some planned neighbourhoods like New Garia, Tollygunge, and Lake Town. Siliguri is an economically important city, strategically located in the northeastern Siliguri Corridor (Chicken's Neck) of India.[67] Other larger cities and towns in West Bengal are Howrah, Chandannagar, Bardhaman, Baharampur, Jalpaiguri, and Purulia etc.[68]

الديمغرافيا

المقالة الرئيسية: البنغال (شعب)
مشهد قروي في غرب ميدناپور. 72% من سكان الولاية يعيشون في الريف.
مغنو "باول" في بسنتا-أوتساب، شانتيني‌كتان.


الثقافة

انظر أيضاً: Bengalis, Culture of West Bengal, and Culture of Darjeeling

الأدب

المقالة الرئيسية: الأدب البنغالي
Portrait of Rabindranath Tagore
Rabindranath Tagore is Asia's first Nobel laureate and the composer of India's national anthem.
A portrait of Swami Vivekanada
Swami Vivekananda was a key figure in introducing Vedanta and Yoga to Europe and the US,[70] raising interfaith awareness and making Hinduism a world religion.[71]

The Bengali language boasts a rich literary heritage it shares with neighbouring Bangladesh. West Bengal has a long tradition of folk literature, evidenced by the Charyapada, a collection of Buddhist mystic songs dating back to the 10th and 11th centuries; Mangalkavya, a collection of Hindu narrative poetry composed around the 13th century; Shreekrishna Kirtana, a pastoral Vaishnava drama in verse composed by Boru Chandidas; Thakurmar Jhuli, a collection of Bengali folk and fairy tales compiled by Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder; and stories of Gopal Bhar, a court jester in medieval Bengal. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Bengali literature was modernised in the works of authors such as Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, whose works marked a departure from the traditional verse-oriented writings prevalent in that period;[72] Michael Madhusudan Dutt, a pioneer in Bengali drama who introduced the use of blank verse;[73] and Rabindranath Tagore, who reshaped Bengali literature and music. Indian art saw the introduction of Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[74] Other notable figures include Kazi Nazrul Islam, whose compositions form the avant-garde genre of Nazrul Sangeet,[75] Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, whose works on contemporary social practices in Bengal are widely acclaimed,[76] and Manik Bandyopadhyay, who is considered one of the leading lights of modern Bengali fiction.[77] In modern times, Jibanananda Das has been acknowledged as "the premier poet of the post-Tagore era in India".[78] Other writers include: Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay, best known for his work Pather Panchali; Tarashankar Bandopadhyay, well known for his portrayal of the lower strata of society;[79] Manik Bandopadhyay, a pioneering novelist; and Ashapurna Devi, Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay, Saradindu Bandopadhyay, Buddhadeb Guha, Mahashweta Devi, Samaresh Majumdar, Sanjeev Chattopadhyay, Shakti Chattopadhyay, Buddhadeb Basu,[80] Joy Goswami, and Sunil Gangopadhyay.[81][82]

الموسيقى والرقص

المقالة الرئيسية: موسيقى البنغال الغربية
Baul singers at Basanta-Utsab, Shantiniketan.
Dance with Rabindra Sangeet


الأفلام

المقالة الرئيسية: سينما البنغال الغربية
Photograph of Satyajit Ray seated with Ravi Shankar with several others in the background
Satyajit Ray, a pioneer in Bengali cinema along with Ravi Sankar.


الفنون الجميلة

Panchura Temple made from terracott
Panchchura Temple in Bishnupur, one of the older examples of the terracotta arts of India.

التراث الإصلاحي

The capital, Kolkata, was the workplace of several social reformers, including Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, and Swami Vivekananda. Their social reforms eventually led to a cultural atmosphere that made it possible for practices like sati, dowry, and caste-based discrimination, or untouchability, to be abolished.[83] The region was also home to several religious teachers, such as Chaitanya, Ramakrishna, Prabhupada, and Paramahansa Yogananda.[83]

المطبخ

المقالة الرئيسية: Cuisine of West Bengal
Assorted food eaten in West Bengal: Patisapta, a kind of pitha; Shorshe Ilish (Hilsha with Mustard Sauce) and Rasgullas in sugar syrup

Rice and fish are traditional favourite foods, leading to a saying in Bengali, "machhe bhate bangali", that translates as "fish and rice make a Bengali".[84] Bengal's vast repertoire of fish-based dishes includes hilsa preparations, a favourite among Bengalis. There are numerous ways of cooking fish depending on its texture, size, fat content, and bones.[85] Most of the people also consume eggs, chicken, mutton, and shrimp. Panta bhat (rice soaked overnight in water) with onion and green chili is a traditional dish consumed in rural areas.[86] Common spices found in a Bengali kitchen include cumin, ajmoda (radhuni), bay leaf, mustard, ginger, green chillies, and turmeric.[87] Sweets occupy an important place in the diet of Bengalis and at their social ceremonies. Bengalis make distinctive sweetmeats from milk products, including Rôshogolla, Chômchôm, Kalojam, and several kinds of sondesh. Pitha, a kind of sweet cake, bread, or dim sum, are specialties of the winter season. Sweets such as narkol-naru, til-naru, moa, and payesh are prepared during festivals such as Lakshmi puja.[88] Popular street foods include Aloor Chop, Beguni, Kati roll, biryani, and phuchka.[89][90]

اللباس

Photograph of a woman wearing a red Jamdani sari
Jamdani Sari of Bangladesh is very popular in West Bengal.


A Murti (representation) of Durga, shown riding her lion and attacking the demon Mahishasura.
An Indian pilgrim, in Gangasagar fair in Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, India.

الأعياد

المقالة الرئيسية: قائمة أعياد البنغال الغربية
Festivals of West Bengal: Durga Puja, Rath Yatra and Muharram procession in Kolkata.


التعليم

المقالة الرئيسية: التعليم في البنغال الغربية and الجامعات والكليات في البنغال الغربية
  • جامعة كلكتا, the oldest public university of India.

    جامعة كلكتا, the oldest public university of India.

  • The front entrance to the academic block of NUJS, Kolkata.

    The front entrance to the academic block of NUJS, Kolkata.

  • Prajna Bhavan, housing the School of Mathematical Sciences and School of RKMVU.

    Prajna Bhavan, housing the School of Mathematical Sciences and School of RKMVU.

West Bengal schools are run by the state government or private organisations, including religious institutions. Instruction is mainly in English or Bengali, though Urdu is also used, especially in Central Kolkata. Secondary schools are affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), the National Institute of Open School (NIOS), West Bengal Board of Secondary Education, or the West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education.[91]

As of 2016 85% of children within the 6 to 17-year age group attend school (86% do so in urban areas and 84% in rural areas). School attendance is almost universal among the 6 to 14-year age group then drops to 70% with the 15 to 17-year age group. There is a gender disparity in school attendance in the 6 to 14-year age group, more girls than boys are attending school. In Bengal, 71% of women aged 15–49 years and 81% of men aged 15–49 years are literate. Only 14% of women aged 15–49 years in West Bengal have completed 12 or more years of schooling, compared with 22% of men. 22% of women and 14% of men age 15–49 years have never attended school.[92]

St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling
St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling

Some of the notable schools in the city are: La Martiniere Calcutta, Calcutta Boys' School, St. James' School (Kolkata), St. Xavier's Collegiate School, and Loreto House, Loreto Convent, Asansol some of which rank amongst the best schools in the country.[93] Many of the schools in Kolkata and Darjeeling are colonial-era establishments housed in buildings that are exemplars of neo-classical architecture. Darjeeling's schools include: St. Paul's, St. Joseph's North Point, Goethals Memorial School, and Dow Hill in Kurseong.[94]

West Bengal has eighteen universities.[95][96] Kolkata has played a pioneering role in the development of the modern education system in India. It was the gateway to the revolution of European education during the British Raj.[97] Sir William Jones established the Asiatic Society in 1794 to promote oriental studies. People such as Ram Mohan Roy, David Hare, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Alexander Duff and William Carey played leading roles in setting up modern schools and colleges in the city.[98]

The University of Calcutta, the oldest public university in India, has 136 affiliated colleges. Fort William College was established in 1810. The Hindu College was established in 1817. The Lady Brabourne College was established in 1939. The Scottish Church College, the oldest Christian liberal arts college in South Asia, started in 1830. In 1855 the Hindu College was renamed the Presidency College.[99] The state government granted it university status in 2010 and it was renamed Presidency University. Kazi Nazrul University was established in 2012. The University of Calcutta and Jadavpur University are prestigious technical universities.[100] Visva-Bharati University at Santiniketan is a central university and an institution of national importance.[101]

Indian Institute of Management Calcutta
The Auditorium at Indian Institute of Management Calcutta

Other higher education institutes of importance in West Bengal include: St. Xavier's College, Kolkata, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Indian Institute of Management Calcutta (the first IIM), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Indian Statistical Institute, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (the first IIT), Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur (the first IIEST), Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kalyani, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Kolkata, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, and West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences. In 2003 the state government supported the creation of West Bengal University of Technology, West Bengal University of Health Sciences, West Bengal State University, and Gour Banga University.[102]

Jadavpur University (Focus area—Mobile Computing and Communication and Nano-science), and the University of Calcutta (Modern Biology) are among two of the fifteen universities selected under the "University with Potential for Excellence" scheme. University of Calcutta (Focus Area—Electro-Physiological and Neuro-imaging studies including mathematical modeling) has also been selected under the "Centre with Potential for Excellence in a Particular Area" scheme.[103]

In addition, the state is home to Kalyani University, The University of Burdwan, Vidyasagar University, and North Bengal University all well as established and nationally renowned schools to cover education needs at the district level and the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata. Apart from this there is a Deemed university run by the Ramakrishna mission named Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University at Belur Math.[104]

There are several research institutes in Kolkata. The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science is the first research institute in Asia. C. V. Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery (Raman Effect) done at the IACS. The Bose Institute, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute Durgapur, Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibers, National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics (NIBMG), Kalyani, and the Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre are the most prominent.[102]

Notable scholars who were born, worked, or studied in the geographic area of the state include physicists: Satyendra Nath Bose, Meghnad Saha,[105] and Jagadish Chandra Bose;[106] chemist Prafulla Chandra Roy;[105] statisticians Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis and Anil Kumar Gain;[105] physician Upendranath Brahmachari;[105] educator Ashutosh Mukherjee;[107] and Nobel laureates Rabindranath Tagore,[108] C. V. Raman,[106] and Amartya Sen.[109]

انظر أيضًا

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

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