كرلا

Coordinates: 8°30′N 77°00′E / 8.5°N 77°E / 8.5; 77
(تم التحويل من كرالا)
كرلا
Kerala
Kēraḷam
ولاية
Niyamasabha.jpg
Boathouse (7063399547).jpg
Rice fields of Kuttanad.jpg
Athirappilly Waterfalls 1.jpg
01KovalamBeach&Kerala.jpg
Kathakali performer.jpg
مع عقارب الساعة من أعلى:
Niyamasabha Mandiram، حقول الأرز في Kuttanad،
شاطئ Kovalam، مؤدي Kathakali، Athirappilly Falls،
عوامة
الشعار الرسمي لـ كرلا
الشعار
الكنية: 
بلد الرب، وحديقة توابل الهند، وأرض جوز الهند
موقع كرلا
موقع كرلا
الإحداثيات (ثيروڤاننثاپورام): 8°30′N 77°00′E / 8.5°N 77°E / 8.5; 77
البلد الهند
الولائية1956 نوفمبر 1; منذ 68 سنة (1-11-1956
العاصمةثيروڤاننثاپورام
الأضلع14
الحكومة
 • الكيانحكومة كرلا
 • الحاكمP. Sathasivam[1]
 • كبير الوزراءPinarayi Vijayan (CPI (M))
 • المجلس التشريعيأحادي الغرفة (141 مقعد)[2]
 • الدوائر البرلمانيةراجيا سابها 9
لوك سابها 20
 • المحكمة العاليةمحكمة كرلا العالية كوتشي
المساحة
 • الإجمالي38٬863 كم² (15٬005 ميل²)
ترتيب المساحة22nd
أعلى منسوب
2٬695 m (8٬842 ft)
أوطى منسوب
−2٫2 m (−7٫2 ft)
التعداد
 (2011)[2]
 • الإجمالي33٬387٬677
 • الترتيب13th
 • الكثافة860/km2 (2٬200/sq mi)
صفة المواطنKeralite, مليالي
GDP (2018–19)
[3][4]
 • إجمالي₹7٫73 lakh crore (97 بليون US$)
 • للفرد₹162٬718 (US$2٬000)
اللغات
 • الرسميةمليالم[5]
 • الرسمية الإضافيةالإنگليزية[6]
منطقة التوقيتUTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-KL
لوحة السيارةKL
HDI (2018)▲ 0.784[7] (High) · الأولى
محو الأمية (2011)94%[8]
نسبة الجنس (2011)1084 ♀/1000 ♂[8]
الموقع الإلكترونيkerala.gov.in
الرموز كرلا
الشعارEmblem of Kerala state Vector.svg ختم كرلا
الطائر
Great-Hornbill.jpg
أبو قرن عملاق
السمك
Etroplus suratensis.jpg
Green chromide
الزهرة
Konnamaram.JPG
Kanikonna
الفاكهة
Jackfruit hanging.JPG
جاكية
الشجرة
Coconut green.JPG
شجرة جوز الهند
احداثيات
المساحة
العاصمة ثيروڤاننثاپورام (تريڤاندرم)
أكبر مدينة ثيروڤاننثاپورام
Region جنوب الهند
المقاطعات 14
اللغة مليالم
التشريع (مقاعد) أحادي الغرفة ()


كـِرلا (إنگليزية: Kerala؛ /ˈkɛrələ/)، ويشار إليها إقليمياً بإسم Keralam هي ولاية تقع جنوب غرب الهند على ساحل ملبار. وهي ذات كثافة سكانية عالية إذ يبلغ عدد سكانها 29,011,237 نسمة حسب تعداد 1991، مساحتها 38,863 كم²، ونسبة التعليم تصل إلى نحو 90% بين السكان. والولاية فقيرة في الموارد الطبيعية، ويعتمد اقتصادها على الزراعة وصيد الأسماك والتعدين والمنتجات الصناعية. ويرأس الولاية حاكم يساعده وزير. وقد تشكلت في 1 نوفمبر 1956 حسب قانون إعادة تنظيم الولايات بضم مختلف المناطق الناطقة بلغة مليالم. وبمساحة 38,863 كم² فهي يحدها كرناتكا من الشمال والشمال الشرقي، و تاميل نادو من الشرق والجنوب، وبحر لاكشادويپ من الغرب. وبتعداد 33,387,677 نسمة حسب إحصاء 2011، فإن ترتيب كرلا هو الثاني عشر بين الولايات حسب التعداد ومقسمة إلى 14 ضلع. مليالم هي أكثر اللغات شيوعاً واللغة الرسمية للولاية. عاصمة الولاية هي ثيروڤاننثاپورام (تريڤاندروم)، المدن الرئيسية الأخرى تضم كوچي، و كوژي‌كوده، و ثريسور، و كولام، و كوتايام، Alappuzha, كان‌نور, Palakkad، و Malappuram.

كانت المنطقة مُصدِّراً بارزاً للتوابل منذ سنة 3000 ق.م. وحتى القرن الثالث. وكانت أسرة چـِرا أول مملكة قوية متمركزة في كرلا، بالرغم من أنها كثيراً ما تعرضت لهجمات من حكام تشولا و پانديا المجاورين. وأثناء فترة چـِرا، بقيت كرلا مركزاً عالمياً لتجارة التوابل. ولاحقاً في القرن الخامس عشر، جذبت تجارة التوابل السخية التجار البرتغاليين إلى كرلا، وسرعان ما مهد ذلك الطريق للاستعمار الأوروپي لكل الهند. بعد الاستقلال، انضمت تراڤنكور وكوتشي إلى جمهورية الهند وحصلت تراڤنكور-كوتشي على وضع ولاية. ولاحقاً، تشكلت الولاية في 1956 بدمج ضلع ملبار، و تراڤنكور-كوتشي (باستثناء أربع طلوقات جنوبية)، وطلوقات Kasargod و جنوب كنارا.

Kerala is the state with the lowest positive population growth rate in India (3.44%) and has a density of 860 people per km2. The state has the highest Human Development Index (HDI) (0.790) in the country according to the Human Development Report 2011.[9] It also has the highest literacy rate 95.5%, the highest life expectancy (Almost 77 years) and the highest sex ratio (as defined by number of women per 1000 men: 1,084 women per 1000 men) among all Indian states. Kerala has the lowest homicide rate among Indian states, for 2011 it was 1.1 per 100,000.[10] A survey in 2005 by Transparency International ranked it as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala has witnessed significant emigration of its people, especially to the Gulf states during the Gulf Boom during the 1970s and early 1980s, and its economy depends significantly on remittances from a large Malayali expatriate community. Hinduism is practised by more than half of the population, followed by Islam and Christianity. The culture of the state traces its roots from 3rd century CE. It is a synthesis of Aryan and Dravidian cultures, developed over centuries under influences from other parts of India and abroad.

Production of pepper and natural rubber contributes to a significant portion of the total national output. In the agricultural sector, coconut, tea, coffee, cashew and spices are important. The state's coastline extends for 595 kilometres (370 mi), and around 1.1 million people of the state are dependent on the fishery industry which contributes 3% of the state's income. The state's 145,704 kilometres (90,536 mi) of roads, constitute 4.2% of all Indian roadways. There are three existing and two proposed international airports. Waterways are also used for transportation. The state has the highest media exposure in India with newspapers publishing in nine different languages; mainly English and Malayalam. Kerala is an important tourist destination, with backwaters, beaches, Ayurvedic tourism, and tropical greenery among its major attractions.

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أصل الاسم

A 3rd-century BCE rock inscription by the Mauryan emperor Asoka the Great refers to the local ruler as Keralaputra (Sanskrit for "son of Kerala"; or "son of Chera[s]", this is contradictory to a popular theory that etymology derives "kerala" from "kera", or coconut tree in Malayalam).[11]

Two thousand years ago, one of three states in the region was called Cheralam in Classical Tamil: Chera and Kera are variants of the same word.[12] The Graeco-Roman trade map Periplus Maris Erythraei refers to this Keralaputra as Celobotra.[13] Ralston Marr derives "Kerala" from the word "Cheral" that refers to the oldest known dynasty of Kerala kings.[14] In turn the word "Cheral" is derived from the proto-Tamil-Malayalam word for "lake".


النصوص الدينية القديمة

Parasurama, surrounded by settlers, commanding Varuna to part the seas and reveal Kerala.

According to Hindu mythology, the lands of Kerala were recovered from the sea by the axe-wielding warrior sage Parasurama, 6th avatar of Vishnu, hence Kerala is also called Parasurama Kshetram ("The Land of Parasurama"). Parasurama threw his axe across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached. According to legend, this new area of land extended from Gokarna to Kanyakumari.[15] Consensus among scientific geographers agrees that a substantial portion of this area was under the sea in ancient times.[16] The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation so Parasurama invoked the Snake King Vasuki, who spat holy poison and converted the soil into fertile lush green land. Out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land. The legend later expanded, and found literary expression in the 17th or 18th century with Keralolpathi, which traces the origin of aspects of early Kerala society, such as land tenure and administration, to the story of Parasurama.[17] In medieval times Kuttuvan may have emulated the Parasurama tradition by throwing his spear into the sea to symbolize his lordship over it.[18] Another much earlier Puranic character associated with Kerala is Mahabali, an Asura and a prototypical king of justice, who ruled the earth from Kerala. He won the war against the Devas, driving them into exile. The Devas pleaded before Lord Vishnu, who took his fifth incarnation as Vamana and pushed Mahabali down to Patala (the netherworld) to placate the Devas. There is a belief that, once a year during the Onam festival, Mahabali returns to Kerala.[19]

التاريخ

قبل التاريخ

دولمن نصبه شعب في العصر الحجري الحديث في مارايور.
كتابة من العصر الحجري، كهوف إداكال، كرلا.

Prehistorical archaeological findings include dolmens of the Neolithic era in the Marayur area in Idukki district. They are locally known as "muniyara", derived from muni (hermit or sage) and ara (dolmen).[20] Rock engravings in the Edakkal Caves (in Wayanad) are thought to date from the early to late Neolithic eras around 6000 BCE.[21][22] Archaeological studies have identified many Mesolithic, Neolithic and Megalithic sites in Kerala.[23] The studies point to the indigenous development of the ancient Kerala society and its culture beginning from the Paleolithic age, and its continuity through Mesolithic, Neolithic and Megalithic ages.[24] However, foreign cultural contacts have assisted this cultural formation.[25] The studies suggest possible relationship with Indus Valley Civilization during the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age.[26]

الفترة القديمة

خريطة طريق الحرير. The spice trade was mainly along the water routes (blue).

Kerala was a major spice exporter from as early as 3000 BCE, according to Sumerian records.[27] Its fame as the land of spices attracted ancient Babylonians, Assyrians and Egyptians to the Malabar Coast in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. Arabs and Phoenicians were also successful in establishing their prominence in the Kerala trade during this early period.[28] The word Kerala is first recorded (as Keralaputra) in a 3rd-century BCE rock inscription (Rock Edict 2) left by the Maurya emperor Asoka (274–237 BCE).[29] The Land of Keralaputra was one of the four independent kingdoms in southern India during Asoka's time, the others being Chola, Pandya, and Satiyaputra.[30] Scholars hold that Keralaputra is an alternate name of the Cheras, the first powerful dynasty based on Kerala.[31][32] These territories once shared a common language and culture, within an area known as Tamiḻakam.[33] While the Cheras ruled the major part of modern Kerala, its southern tip was in the kingdom of Pandyas,[34] which had a trading port sometimes identified in ancient Western sources as Nelcynda (or Neacyndi).[35] At later times the region fell under the control of the Pandyas, Cheras, and Cholas. Ays and Mushikas were two other remarkable dynasties of ancient Kerala, whose kingdoms lay to the south and north of Cheras respectively.[36][37]


العصور الوسطى المبكرة

ألواح ثاريساپالي: تشهد بأنه أثناء فترة كولاسخارا، لعبت نقابات التجار والحرفيين دوراً بارزاً في الاقتصاد والحياة الاجتماعية.


العصر الاستعماري

مسار ڤاسكو دا گاما متجهاً لأول مرة إلى الهند (الخط الأسود)
ڤاسكو دا گاما يهبط في كاليكوت (الآن كوژي‌كوده)، 20 مايو 1498

The monopoly of maritime spice trade in the Indian Ocean stayed with Arabs during the high and late medieval periods. However, the dominance of Middle East traders got challenged in the European Age of Discovery during which the spice trade, particularly in black pepper, became an influential activity for European traders.[38] Around the 15th century, the Portuguese began to dominate the eastern shipping trade in general, and the spice-trade in particular, culminating in Vasco Da Gama's arrival in Kappad Kozhikode in 1498.[39][40][41] The Zamorin of Calicut permitted the new visitors to trade with his subjects. The Portuguese trade in Calicut prospered with the establishment of a factory and fort in his territory. However, Portuguese attacks on Arab properties in his jurisdiction provoked Zamorin and finally led to conflicts between them. The Portuguese took advantage of the rivalry between Zamorin and king of Kochi; they allied with Kochi and when Francisco de Almeida was appointed as the Viceroy of Portuguese India in 1505, his headquarters was at Kochi. During his reign, the Portuguese managed to dominate relations with Kochi and established a few fortresses in Malabar coast.[42] Nonetheless, the Portuguese suffered severe setbacks from the attacks of Zamorin forces; especially from naval attacks under the leadership of admirals of Calicut known as Kunjali Marakkars, which compelled them to seek a treaty. In 1571, Portuguese were defeated by the Zamorin forces in the battle at Chaliyam fort.[43]

القائد الهولندي ده لانوي يستسلم لـمارثندا ڤارما في معركة كولاچل. التصوير في قصر پادماناباپورام
حصن تيپو سلطان في پلكاد؛ المنظر من خارج الجدار الشمالي.

The weakened Portuguese were ousted by the Dutch East India Company, who took advantage of continuing conflicts between Kozhikode and Kochi to gain control of the trade.[44] The Dutch in turn were weakened by constant battles with Marthanda Varma of the Travancore Royal Family, and were defeated at the Battle of Colachel in 1741.[45] An agreement, known as "Treaty of Mavelikkara", was signed by the Dutch and Travancore in 1753, according to which the Dutch were compelled to detach from all political involvements in the region.[46][47][48] In the meantime, Marthanda Varma annexed many northern kingdoms through military conquests, resulting in the rise of Travancore to a position of preeminence in Kerala.[49]

In 1766, Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore invaded northern Kerala.[50] His son and successor, Tipu Sultan, launched campaigns against the expanding British East India Company, resulting in two of the four Anglo-Mysore Wars.[51][52] Tipu ultimately ceded Malabar District and South Kanara to the Company in the 1790s; both were annexed to the Madras Presidency of British India in 1792.[53][54][55] The Company forged tributary alliances with Kochi in 1791 and Travancore in 1795.[56] Thus, by the end of 18th century, the whole of Kerala fell under the control of the British, either administered directly or under suzerainty.[57]

خريطة من القرن 19 لـ رئاسة مدراس في الهند البريطانية. بعد الاستقلال، تشكلت كرلا من دمج ملبار، كوتشين، تراڤنكوره ومقاطعة جنوب كنرا

There were major revolts in Kerala during its transition to democracy in the 20th century; most notable among them is the 1921 Malabar Rebellion and the many social struggles in Travancore. In the Malabar Rebellion, Mappila Muslims of Malabar rioted against Hindu zamindars and the British Raj.[58] Some social struggles against caste inequalities also erupted in the early decades of 20th century, leading to the 1936 Temple Entry Proclamation that opened Hindu temples in Travancore to all castes;[59]



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جغرافيا

Vembanad Lake


Kerala's agroecological zones.
خريطة طبوغرافية لكرلا.
Climate data for Kerala
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28.0
(82.4) 		30
(86) 		31
(88) 		32
(90) 		34
(93) 		34
(93) 		30
(86) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		31
(88) 		34
(93)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22
(72) 		23
(73) 		24
(75) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		23
(73) 		23
(73) 		23
(73) 		23
(73) 		22
(72) 		22
(72)
Source: [60]


الفلورا والفونا

النمر يقطن غابات شرق كرلا
A blue tiger (Tirumala limniace) butterfly
A Bonnet Macaque in Nelliampathi


الأقسام الإدارية

المقالة الرئيسية: Districts of Kerala and Corporations, Municipalities and Taluks of Kerala
Population density map of Kerala graded from darkest shading (most dense) to lightest (least dense)
المدن الرئيسية في كرلا
(تقدير تعداد الهند 2001)[61]
الترتيب المدينة\البلدة المقاطعة التعداد

ثيروڤاننثاپورام
ثيروڤاننثاپورام


كوچي
كوچي

01 ثيروڤاننثاپورام ثيروڤاننثاپورام 744,983
02 كوچي Ernakulam 595,575
03 كوژي‌كوده كوژي‌كوده 436,556
04 كولام كولام 361,029
05 ثريسور ثريسور 317,526
06 ألاپوژا ألاپوژا 187,495
07 پلاكـّاد پلاكـّاد 130,767
08 ثلاسري كانـّور 99,387
09 پوناني ملاپورام 87,495
10 مانرجي ملاپورام 83,024

الحكومة

قالب:Kerala symbols

المقالة الرئيسية: Government of Kerala
The Kerala High Court in Ernakulam
A CPI(M) rally in Ernakulam


معرض الصور

الاقتصاد

In the Backwaters, waterways are key thoroughfares for merchants selling fish, rice, and other products. Pictured is a waterway bordering a farm.
Interior of the Technopark, Thiruvananthapuram.


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السكان

Most Keralites, such as this fisherman, live in rural areas.
الدين في كرلا[64]
الديانة النسبة
الهندوسية
  
 56.2%
الإسلام
  
 24.7%
المسيحية
  
 19.0%
غيرهم
  
 1.1%


الثقافة

Keralite elephants, caparisoned, during the Sree Poornathrayesa Temple festival


A Kathakali artist
ملف:Onam Flowers Pookkalam Kerala India.jpg
During Onam, Keralites create floral pookkalam designs in front of their houses.

ملاحظات

  • ^ α: Around the 9th century, the Cheras fell from power. Several small kingdoms (swaroopams) formed under the leadership of Nair chieftains, filling the resulting political vacuum.[41]

الهامش

  1. ^ Menon, Gireesh (5 September 2014). "Sathasivam sworn in as Kerala Governor". The Hindu. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  2. ^ "Kerala Population Census data 2011". Census 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  3. ^ "Kerala Budget Analysis 2018–19" (PDF). PRS Legislative Research. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  4. ^ "STATE WISE DATA" (PDF). esopb.gov.in. Economic and Statistical Organization, Government of Punjab. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  5. ^ "52nd report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2014 to June 2015)" (PDF). Ministry of Minority Affairs (Government of India). 29 March 2016. p. 132. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Jacob, Aneesh (27 November 2015). "Malayalam to be only official language in state". Mathrubhumi.
  7. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة snhdi-gdl
  8. ^ أ ب "Census 2011 (Final Data) - Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban)" (PDF). planningcommission.gov.in. Planning Commission, Government of India. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  9. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة IDHR 2011
  10. ^ http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2011/cii-2011/Table%203.1.pdf
  11. ^ A. Sreedhara Menon (1987). Political History of Modern Kerala. D C Books. pp. 13–. ISBN 978-81-264-2156-5. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  12. ^ Nicasio Silverio Sainz (1972). Cuba y la Casa de Austria. Ediciones Universal. p. 120. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  13. ^ Robert Caldwell (1 December 1998). A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South-Indian Family of Languages. Asian Educational Services. p. 92. ISBN 978-81-206-0117-8. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  14. ^ John Ralston Marr (1985). The Eight Anthologies. Institute of Asian Studies. p. 263.
  15. ^ Aiya VN (1906). The Travancore State Manual. Travancore Government Press. pp. 210–212. Retrieved 12 November 2007.
  16. ^ A Sreedhara Menon (1 January 2007). A Survey Of Kerala History. DC Books. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-81-264-1578-6. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  17. ^ M. T. Narayanan (1 January 2003). Agrarian Relations in Late Medieval Malabar. Northern Book Centre. pp. 16–18. ISBN 978-81-7211-135-9. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  18. ^ P. 204 Ancient Indian History By Madhavan Arjunan Pillai
  19. ^ Robin Rinehart (2004). Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice. ABC-CLIO. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-57607-905-8. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  20. ^ "Unlocking the secrets of history". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 6 December 2004.
  21. ^ Subodh Kapoor (1 July 2002). The Indian Encyclopaedia. Cosmo Publications. p. 2184. ISBN 978-81-7755-257-7. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  22. ^ Tourism information on districts –Wayanad, official website of the Govt. of Kerala
  23. ^ Udai Prakash Arora; A. K. Singh (1 January 1999). Currents in Indian History, Art, and Archaeology. Anamika Publishers & Distributors. p. 116. ISBN 978-81-86565-44-5. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
  24. ^ Udai Prakash Arora; A. K. Singh (1 January 1999). Currents in Indian History, Art, and Archaeology. Anamika Publishers & Distributors. pp. 118, 123. ISBN 978-81-86565-44-5. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
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