الآزور

Coordinates: 38°40′N 28°04′W / 38.66°N 28.07°W / 38.66; -28.07
هذا المقال هو عن الأرخبيل. إذا كنت تريد المنطقة ذات الضغط المرتفع، انظر Azores High.
الآزور

Açores (برتغالية)
Autonomous Region of Portugal and outermost region of the European Union
Autonomous Region of the Azores
Região Autónoma dos Açores (برتغالية)
Blue and white bands, superimposed by golden goshawk and surmounted by nine stars with traditional Portuguese shield in the left corner.
Flag
Official seal of الآزور
Coat of arms
Motto: 
Antes morrer livres que em paz sujeitos[1]
(إنگليزية: "Rather die free than subjected in peace")
Anthem: Hino dos Açores
(إنگليزية: "Anthem of the Azores")
Location of the Azores within the European Union
Location of the Azores within the European Union
الآزور.jpg
Country الپرتغال
Settlement1432
Autonomous status30 April 1976
المجانسAçor (إنگليزية: Northern goshawk)
Capitalsپونتا دلگادو (التنفيذية)
Angra do Heroísmo (القضائية)
هورتا (التشريعية)
38°40′N 28°04′W / 38.66°N 28.07°W / 38.66; -28.07
أكبرپونتا دلگادو
اللغات الرسميةPortuguese
الجماعات العرقية
البرتغاليون
الحكومةمنطقة ذاتية الحكم
• Representative of the Republic
Pedro Manuel dos Reis Alves Catarino
Luís Garcia
José Manuel Bolieiro
• Vice-President of the Regional Government
Artur Lima
LegislatureLegislative Assembly
National and European representation
5 MPs (of 230)
3 MEP (of 21 Portuguese seats)
المساحة
• Total
2,351 km2 (908 sq mi)
أعلى منسوب2٬351 m (7٬713 ft)
أوطى منسوب0 m (0 ft)
التعداد
• 2021 census
236,440[2]
• Density
110/km2 (284.9/sq mi)
GDP (nominal)2023[3][4] estimate
• Total
▲ €5.376 billion
• Per capita
▲ €22,346
العملةEuro (€) (EUR)
Time zoneUTC−01:00
 • Summer (DST)
UTC±00:00
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy (CE)
Driving sideright
Calling code+351 (292)
Postal code
95nn-99nn
ISO 3166 codePT-20
Internet TLD.pt
Usual abbreviationRAA
Websiteazores.gov.pt


الآزور (النطق الإنگليزي: /əˈzɔrz/ ə-ZORZ or /ˈeɪzɔrz/ AY-zorz; البرتغالية: [ɐˈsoɾɨʃ]) هي مجموعة من تسع جزر تتبع البرتغال. وتقع في المحيط الأطلسي الشمالي على بعد نحو 1,300 كم غربي البرتغال، وتقع على طريق الخطوط الجوية والكبُلِيَّة التي تربط أوروبا وأمريكا. وتبلغ مساحة الجزر 2,247 كم² وبها خط ساحلي يبلغ طوله 515 كم. It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about 1,400 km (870 mi) west of Lisbon, about 1,500 km (930 mi) northwest of Morocco, about 1,930 km (1,200 mi) southeast of Newfoundland, Canada, and the same distance southwest of Cork, Ireland.

Its main industries are agriculture, dairy farming, livestock, fishing, and tourism, which has become a major service activity in the region. In the 20th century and to some extent into the 21st, they have served as a waypoint for refueling aircraft flying between Europe and North America. The government of the Azores employs a large percentage of the population directly or indirectly in the service and tertiary sectors. The largest city of the Azores is Ponta Delgada. The culture, dialect, cuisine, and traditions of the Azorean islands vary considerably, because these remote islands were settled sporadically over a span of two centuries.

There are nine major Azorean islands and an islet cluster, in three main groups. These are Flores and Corvo, to the west; Graciosa, Terceira, São Jorge, Pico, and Faial in the centre; and São Miguel, Santa Maria, and the Formigas islets to the east. They extend for more than 600 km (370 mi) and lie in a northwest–southeast direction. All of the islands have volcanic origins, although some, such as Santa Maria, have had no recorded activity in the time since the islands were settled several centuries ago. Mount Pico, on the island of Pico, is the highest point in Portugal, at 2,351 m (7,713 ft). If measured from their base at the bottom of the ocean to their peaks, the Azores are among the tallest mountains on the planet.

The Azores are located at the seismically active Azores triple junction plate boundary where the North American plate, Eurasian plate and Nubian plate meet.[5]

The climate of the Azores is very mild for such a northerly location, being influenced by its distance from the continents and by the passing Gulf Stream. Because of the marine influence, temperatures remain mild year-round. Daytime temperatures normally fluctuate between 16 and 25 °C (61 and 77 °F) depending on season.[6][7] Temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) or below 3 °C (37 °F) are unknown in the major population centres. It is also generally wet and cloudy.

يعيش في جزر الآزور قرابة 248,000 نسمة، ويعيش في الولايات المتحدة سكان من أصل آزوري أكثر مما يعيش في جزر الآزور. والمدينة الرئيسية في جزر الآزور هي پونتا دلگادو، في جزيرة ساو ميگل. تشكل جزر الآزور قمم سلسلة جبال بركانية ضخمة تحت الماء تمتد عبر منتصف المحيط الأطلسي الأوسط من أيسلندا حتى قارة القطب الجنوبي تقريبًا. والزلازل أمر شائع تمامًا في المنطقة. وجزء كبير من الأراضي كثير التلال وذو أشجار، ينتج الذرة الشامية والعنب والحمضيات.

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التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ الآزور

A small number of alleged hypogea (underground structures carved into rocks) have been identified on the islands of Corvo, Santa Maria, and Terceira by Portuguese archaeologist Nuno Ribeiro, who speculated that they might date back 2,000 years, implying a human presence on the island before the Portuguese.[8] These structures have been used by settlers in the Azores to store grain and the suggestion by Ribeiro that they might be burial sites is unconfirmed. Detailed examination and dating to authenticate the validity of these speculations is lacking; thus it is unclear whether these structures are natural or human-made and whether they predate the 15th century Portuguese colonization of the Azores.[9]

According to a 2015 paper published in Journal of Evolutionary Biology, research based on mouse mitochondrial DNA points to a Scandinavian rather than Portuguese origin of the local mouse population.[10][11] A 2021 paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, using data from lake sediment core sampling, suggests brush-clearing was undertaken and animal husbandry introduced between 700 and 850 A.D.[12] These findings suggest a brief period of Norse settlement, and the 2021 paper further cites climate simulations that suggest the dominant westerly winds in the North Atlantic Ocean were weaker in that period, which would have made it easier for Viking ships to sail to the Azores from Scandinavia .[13]


الاكتشاف

In 1427, a captain sailing for Prince Henry the Navigator, possibly Gonçalo Velho, may have discovered the Azores, but this is not certain. In Thomas Ashe's 1813 work A History of the Azores, the author identified a Fleming, Joshua Vander Berg of Bruges, who made landfall in the archipelago during a storm on his way to Lisbon.[14] According to Ashe, the Portuguese explored the area and claimed it for Portugal.[14] Other writers note the discovery of the first islands (São Miguel, Santa Maria and Terceira) by sailors in the service of Henry the Navigator, although there are few documents to support such claims.[15]

وفي عام 1431، ادعى الملاح المكتشف گونزالو ڤليو كابرال أن جزر الآزور ملك للبرتغال. وما من أحد كان يعيش في الجزر آنذاك، ولكن البرتغال سرعان ما استعمرت الجزر. واستخدمت بريطانيا الجزر قاعدة بحرية إبان الحرب العالمية الثانية (1939 – 1945م) وللولايات المتحدة منشآت عسكرية في جزر الآزور.

Although it is commonly said that the archipelago received its name from açor (Portuguese for goshawk, a common bird at the time of discovery) it is unlikely that the bird ever nested or hunted on the islands.[16] There were no large animals on Santa Maria; after its discovery and before settlement began, sheep were let loose on the island to supply future settlers with food.

الاستيطان

أنگرا دو هرويزمو، أقدم بلدة متصلة العمران في أرخبيل الآزور وموقع تراث عالمي حسب اليونسكو

The archipelago was largely settled from mainland Portugal, but settlement did not take place right away. Gonçalo Velho Cabral gathered resources and settlers for the next three years (1433–1436) and sailed to establish colonies, first on Santa Maria and then on São Miguel. Settlers built houses, established villages and cleared bush and rocks to plant crops, grain, grapevines, sugar cane and other plants suitable for local use and for export. They brought domesticated animals, such as chickens, rabbits, cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. The settlement of the unoccupied islands started in 1439 with people mainly from the continental provinces of Algarve and Alentejo, in mainland Portugal. São Miguel was first settled in 1449, the settlers – mainly from the Estremadura, Alto Alentejo and Algarve areas of mainland Portugal – under the command of Gonçalo Velho Cabral, who landed at the site of modern-day Povoação.

Flemish settlers

The first reference to the island of São Jorge was made in 1439, but the date of discovery is unknown. In 1443, the island was already inhabited, but settlement began only after the arrival of the noble Flemish native Willem van der Haegen. Arriving at Topo, São Jorge, where he lived and died, he became known as Guilherme da Silveira to the islanders. João Vaz Corte-Real received the captaincy of the island in 1483. Velas became a town before the end of the 15th century. By 1490, there were 2,000 Flemings living on the islands of Terceira, Pico, Faial, São Jorge and Flores. Because there was such a large Flemish settlement, the Azores became known as the Flemish Islands or the Isles of Flanders.

Prince Henry the Navigator was responsible for this Flemish settlement. His sister, Isabel, was married to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, Flanders, at the time belonging to Burgundy. There was a revolt against Philip's rule, and disease and hunger became rampant. Isabel appealed to Henry to allow some of the unruly Flemings to settle in the Azores. He granted this and supplied them with means of transport and goods.

The 1522 earthquake and recovery

In 1522, Vila Franca do Campo, then the capital of São Miguel, was devastated by an earthquake and landslide that killed about 5,000 people, and the capital was moved to Ponta Delgada. The town of Vila Franca do Campo was rebuilt on the original site, and today is a thriving fishing and yachting port. Ponta Delgada received its city status in 1546. From the first settlement, the pioneers applied themselves to agriculture, and by the 15th century Graciosa was exporting wheat, barley, wine and brandy. The goods were sent to Terceira largely because of the proximity of that island.

Effects of the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580

المقالة الرئيسية: Conquest of the Azores
1584 map of the Azores Islands

Portugal fell into a dynastic crisis following the death of Cardinal-King Henry of Portugal in 1580. Of the various claimants to the crown, the most powerful was king Phillip II of Spain, who justified his rights to the Portuguese throne by the fact that his mother was a Portuguese royal princess, his maternal grandfather having been King Manuel I of Portugal.[17] Following his proclamation in Santarém, António, Prior of Crato was acclaimed in the Azores in 1580 (through his envoy António da Costa) but was expelled from the continent by the Spaniards following the Battle of Alcântara.[17] Yet, through the administration of Cipriano de Figueiredo, governor of Terceira (who continued to govern Terceira in the name of ill-fated, former King Sebastian of Portugal), the Azoreans resisted Spanish attempts to conquer the islands (including specifically at the Battle of Salga).[18]

In 1583, Philip II of Spain, as King of Portugal, sent his fleet to clear the Azores of a combined multinational force of adventurers, mercenaries, volunteers, and soldiers who were attempting to establish the Azores as a staging post for a rival pretender to the Portuguese throne. Following the success of his fleet at the Battle of Ponta Delgada, captured enemies were hanged from yardarms, as they were considered pirates by Philip II. Opponents receiving the news variously portrayed Philip II as a despot or "Black Legend", the sort of insult widely made against contemporary monarchs engaged in aggressive empire building and the European wars of religion. Figueiredo and Violante do Canto helped organize a resistance on Terceira that influenced some of the response of the other islands, even as internal politics and support for Philip's faction increased on the other islands (including specifically on São Miguel, where the Gonçalvez da Câmara family supported the Spanish claimant).[18]

English raids of 1589 and 1598

المقالة الرئيسية: Azores Voyage of 1589 and Islands Voyage
The Battle of Terceira, part of the War of the Portuguese Succession

An English raid of the Azores in 1589 successfully plundered some islands and harbouring ships; eight years later, a second raid failed – the Islands Voyage.

Iberian Union

المقالة الرئيسية: Iberian Union

Spain held the Azores under the Iberian Union from 1580 to 1642 (called the "Babylonian captivity" in the Azores). The Azores were the last part of the Portuguese Empire to resist Philip's reign over Portugal (Macau resisted any official recognition), until the defeat of forces loyal to the Prior of Crato with the Conquest of the Azores in 1583. Portuguese control resumed with the end of the Iberian Union in 1640 and the beginning of the Portuguese Restoration War, not by the professional military, who were occupied with warfare on the Portuguese mainland, but by local people attacking a fortified Castilian garrison.

Overpopulation and emigration

King-Emperor Pedro IV & I planned and launched his campaign in the Liberal Wars from the Azores in name of his daughter Queen Maria II

In the late 16th century, the Azores and Madeira began to face problems of overpopulation. Responding to the consequent economic problems, some people of the Azores began to emigrate to the United States, Canada and Brazil.[19]

In 1902, the Dominion Line began operating a Mediterranean passenger service between Boston and Italy via Gibraltar and the Azores, with an established port of call at Sao Miguel. In 1904, the service was taken over by the White Star Line, future owners of the ill-fated Titanic. Four ships formerly owned by Dominion were renamed and put into service under White Star, named Canopic, Romanic, Cretic and Republic, the last of which is best known for its 1909 sinking off the New England coast. Canopic and Romanic provided regular services to Boston, while Cretic and Republic operated on the service to both New York and Boston throughout their careers. By the time the service ended in 1921, these four ships had transported an estimated total of 58,000 Azorean Portuguese to the United States.[20]


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Liberal Wars of 1828–1834

The Portuguese Civil War (1828–1834) had strong repercussions in the Azores. In 1829, in Praia da Vitória, the liberals won over the absolutists, making Terceira Island the main headquarters of the new Portuguese regime and also where the Council of Regency (Conselho de Regência) of Maria II of Portugal was established. Beginning in 1868, Portugal issued its stamps overprinted with "AÇORES" for use in the islands. Between 1892 and 1906, it also issued separate stamps for the three administrative districts of the time.

Arbitrary district divisions 1836–1976

From 1836 to 1976, the archipelago was divided into three districts, equivalent (except in area) to those in the Portuguese mainland. The division was arbitrary and did not follow the natural island groups, rather reflecting the location of each district capital on the three main cities (none of which were on the western group).

  • Angra do Heroísmo consisted of Terceira, São Jorge, and Graciosa, with the capital at Angra do Heroísmo on Terceira.
  • Horta consisted of Pico, Faial, Flores, and Corvo, with the capital at Horta on Faial.
  • Ponta Delgada consisted of São Miguel and Santa Maria, with the capital at Ponta Delgada on São Miguel.

Modern period

Symbol of the Azorean autonomist movement in the 19th century

In 1931, the Azores (together with Madeira and Portuguese Guinea) revolted against the Ditadura Nacional and were held briefly by rebel military.[21]

In 1943, during World War II, the Portuguese ruler António de Oliveira Salazar leased air and naval bases in the Azores to Great Britain.[22] The occupation of these facilities in October 1943 was codenamed Operation Alacrity by the British.[23] This was a key turning point in the Battle of the Atlantic, enabling the Royal Air Force, the U.S. Army Air Forces, and the U.S. Navy to provide aerial coverage in the Mid-Atlantic gap. This helped them to protect convoys and to hunt hostile German U-boats.

In 1944, the U.S. constructed a small and short-lived air base on the island of Santa Maria. In 1945, a new base was constructed on the island of Terceira, named Lajes Field. This air base is in an area called Lajes, a broad, flat sea terrace that had been a large farm. Lajes Field is a plateau rising out of the sea on the northeast corner of the island. This air base is a joint American and Portuguese venture. Lajes Field continues to support the American and Portuguese Armed Forces.

The Azores Liberation Front's flag preceded the modern Azorean flag.

During the Cold War, U.S. Navy P-3 Orion anti-submarine warfare squadrons patrolled the North Atlantic Ocean for Soviet Navy submarines and surface warships. Since its opening, Lajes Field has been used for refuelling American cargo planes bound for Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. The U.S. Navy keeps a small squadron of its ships at the harbor of Praia da Vitória, three km (1.9 mi) southeast of Lajes Field. The airfield also has a small commercial terminal handling scheduled and chartered passenger flights from the other islands in the Azores, Europe, Africa, and North America.

Following the Carnation Revolution of 1974, which deposed the Estado Novo dictatorship in Lisbon, Portugal and its territories across the world entered into a period of great political uncertainty. The Azorean Liberation Front attempted to take advantage of this instability immediately after the revolution, hoping to establish an independent Azores, until operations ceased in 1975.

في أواسط السبعينيات من القرن العشرين، عارض كثير من الآزوريِّين حكم البرتغال الشديد للجزر. وبموجب الدستور البرتغالي لعام 1976 وتعديلاته اللاحقة، أصبحت جزر الآزور إقليمًا برتغاليًا يتمتع بالحكم الذاتي (يحكم نفسه بنفسه). ولكن بعض سكان الآزور استمروا يطالبون بالاستقلال الكامل.

In 1976, the Azores became the Autonomous Region of the Azores (Região Autónoma dos Açores), one of the autonomous regions of Portugal, and the subdistricts of the Azores were eliminated. In 2003, the Azores saw international attention when United States President George W. Bush, British Prime Minister Tony Blair, Spanish Prime Minister José María Aznar, and Portuguese Prime Minister José Manuel Durão Barroso held a summit there days before the commencement of the Iraq War.[24]

الجغرافيا

خريطة الآزور
المساحات السطحية لجزر الأرخبيل
الجزيرة المساحة (كم²)
ساو ميگل 759 كم²
Pico 446 كم²
Terceira 403 كم²
São Jorge 246 كم²
Faial 173 كم²
Flores 143 كم²
Santa Maria 97 كم²
Graciosa 62 كم²
Corvo 17 كم²

The archipelago of the Azores is located in the middle of the northern hemisphere of the Atlantic Ocean and extends along a west-northwest to east-southeast orientation (between 36.5°–40° North latitudes and 24.5°–31.5° West longitudes) in an area approximately 600 km (373 mi) wide. The islands of the Azores emerged from what is called the Azores Plateau, a 5.8 million km2 region that is morphologically accented by a depth of 2,000 m (6,600 ft).[25][26]

Azores (blue), Madeira (green) and the Canary Islands (yellow) في شمال الأطلسي

The nine islands that compose the archipelago occupy a surface area of 2,346 km2 (906 sq mi), that includes both the main islands and many islets located in their vicinities. They range in surface area from the largest, São Miguel, at 759 km2 (293 sq mi) to the smallest, Corvo, at approximately 17 km2 (7 sq mi).

Each of the islands has its own distinct geomorphological characteristics that make them unique:

  • Corvo (the smallest island) is a crater of a major Plinian eruption
  • Flores (its neighbor on the North American plate) is a rugged island carved by many valleys and escarpments
  • Faial is characterized for its shield volcano and caldera (Caldeira Volcano)
  • Pico, is the highest point, at 2,351 m (7,713 ft), in the Azores and continental Portugal
  • Graciosa is known for its active Furnas do Enxofre and mixture of volcanic cones and plains
  • São Jorge is a long slender island, formed from fissural eruptions over thousands of years
  • Terceira, almost circular, is the location of one of the largest craters in the region
  • São Miguel is the largest island and is pitted with many large craters and fields of spatter cones
  • Santa Maria – the oldest island – is heavily eroded, being one of the few places to encounter brown sandy beaches in the archipelago.
The Lagoa das Sete Cidades, located within the Sete Cidades Massif, in Sete Cidades, São Miguel Island.

These islands can be divided into three recognizable groups located on the Azores Plateau:

  • The Eastern Group (Grupo Oriental) of São Miguel, Santa Maria and Formigas Islets
  • The Central Group (Grupo Central) of Terceira, Graciosa, São Jorge, Pico and Faial
  • The Western Group (Grupo Ocidental) of Flores and Corvo.

São Jorge, Pico and Faial are also collectively called Ilhas do Triângulo ('Islands of the Triangle').

Several sub-surface reefs (particularly the Dollabarat on the fringe of the Formigas), banks (specifically the Princess Alice Bank and D. João de Castro Bank), as well as many hydrothermal vents and sea-mounts are monitored by the regional authorities, owing to the complex geotectonic and socioeconomic significance within the economic exclusion zone of the archipelago.

On the island of Pico, Mount Pico, the highest mountain/summit في الآزور والبرتغال، كما يشاهد من جزيرة فايال
بحيرة الفوهة البركانية، Lagoa das Sete Cidades, على جزيرة ساو ميگل


الطقس

متوسطات الطقس لأرخبيل الآزور (1971-2000)
شهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر السنة
متوسط العظمى °م (°ف) 16.0 (61) 15.8 (60) 16.3 (61) 17.1 (63) 18.6 (65) 20.9 (70) 23.6 (74) 24.8 (77) 23.8 (75) 21.2 (70) 18.8 (66) 17.0 (63) 19٫49 (67)
متوسط الصغرى °م (°ف) 11.5 (53) 11.1 (52) 11.6 (53) 12.1 (54) 13.4 (56) 15.5 (60) 17.7 (64) 18.7 (66) 18.1 (65) 16.1 (61) 14.1 (57) 12.6 (55) 14٫38 (58)
هطول الأمطار cm (بوصة) 11.17 (4.4) 10.86 (4.3) 9.96 (3.9) 8.52 (3.4) 5.96 (2.3) 4.85 (1.9) 3.26 (1.3) 5.69 (2.2) 9.63 (3.8) 12.4 (4.9) 12.95 (5.1) 13.63 (5.4) 109٫05 (42٫9)
المصدر: Instituto de Meteorologia, IP Portugal[27].


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الجغرافيا البشرية

البلديات

Panoramic view near São Mateus, ترسيرا، June 2004

The Azores are divided into nineteen municipalities ([concelhos] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)); each municipality is further divided into parishes ([freguesias] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), of which there is a total of 156 in all of the Azores. The municipalities, by island, are:

الجزيرة المجموعة البلديات
Flores Island Western Lajes das Flores and Santa Cruz das Flores
Corvo Island Western Corvo
Terceira Island Central Angra do Heroísmo and Praia da Vitória
Graciosa Island Central Santa Cruz da Graciosa
São Jorge Island Central Calheta and Velas
Pico Island Central Lajes do Pico, Madalena and São Roque do Pico
Faial Island Central Horta
جزيرة سانتا ماريا Eastern Vila do Porto
جزيرة ساو ميگل Eastern Lagoa, Nordeste, پونتا دلگادو, Povoação، Ribeira Grande, and Vila Franca do Campo

الديمغرافيا

في 31 ديسمبر 2002, كان تعداد الآزور 238,767 بكثافة سكانية 106 inhabitants per square kilometer (274٫5/sq mi).

الجزيرة التعداد (2002) رئيسي
المدينة/البلدة		 البلديات
(% of total)
جزيرة ساو ميگل 130,154 54.50 پونتا دلگادو 6
Terceira Island 54,996 23.00 Angra do Heroísmo 2
Faial Island 14,934 6.25 هورتا 1
Pico Island 14,579 6.11 São Roque do Pico 3
São Jorge Island 9,522 3.99 Velas 2
Santa Maria Island 5,490 2.30 Vila do Porto 1
Graciosa Island 4,708 1.97 Santa Cruz da Graciosa 1
Flores Island 3,949 1.65 Santa Cruz das Flores 2
Corvo Island 435 0.18 Vila do Corvo 1
الإجمالي 238,767 Total 19

انظر أيضاً

Portal icon بوابة البرتغال
Portal icon بوابة جغرافيا

المصادر

الهامش
  1. ^ "Símbolos Heráldicos dos Açores | Brasão de Armas dos Açores". portal.azores.gov.pt (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Azores Government. Archived from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
  2. ^ "Resident population (No.) by Place of residence, Sex and Age group; Decennial – Statistics Portugal, Population and housing census – 2021". INE. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  3. ^ "Produto interno bruto (B.1*g) a preços correntes (Base 2021 - €) por Localização geográfica (NUTS - 2024); Anual". www.ine.pt. Retrieved 14 January 2025.
  4. ^ "Produto interno bruto (B.1*g) por habitante a preços correntes (Base 2021 - €) por Localização geográfica (NUTS - 2024); Anual". www.ine.pt. Retrieved 14 January 2025.
  5. ^ F.O. Marques, J.C. Catalão, C.DeMets, A.C.G. Costa, A. Hildenbrand (2013). "GPS and tectonic evidence for a diffuse plate boundary at the Azores Triple Junction" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 381: 177–187. Bibcode:2013E&PSL.381..177M. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.08.051.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ "Ponta Delgada Climate Normals 1981–2010". IPMA. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  7. ^ "Angra do Heroísmo Climate Normals 1981–2010". IPMA. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  8. ^ J. M. A., ed. (5 March 2011). "Estruturas podem ter mais de dois mil anos: Monumentos funerários descobertos nos Açores". Correio da Manhã (in البرتغالية). Lisbon, PT: Cofina Media Jornal. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  9. ^ AO Online, ed. (27 June 2011) (in pt), Estudos arqueológicos podem indicar presença prévia ao povoamento das ilhas, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal: Açoreana Oriental, http://www.acorianooriental.pt/noticias/view/216916, retrieved on 27 June 2011 
  10. ^ Gabriel, S. I.; Mathias, M. L. & Searle, J. B. (2015). "Of mice and the 'Age of Discovery': the complex history of colonization of the Azorean archipelago by the house mouse (Mus musculus) as revealed by mitochondrial DNA variation". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 28 (1): 130–145. doi:10.1111/jeb.12550. PMID 25394749. S2CID 24375092.
  11. ^ Gashler, Krisy. "Viking mice: Norse discovered Azores 700 years before Portuguese". November 2021. Archived 11 نوفمبر 2021 at the Wayback Machine College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Cornell. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  12. ^ Raposeiro, Pedro M.; Hernández, Armand; Pla-Rabes, Sergi; Gonçalves, Vítor; Bao, Roberto; Sáez, Alberto; Shanahan, Timothy; Benavente, Mario; de Boer, Erik J.; Richter, Nora; Gordon, Verónica; Marques, Helena; Sousa, Pedro M.; Souto, Martín; Matias, Miguel G.; Aguiar, Nicole; Pereira, Cátia; Ritter, Catarina; Rubio, María Jesús; Salcedo, Marina; Vázquez-Loureiro, David; Margalef, Olga; Amaral-Zettler, Linda A.; Costa, Ana Cristina; Huang, Yongsong; Van Leeuwen, Jacqueline F. N.; Masqué, Pere; Prego, Ricardo; Ruiz-Fernández, Ana Carolina; Sanchez-Cabeza, Joan-Albert; Trigo, Ricardo; Giralt, Santiago (12 October 2021). "Climate change facilitated the early colonization of the Azores Archipelago during medieval times". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (in الإنجليزية). 118 (41). Bibcode:2021PNAS..11808236R. doi:10.1073/pnas.2108236118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8522277. PMID 34607952.
  13. ^ Price, Michael. "Vikings in paradise: Were the Norse the first to settle the Azores?" October 2021. Archived 25 مارس 2022 at the Wayback Machine Science. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  14. ^ أ ب Ashe, Thomas (1813). History of the Azores, or Western Islands. Oxford University.
  15. ^ Santos, Robert L. (21 April 2009). "Azoreans to California: A History of Migration and Settlement" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  16. ^ "FLAG OF THE AÇORES (Bandeira dos Açores)". Rooster Camisa (in الإنجليزية). 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
  17. ^ أ ب Melo Bento (2008) p 34
  18. ^ أ ب Melo Bento (2008) p 36
  19. ^ Scammell, G.V. (1989). The First Imperial Age. Unwin Hyman.
  20. ^ New York, US Arriving Passenger and Crew Lists, 1820-1957;Massachusetts, US Arriving Passenger and Crew Lists, 1820-1963
  21. ^ Payne, Stanley (1972). A History of Spain and Portugal. Madison WI: University of Wisconsin Press. Ch 27. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
  22. ^ "The Role of Portugal – co-opting Nazi Gold, Jonathan Petropoulos, "Dimensions", Vol 11, No 1, 1997". Adl.org. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  23. ^ Barrass, M. B. (2001–2008). "Air vice-marshal Sir Geoffrey Bromet". Royal Air Force Organization (RAFWeb.org). Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  24. ^ "Bush: Monday is 'a moment of truth' on Iraq". CNN. 17 March 2003. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  25. ^ Miranda, et al. (1998)
  26. ^ Machado, et al. (2008) p 14.
  27. ^ "Normais Climatológicas (1971-2000)".
ببليوجرافيا
  • Clemens, Samuel L. (1869). The Innocents Abroad, or the New Pilgrims Progress. Connecticut: American Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-9871644-67. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  • Lourenço, N. (1998). Morpho-tectonic analysis of the Azores Volcanic Plateau from a new bathymetric compilation of the area. Vol. 20. Marine Geophysical Researches. pp. 141–156. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |co-authors= ignored (help)
  • Luís, J.F. (1994). The Azores triple junction evolution since 10 Ma from an aeromagnetic survey of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Vol. 125. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. pp. 439–459. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |co-authors= ignored (help)
  • Madeira, J. (1998). Estudos de neotectónica nas ilhas do Faial, Pico e S. Jorge: uma contribuição para o conhecimento geodinâmico da junção tripla dos Açores (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Ridley, W. (1974). "The oceanic islands: Azores". The ocean basins and margins. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 445–478. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |co-authors= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
  • Upper mantle structure beneath the Azores hotspot from finite-frequency seismic tomography. Vol. 260. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2006. pp. 11–26. {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  • Needham, H (1974). Some characteristics of the rift valley in the Atlantic Ocean near 36o48’ north. Vol. 22. Earth Planetary Science Letters. pp. 29–43. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |co-authors= ignored (help)
  • Ferreira, António de Brum (2005). "Geodinâmica e perigosidade natural nas ilhas dos Açores". Finisterra (in Portuguese). XL (79): 013–120. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
On the web

وصلات خارجية

مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع The Azores.
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