حصار طبرق
حصار طبرق | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
جزء من حملة الصحراء الغربية في الحرب العالمية الثانية | |||||||
القوات الأسترالية تحتل موقعاً على الجبهة في طبرق | |||||||
| |||||||
المتحاربون | |||||||
تشيكوسلوڤاكيا | إيطاليا | ||||||
القادة والزعماء | |||||||
لزلي مورزهد (أبريل–سبتمبر 1941) | گاستونى گامبارا | ||||||
القوى | |||||||
27,000 | 35,000 | ||||||
الضحايا والخسائر | |||||||
5,989 |
12,296 74–150 aircraft |
حصار طبرق استمر 241 يوماً في 1941، بعد أن تقدمت قوات المحور عبر برقة من العقيلة في Operation Sonnenblume ضد قوات الحلفاء في ليبيا، أثناء حملة الصحراء الغربية (1940–1943) في الحرب العالمية الثانية. في أواخر 1940، هَزم الحلفاء الجيش العاشر الإيطالي أثناء Operation Compass (9 ديسمبر 1940 – 9 فبراير 1941) ووضعوا في مصيدة بقاياه في "بدع فم". وفي مطلع 1941، كان معظم قوة الصحراء الغربية (WDF) قد أُرسِل إلى الحملتين اليونانية و السورية. ولدى وصول القوات الألمانية والتعزيزات الإيطالية إلى ليبيا، لم يكن بليبيا سوى هيكل قوة الحلفاء، بلا عتاد أو مؤن.
Operation Sonnenblume (6 February – 25 May 1941), forced the Allies into a retreat to the Egyptian border. A garrison, consisting mostly of the 9th Australian Division (Lieutenant-General Leslie Morshead) remained at Tobruk, to deny the port to the Axis, while the WDF reorganised and prepared a counter-offensive. The Axis siege of Tobruk began on 10 April, when the port was attacked by a force under Generalleutnant Erwin Rommel and continued during three relief attempts, Operation Brevity (15–16 May), Operation Battleaxe (15–17 June) and Operation Crusader (18 November – 30 December). The occupation of Tobruk deprived the Axis of a supply port closer to the Egypt–Libya border than Benghazi, 560 mi (900 km) west of the Egyptian frontier, which was within the range of RAF bombers; Tripoli was 930 mi (1,500 km) to the west in Tripolitania.
The siege diverted Axis troops from the frontier and the Tobruk garrison repulsed several Axis attacks. The port was frequently bombarded by artillery, dive-bombers and medium bombers, as the RAF flew defensive sorties from airfields far away in Egypt. Allied naval forces, such as the British Mediterranean Fleet (including the Inshore Squadron) ran the blockade, carrying reinforcements and supplies in and wounded and prisoners out. On 27 November, Tobruk was relieved by the Eighth Army (which controlled British and other Allied ground forces in the Western Desert from September 1941) in Operation Crusader.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
التمهيد
الإمدادات
طبرق
الحصار
معركة اللسان الأرضي
غارة البثرتين
عمليات النجدة
العملية بلطة المعركة
العملية كروسيدر
الأعقاب
تحليل
الخدمة | قتلى/ مفقودون |
جرحى | إجمالي |
---|---|---|---|
RN, RAN | 469 | 186 | 655 |
Merchant Navy |
70 | 55 | 125 |
Total | 539 | 241 | 780 |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
الخسائر
القوات | قتلى | جرحى | مفقودون | إجمالي |
---|---|---|---|---|
Australian | 744 | 1,974 | 476 | 3,194 |
British | 88 | 406 | 15 | 509 |
Indian | 1 | 25 | 0 | 26 |
Polish | 22 | 82 | 3 | 107 |
Sub-totals | 855 | 2,487 | 494 | 3,836 |
70th Division |
— | — | — | 2,153 |
Total | — | — | — | 5,989 |
أفلام روائية
- The Rats of Tobruk is a 1944 Australian film about the siege, focusing upon the Australian defenders.
- The Desert Rats is a 1953 film about the siege. It also emphasised the Australian defenders but had a number of historical inaccuracies and omissions.
- Tobruk is a 1967 film which dramatised raids on the Germans.
- Raid on Rommel is a 1971 movie that used some of the earlier film from Tobruk.
- Tobruk is a 2008 film about a Czech soldier's disillusionment with war.
انظر أيضاً
- North African Campaign timeline
- قائمة معارك الحرب العالمية الثانية
- John Hurst Edmondson: Victoria Cross recipient during the siege
- Rats of Tobruk
- Twin Pimples raid
- Africa Star
الهامش
- ^ أ ب Harrison 1996, p. 338.
مراجع
Books
- Chappell, M. (1996). Army Commandos 1940–1945. Elite. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-85532-579-1.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Creveld, M. van (1977). Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29793-6.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Dominioni, P. C.; Izzo, G. (1967). Takfír: Cronaca dell'ultima Battaglia di Alamein [Takfír: Chronicle of the Last Battle of Alamein]. Testimonianze fra cronaca e storia (in Italian). Milano: Ugo Mursia Editore. OCLC 163936563.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Greene, J.; Massignani, A. (1994). Rommel's North Africa Campaign: September 1940 – November 1942. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books. ISBN 978-0-585-19391-5.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Harrison, F. (1999) [1996]. Tobruk: The Great Siege Reassessed. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-986-8.
- La Prima controffensiva italo-tedesca in Africa settentrionale: (15 febbraio – 18 novembre 1941) [The First Italian-German Counter-offensive in North Africa: (15 February – 18 November 1941)]. Ufficio storico (in Italian). Vol. I. Annex 32. Roma: Ministero della difesa, Stato maggiore dell'Esercito. 1974. OCLC 13007244.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Lewin, R. (1998) [1968]. Rommel as Military Commander. New York: B&N Books. ISBN 978-0-7607-0861-3.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - von Luck, H. (1989). Panzer Commander: The Memoirs of Colonel Hans von Luck. New York: Dell (Random House). ISBN 978-0-440-20802-0.
- Maughan, B. (1966). Tobruk and El Alamein. Australia in the War of 1939–1945 Series 1 (Army). Vol. III (1st online ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 954993.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - McDonald, N. (2004). Chester Wilmot Reports. Sydney: ABC Books. ISBN 978-0-7333-1441-4.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Mounbatten, L. (2007). Combined Operations: The Official Story of the Commandos. London: Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4067-5957-0.
- Murphy, W. E. (1961). Fairbrother, M. C. (ed.). The Relief of Tobruk. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945 (online ed.). Wellington, NZ: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs. OCLC 846906679. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Neillands, R. (2004). Eighth Army: From the Western Desert to the Alps. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-5647-0.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; et al. (1959) [1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. 3rd impression. HMSO. OCLC 888934805.
- Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; et al. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1956]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans Come to the Help of their Ally (1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84574-066-5.
- Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; et al. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO: 1960]. Butler, Sir James (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. III. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84574-067-2.
- Saunders, H. St. G.; Mountbatten, Louis (2007) [1943]. Combined Operations: The Official Story of the Commandos (Read Books ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-1-4067-5957-0.
- The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force. Public Record Office War Histories. Air 41/10 (repr. ed.). Richmond, Surrey: Air Ministry. 2001 [1948]. ISBN 978-1-903365-30-4.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link)
المواقع
- "I Bersaglieri in Africa Settentrionale" [The Bersaglieri in North Africa]. Avanti Savoia website (in Italian). 2003. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
للاستزادة
- Beaumont, J. (1996). Australia's War, 1939–45. Melbourne: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-86448-039-9.
- Buckingham, W. F. (2012). Tobruk: The Great Siege, 1941–42. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-7524-4501-4.
- Combes, D. (2001). Morshead: Hero of Tobruk and El Alamein. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-551398-1.
- Converse, A. (2011). Armies of Empire: The 9th Australian and 50th British divisions in Battle 1939–1945. Australian Army History. London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19480-8.
- FitzSimons, P. (2006). Tobruk. Sydney: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-7322-7645-4.
- Glassop, L. (1992) [1944]. We Were the Rats (Penguin ed.). Sydney: Angus & Robertson. ISBN 978-0-14-014924-1.
- Guardia, M. (2014). Junkers Ju 87 Stuka. Air Vanguard. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-4728-0119-7.
- Hoffman, K. (2004). Erwin Rommel. London: Brassey's. ISBN 978-1-85753-374-3.
- Hunt, Sir D. (1990) [1966]. A Don at War (rev. ed.). London: F. Cass. ISBN 978-0-7146-3383-1.
- Jentz, T. L. (1998). Tank Combat in North Africa: The Opening Rounds, Operations Sonnenblume, Brevity, Skorpion and Battleaxe, February 1941 – June 1941. Atglen, PN: Schiffer. ISBN 978-0-7643-0226-8.
- Johnston, M. (2003). That Magnificent 9th: An Illustrated History of the 9th Australian Division. London: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-86508-654-5.
- Latimer, J. (2004). Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-275-98287-4.
- Long, G. (1952). To Benghazi. Australia in the War of 1939–1945 Series 1 (Army). Vol. I (1st online ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 18400892.
- Long, G. (1973). The Six Years War: A Concise History of Australia in the 1939–45 War. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. ISBN 978-0-642-99375-5.
- Maule, H. (1961). Spearhead General: The Epic Story of General Sir Frank Messervy and his Men in Eritrea, North Africa and Burma. London: Odhams. OCLC 2127215.
- Mead, R. (2007). Churchill's Lions: A Biographical Guide to the key British Generals of World War II. Stroud: Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-431-0.
- Mitcham, S. W. (2007). Rommel's Desert Commanders: The Men who Served the Desert Fox, North Africa, 1941–1942. Westport, CN: Praeger Security International. ISBN 978-0-275-99436-5.
- Montanari, M. (1985). Tobruk (marzo 1941 – gennaio 1942) [Tobruk (March 1941 – January 1942)]. Le operazioni in Africa Settentrionale (in Italian). Vol. II. Roma: Stato Maggiore dell'esercito, Ufficio Storico. OCLC 886499428.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Rommel, E. (1982) [1953]. Liddell Hart, B. (ed.). The Rommel Papers. trans. Findlay, Paul (New ed.). New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80157-0.
- Spencer, B. (1999). In the Footsteps of Ghosts: With the 2/9th Battalion in the African Desert. St. Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-86508-145-8.
- Walker, I. (2006). Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa. Ramsbury: Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-86126-839-6.
- Wilmot, C. (1993) [1944]. Tobruk 1941 (repr. Penguin ed.). Sydney: Halstead Press. ISBN 978-0-670-07120-3.
المواقع
- 2/43 Infantry Battalion War Diary, April 1941 (PDF). Appendix No. 30: Summary No. 2, entry for 16 April. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. pp. 111–112. RCDIG1026557. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - Miller, W. A. (1986). "The 9th Australian Division Versus the Africa Corps: An Infantry Division against Tanks: Tobruk, Libya, 1941". Fort Leavenworth, KN: US Army Command and General Staff College, Combat Studies Institute. OCLC 815355690. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
- Toppe, Generalmajor A. (1991) [~1947]. "German Experiences in Desert Warfare during World War II" (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army General Command and Staff College. OCLC 58531612. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
وصلات خارجية
- Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas
- Coordinates on Wikidata
- Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page
- CS1 maint: ref duplicates default
- CS1 maint: others
- نزاعات 1941
- 1941 في ليبيا
- طبرق
- Battles of World War II involving Australia
- معارك الحرب العالمية الثانية التي شاركت فيها تشيكوسلوڤاكيا
- حصارات المملكة المتحدة
- Sieges involving Germany
- Sieges involving Poland
- حصارات أستراليا
- حملة الصحراء الغربية
- ليبيا في الحرب العالمية الثانية
- معارك وعمليات الحرب العالمية الثانية التي تضمنت ألمانيا
- إرڤن رومل
- حصارات الحرب العالمية الثانية
- معارك الحرب العالمية الثانية التي شاركت فيها المملكة المتحدة