أشمون عازر الثاني

هذه مقالة جيدة. لمزيد من المعلومات، اضغط هنا.
(تم التحويل من Eshmunazar II)
لمعلومات عن the sarcophagus، انظر Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II.

Eshmunazar II
A dark stone Egyptian sarcophagus. The image shows the face of the sarcophagus in a relaxed position looking to the horizon. The sarcophagus shows left-to-right inscriptions in Phoenician on its lid.
Phoenician-inscribed sarcophagus of King Eshmunazar II from the Sidon royal necropolis, displayed in the Louvre
العهد539 BCح. 539 BC
سبقهTabnit I
تبعهBodashtart
الدفن
Sidon royal necropolis
Phoenician language𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍𐤏𐤆𐤓
الأسرةEshmunazar I dynasty
الديانةCanaanite polytheism
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قد تحتاج دعم إظهار لعرض Phoenician alphabet characters في هذه المقالة بشكل صحيح.

Eshmunazar II ([æʃmuːn ʔɑːzər] ( استمع); Phoenician: 𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍𐤏𐤆𐤓, ʾšmnʿzr, حرفياً 'Eshmun helps') was the Phoenician king of Sidon (ح. c. 539 – c. 525 BC). He was the grandson of Eshmunazar I, and a vassal king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. Eshmunazar II succeeded his father Tabnit I who ruled for a short time and died before the birth of his son. Tabnit I was succeeded by his sister-wife Amoashtart who ruled alone until Eshmunazar II's birth, and then acted as his regent until the time he would have reached majority. Eshmunazar II died prematurely at the age of 14. He was succeeded by his cousin Bodashtart.

Eshmunazar II came from a lineage of priests of the goddess Astarte, and his rule saw a strong emphasis on religious activities. He and his mother Amoashtart built temples in various parts of Sidon and its neighboring territories. During his reign, King Cambyses II of Persia rewarded Sidon for its military contributions to his campaign against Egypt by granting Sidon additional territory. Eshmunazar II is primarily known for his sarcophagus, which features two Phoenician inscriptions; it is currently housed in the Louvre Museum.

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Etymology

Eshmunazar is the Romanized form of the Phoenician theophoric name 𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍𐤏𐤆𐤓, meaning "Eshmun helps".[1][2] Eshmun was the Phoenician god of healing and renewal of life; he was one of the most important divinities of the Phoenician pantheon and the main male divinity of the city of Sidon.[3]

The name is also transliterated as: ʾEšmunʿazor,[4] ʾšmnʿzr,[5] Achmounazar,[6] Ashmounazar,[7] Ashmunazar,[8] Ashmunezer,[9] Echmounazar,[10] Echmounazor,[11] Eschmoun-ʿEzer,[12] Eschmunazar,[13] Eshmnʿzr,[2] Eshmunazor,[14] Esmounazar,[15] Esmunasar,[16] Esmunazar,[17] Ešmunʿazor,[18] Ešmunazar,[19] Ešmunazor.[20]

Historical context

a map of the Persian Achaemenid empire
Map showing Phoenicia within the Persian Achaemenid Empire (500 BCح. 500 BC)

Sidon, which was a flourishing and independent Phoenician city-state, came under Mesopotamian occupation in the ninth century BC. The Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II (قالب:Reigned) conquered the Lebanon mountain range and its coastal cities, including Sidon.[21] In 705 BC, King Luli, who reigned over both Tyre and Sidon,[22] joined forces with the Egyptians and Judah in an unsuccessful rebellion against Assyrian rule.[23][24] He was forced to flee to Kition, on the neighboring island of Cyprus, upon the arrival of the Assyrian army headed by Sennacherib. Sennacherib placed Ittobaal on the throne of Sidon and imposed an annual tribute.[أ][26] Elayi believes that Ittobaal was of royal Sidonian lineage, a family line driven out of power by the reigning Tyrian kings.[27] When Abdi-Milkutti ascended to Sidon's throne in 680 BC, he also rebelled against the Assyrians. In response, the Assyrian king Esarhaddon captured and beheaded Abdi-Milkutti in 677 BC after a three-year siege; Sidon was stripped of its territory, which was awarded to Baal I, the king of rival Tyre and a loyal vassal to Esarhaddon.[28]

Sidon returned to its former prosperity while Tyre was besieged for thirteen years (586–573 BC) by the Chaldean king Nebuchadnezzar II.[29] After the Achaemenid conquest in 529 BC. Phoenicia was divided into four vassal kingdoms: Sidon, Tyre, Byblos and Arwad.[30] Eshmunazar I, a priest of the Phoenician goddess Astarte, and the founder of his eponymous dynasty, became king around the same time.[31] During the early Persian period (539–486 BC), Sidon rose to power, becoming Phoenicia's preeminent city.[32][33][34] Sidonian kings began an extensive program of mass-scale construction projects attested in the funerary inscription on the sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II and the dedicatory Bodashtart inscriptions found on the foundations of the Temple of Eshmun's monumental podium.[35][36][37]

Reign

Chronology and length of reign

Achaemenid-inspired bull protome column capital from the Temple of Eshmun, Lebanon

Eshmunazar is believed to have reigned in the later half of the sixth century BC, during the Persian Achaemenid Period of Sidon's history, from 539 BCح. 539 BC until his premature death 525 BCح. 525 BC.[38][39] The absolute chronology of the kings of Sidon from the dynasty of Eshmunazar I onward has been much discussed in the literature; traditionally placed in the course of the fifth century BC, inscriptions of this dynasty have been dated back to an earlier period on the basis of numismatic, historical and archaeological evidence. An examination of the dates of the reigns of these Sidonian kings has been presented by the French historian Josette Elayi, who shifted away from the use of biblical chronology.[38] Elayi placed the reigns of the descendants of Eshmunazar I between the middle and the end of the sixth century BC.[38][39] Elayi used all of the documentation available at the time,[when?] including inscribed Tyrian seals,[40] and stamps excavated by the Lebanese archaeologist Maurice Chehab in 1972 from Jal el-Bahr, a neighborhood in the north of Tyre.[41] Elayi also used Phoenician inscriptions discovered by the French archaeologist Maurice Dunand in Sidon in 1965,[42] and conducted a systematic study of Sidonian coins.[43][44]

Temple building and territorial expansion

A moss covered stone throne with sphinxes and cloven feet. Behind the throne are moss-covered bare ashlar walls.
Throne of Astarte at the Temple of Eshmun in Bustan-el-Sheikh in the vicinity of Sidon, Lebanon. The temple by the Ydll source is mentioned in line 17 of the inscription of the sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II.

The kings of Sidon held priestly roles in addition to military, judicial and diplomatic responsibilities.[45][46] Some locally minted coins display scenes suggesting that the Sidonian kings actively participated in religious ceremonies.[46] Eshmunazar II descended from a line of priests; his father Tabnit and his grandfather Eshmunazar I were priests of Astarte, in addition to being kings of Sidon, as recorded on Tabnit's sarcophagus inscriptions.[ب] Eshmunazar II's mother was also a priestess of Astarte as illustrated on line 14 of her son's sarcophagus inscriptions.[48] The construction and restoration of temples and the execution of priestly duties served as promotional tools used by Sidonian monarchs to bolster their political power and magnificence, and to depict them as pious recipients of divine favor and protection.[46] This royal function was manifested by Eshmunazar II and his mother Queen Amoashtart through the construction of new temples and religious buildings for the Phoenician gods Baal, Astarte, and Eshmun in a number of Sidon's neighborhoods and its adjoining territory.[ت][46][49]

In recognition of Sidon's naval warfare contributions, the Achaemenids awarded Eshmunazar II the territories of Dor, Joppa, and the Plain of Sharon.[ث][ج][51]

Succession and death

Phoenician kingship was lifelong and hereditary.[14] The responsibilities and power of the position were passed down to the king's child or another member of their family when they died. The royal ancestry and lineage of Sidonian kings were documented up to the second- or third-degree ancestor, as evidenced by lines 13 and 14 of Eshmunazar II's sarcophagus inscription.[52] Queen mothers held political power and exercised in the form of association with political acts and co-regency.[53] Eshmunazar II's father, Tabnit I, ruled for a short time and died before the birth of his son; he was succeeded by his sister-wife Amoashtart, who assumed the role of regent during the interregnum. Eshmunazar II died aged 14 during the reign of his overlord, Cambyses II of Achaemenid Persia.[54][55] After his death, Eshmunazar II was succeeded by his cousin Bodashtart.[34]


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Eshmunazar II's sarcophagus

المقالة الرئيسية: Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II
A dark stone coffin with a human face, the coffin stands upright facing the viewer.
1892 picture of the sarcophagus lid
A dark stone coffin viewed laterally, the coffin lies on the ground, the trough and lid are separated with wedges.
1892 picture of the sarcophagus with the trough inscription visible under the lid

The sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II is one of the only three Ancient Egyptian sarcophagi found outside Egypt; the other two belonged to Eshmunazar's parents, Tabnit and Amoashtart.[56][57] It was likely carved in Egypt from local amphibolite for a member of the Egyptian elite, and captured as booty by the Sidonians during their participation in Cambyses II's conquest of Egypt in 525 BC.[58][59][60] The sarcophagus has two sets of Phoenician inscriptions, one on its lid and a partial copy of it on the sarcophagus trough, around the curvature of the head.[61][62][63] The sarcophagus was discovered on 19 January 1855,[64] as treasure-hunters were digging in the grounds of an ancient cemetery in the plains south of the city of Sidon. It was found outside a hollowed-out rocky mound locally known as Magharet Abloun ('The Cavern of Apollo'), a part of a large complex of Achaemenid era necropoli.[61][65] The discovery is attributed to Alphonse Durighello, an agent of the French consulate in Sidon, who informed and sold the sarcophagus to Aimé Péretié, an amateur archaeologist and the chancellor of the French consulate in Beirut.[66][67] The sarcophagus was first described,[61] and acquired by Honoré Théodoric d'Albert de Luynes, a French aristocrat who donated it to the French state.[68] The sarcophagus of King Eshmunazar II is housed in the Louvre's Near Eastern antiquities section in room 311 of the Pavillon Sully. It was given the museum identification number AO 4806.[69]

The inscriptions of the sarcophagus of Eshmunazar are written in the Phoenician language, in the Phoenician script. They identify the king buried inside, tell of his lineage and temple construction feats and warn against disturbing him in his repose.[37][70] The inscriptions also state that the "Lord of Kings" (the Achaemenid King of Kings, probably Cambyses II)[71] granted the Sidonian king "Dor and Joppa, the mighty lands of Dagon, which are in the Plain of Sharon" in recognition of his deeds.[37] The deeds in question probably relate to the contribution of Eshmunazar to the Egyptian campaign of Cambyses II.[71] Copies of the inscriptions were sent to scholars across the world, and well-known scholars of the time,[72] including German orientalists Heinrich Ewald and Emil Rödiger,[73][74] as well as the French orientalist Salomon Munk, published translations of them.[75]

Genealogy

Eshmunazar II was a descendant of Eshmunazar I's dynasty. Eshmunazar I's son Tabnit succeeded him. Tabnit had a child, Eshmunazar II, with his sister Amoashtart. Tabnit died before the birth of Eshmunazar II, and Amoashtart ruled in the interlude until the birth of her son, then was co-regent until he reached adulthood.[34][76]


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See also

Notes

  1. ^ I placed Tu-Baʾlu on his royal throne over them and imposed upon him tribute (and) payment (in recognition) of my overlordship (to be delivered) yearly (and) without interruption.[25]
  2. ^ I, Tabnit, priest of Astarte, king of Sidon, the son of Eshmunazar, priest of Astarte, king of Sidon, am lying in this sarcophagus. Whoever you are, any man that might find this sarcophagus, do not, do not open it and do not disturb me, for no silver is gathered with me, no gold is gathered with me, nor anything of value whatsoever, only I am lying in this sarcophagus. do not, do not open it and do not disturb me, for this thing is an abomination to Astarte. And if you do indeed open it and do indeed disturb me, may you not have any seed among the living under the sun, nor a resting-place with the Rephaites.[47]
  3. ^ See lines 15–18 of the Eshmunazar II sarchophagus inscription.
  4. ^ See lines 18–20 of the Eshmunazar II sarchophagus inscription.
  5. ^ The territories of the Phoenician cities could be discontiguous: thus, the lands and the cities of Dor and Joppa belonging to the Sidonians were separated from Sidon by the city of Tyre.[50]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Hitti 1967, p. 135.
  2. ^ أ ب Jean 1947, p. 267.
  3. ^ Jayne 2003, pp. 136–140.
  4. ^ Burlingame 2018.
  5. ^ Briquel Chatonnet, Daccache & Hawley 2015, p. 237.
  6. ^ Delattre 1890, p. 17.
  7. ^ Mariette 1856, p. 9.
  8. ^ Jessup 1881, p. 46.
  9. ^ Turner 1860, p. 48.
  10. ^ Clermont-Ganneau 1880, p. 93.
  11. ^ Bordreuil 2002.
  12. ^ Munk 1856.
  13. ^ Hitzig 1855.
  14. ^ أ ب Elayi 1997, p. 68.
  15. ^ Perrot & Chipiez 1885, p. 168.
  16. ^ Levy 1864, p. 227.
  17. ^ de Luynes 1856, p. 55.
  18. ^ Elayi 2004, p. 9.
  19. ^ Eiselen 1907, p. 73.
  20. ^ King 1997, p. 189.
  21. ^ Bryce 2009, p. 651.
  22. ^ Elayi 2018b, pp. 55–58, 72.
  23. ^ Netanyahu 1964, pp. 243–244.
  24. ^ Yates 1942, p. 109.
  25. ^ Grayson & Novotny 2012.
  26. ^ Elayi 2018b, p. 58.
  27. ^ Elayi 2018a, p. 165.
  28. ^ Bromiley 1979, pp. 501, 933–934.
  29. ^ Aubet 2001, pp. 58–60.
  30. ^ Boardman et al. 2000, p. 156.
  31. ^ Zamora 2016, p. 253.
  32. ^ Katzenstein 1979, p. 24.
  33. ^ Zamora 2016, pp. 253–254.
  34. ^ أ ب ت Elayi 2006, p. 5.
  35. ^ Zamora 2016, pp. 255–257.
  36. ^ Elayi 2006, p. 7.
  37. ^ أ ب ت Pritchard & Fleming 2011, pp. 311–312.
  38. ^ أ ب ت Elayi 2006, p. 22.
  39. ^ أ ب Amadasi Guzzo 2012, p. 6.
  40. ^ Elayi 2006, p. 2.
  41. ^ Kaoukabani 2005, p. 3; Chéhab 1983, p. 171; Greenfield 1985, pp. 129–134.
  42. ^ Dunand 1965, pp. 105–109.
  43. ^ Elayi 2006.
  44. ^ Elayi & Elayi 2004.
  45. ^ Elayi 1997, p. 69.
  46. ^ أ ب ت ث Elayi & Sapin 1998, p. 153.
  47. ^ Jidéjian & Dunand 2006, p. 25.
  48. ^ Haelewyck 2012, pp. 80–81.
  49. ^ Amadasi Guzzo 2012.
  50. ^ Elayi 1997, p. 66.
  51. ^ Briant 2002, p. 490.
  52. ^ Elayi 1997, pp. 68–69.
  53. ^ Elayi 1997, p. 70.
  54. ^ Kessler 2020.
  55. ^ Kelly 1987, p. 268.
  56. ^ Dussaud, Deschamps & Seyrig 1931, Plaque 29.
  57. ^ Kelly 1987, pp. 48–49.
  58. ^ Elayi 2006, p. 6.
  59. ^ Versluys 2011, pp. 7–14.
  60. ^ Buhl 1983, p. 201.
  61. ^ أ ب ت de Luynes 1856, p. 1.
  62. ^ Turner 1860, pp. 48, 51–52.
  63. ^ Gibson 1982, p. 105.
  64. ^ United States Magazine of Science, Art, Manufactures, Agriculture, Commerce and Trade 1856, pp. 379–380.
  65. ^ Jidéjian 2000, pp. 17–18.
  66. ^ Klat 2002, p. 102.
  67. ^ Tahan 2017, pp. 29–30.
  68. ^ King 1887, p. 135.
  69. ^ Caubet & Prévotat 2013.
  70. ^ Crawford 1992, pp. 180–181.
  71. ^ أ ب Kelly 1987, pp. 46–47.
  72. ^ Turner 1860, pp. 48–50.
  73. ^ Ewald 1856, pp. 70–71.
  74. ^ Rödiger 1855, pp. 648–658.
  75. ^ Munk 1856, pp. 13–16.
  76. ^ Nabulsi 2017, pp. 307, 310.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • (2005) "Atti del VI congresso internazionale di studi Fenici e Punici".. 
سبقه
تبنيت الأول 		ملك صيدا
c. 539–525 BC 		تبعه
Bodashtart
حكام الشرق الأدنى القديم
الأقاليم/
التواريخ
[1][2][3][4]		 مصر كنعان إبلا ماري أكشاك/
أكاد		 كيش أوروك أداب أومـّا
 لگش أور عيلام
سبقها: تأريخ فترة العصر الحجري الحديث
4000–3200 ق.م. ثقافة نقادة (4000–3100 ق.م.) Proto-Cannaanites الفترة السومرية (4000–2340 ق.م.) Susa I
Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 ق.م.)
Naqada I
Naqada II
Gebel el-Arak Knife 		Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
Uruk period
(4000-3100 ق.م.)

Rolzegel.JPG
(Anonymous "King-priests")

Legendary ante-deluvian rulers:
In Eridu: Alulim, Alalngar, then in Bad-tibira: En-men-lu-ana, En-men-gal-ana, Dumuzid, the Shepherd, then in Larag: En-sipad-zid-ana, then in Zimbir: En-men-dur-ana, then in Shuruppag: Ubara-Tutu
"then the flood swept over"[5] 		Susa II
Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows
(Uruk influence or control)
3200–3100 ق.م. Proto-Dynastic period
(Naqada III)
Early or legendary kings:
Upper Egypt
Finger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II نعرمر / Menes 		Lower Egypt
Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash
3100–2900 ق.م. Early Dynastic Period
First Dynasty of Egypt
Narmer Palette

Narmer Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Merneith♀ DenAnedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird 		Canaanites Jemdet Nasr period Proto-Elamite
period
(Susa III)
(3100-2700 ق.م.)
Great Flood
2900 ق.م. Second Dynasty of Egypt

Hotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy
Khasekhemwy 		Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 ق.م.)
First Eblaite
Kingdom
(Semitic) 		First kingdom
of Mari
(Semitic) 		Kish I dynasty
Jushur, Kullassina-bel
Nangishlishma,
En-tarah-ana
Babum, Puannum, Kalibum
2800 ق.م.


Kalumum Zuqaqip Atab
Mashda Arwium Etana
Balih En-me-nuna
Melem-Kish Barsal-nuna 		Uruk I dynasty
Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
Enmerkar ("conqueror of Aratta")
2700 ق.م. Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 ق.م.)
Zamug, Tizqar, Ilku
Iltasadum 		Lugalbanda
Dumuzid, the Fisherman


En-me-barage-si ("made the land of Elam submit")[6]
Aga of KishBlank space.pngAga of Kish GilgameshBlank space.pngGilgamesh on a seal of Mesannapeda, 2600 BCE.jpg Old Elamite period
(2700–1500 ق.م.)

Indus-Mesopotamia relations
2600 ق.م. Third Dynasty of Egypt

Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni
Saqqarah Djeser pyramid 		Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 ق.م.)
Sagisu
Abur-lim
Agur-lim
Ibbi-Damu
Baba-Damu 		Kish II dynasty
(5 kings)
Uhub
Mesilim 		Ur-Nungal
Udulkalama
Labashum 		Lagash
En-hegal
Lugalshaengur 		Ur
A-Imdugud
Ur-PabilsagBlank space.pngUr-Palbisag.jpg
Meskalamdug
(Queen Puabi)
Akalamdug
Enun-dara-anna
Mes-he
Melamanna
Lugal-kitun 		Adab
Nin-kisalsi
Me-durba
Lugal-dalu
2575 ق.م. Old Kingdom of Egypt
Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
Snefru Khufu
Kheops-Pyramid.jpg
Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis 		Ur I dynasty
Mesannepada
"ملك أور وكيش"، المنتصر على أوروك
2500 ق.م. Phoenicia (2500-539 ق.م.) Second kingdom
of Mari
(Semitic)
Ikun-Shamash
Iku-Shamagan
Iku-Shamagan


Ansud
Sa'umu
Ishtup-Ishar
Ikun-Mari
Iblul-Il
Nizi 		Akshak dynasty
Unzi
Undalulu 		Kish III dynasty
Ku-Baba 		Uruk II dynasty
Enshakushanna 		Mug-si Umma I dynasty

Pabilgagaltuku 		Lagash I dynasty

Ur-Nanshe
Ur-Nanshe.jpg

Akurgal 		A'annepada
Meskiagnun
إلولو
بالولو 		Awan dynasty
Peli
Tata
Ukkutahesh
Hishur
2450 ق.م. Fifth Dynasty of Egypt

Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas 		Enar-Damu
Ishar-Malik 		Ush
Enakalle
Elamite invasions
(3 kings)[7] 		Shushuntarana
Napilhush
2425 ق.م. Kun-Damu EannatumBlank space.pngP1130735 Louvre stèle des Vautours rwk.JPG
(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
2400 ق.م. Adub-Damu
Igrish-Halam
Irkab-Damu 		Urur Kish IV dynasty
Puzur-Suen
Ur-Zababa 		Lugal-kinishe-dudu
Lugal-kisalsi 		E-iginimpa'e
Meskigal 		Ur-Lumma
Il
Gishakidu
(Queen Bara-irnun) 		Enannatum
Entemena
Enannatum II
Enentarzi 		Ur II dynasty
Nanni
Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II 		Kiku-siwe-tempti
2380 BCE Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah
Kneeling statuette of Pepy I 		Adab dynasty
Lugalannemundu
"King of the four quarters of the world"
2370 ق.م. Isar-Damu Enna-Dagan
Ikun-Ishar
Ishqi-Mari 		Invasion of Mari
Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter[7] 		Ukush Lugalanda
Urukagina 		Luh-ishan
2350 ق.م.


Puzur-Nirah
Ishu-Il
Shu-Sin 		Uruk III dynasty
Lugalzagesi
(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
2340 ق.م. Akkadian Period (2340–2150 ق.م.)
Akkadian Empire
(Semitic)
Sargon of Akkad Rimush Manishtushu 		Akkadian Governors:
Eshpum
Ilshu-rabi
Epirmupi
Ili-ishmani
2250 ق.م. Naram-SinBlank space.pngRelief of Naram-Sin (portrait).jpg Lugal-ushumgal
(vassal of the Akkadians)
2200 BCE First Intermediate Period
Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
Eighth Dynasty of Egypt 		Second Eblaite
Kingdom
(Semitic)















(Vassals of UR III) 		Shakkanakku
dynasty
(Semitic)
Ididish
Shu-Dagan
Ishma-Dagan
(Vassals of the Akkadians)
Shar-Kali-Sharri
Igigi, Imi, Nanum, Ilulu (3 years)
Dudu
Shu-turul 		Uruk IV dynasty
Ur-nigin
Ur-gigir 		Lagash II dynasty
Puzer-Mama
Ur-Ningirsu I
Pirig-me
Lu-Baba
Lu-gula
Ka-ku
 Hishep-Ratep
Helu
Khita
Puzur-Inshushinak
2150 ق.م. Ninth Dynasty of Egypt
Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut 		Neo-Sumerian Period (2150–2000 ق.م.)
Nûr-Mêr
Ishtup-Ilum
Ishtup-Ilum statue (head).jpg
Ishgum-Addu
Apil-kin 		Gutian dynasty
(21 kings)

La-erabum
Si'um 		Kuda (Uruk)
Puzur-ili
Ur-Utu 		Umma II dynasty
Lugalannatum
(vassal of the Gutians) 		Ur-Baba
Gudea
Gudea of Lagash Girsu.jpg

Ur-Ningirsu
Ur-gar
Nam-mahani

Tirigan
2125 ق.م. Tenth Dynasty of Egypt
Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare 		Iddi-ilum
Ili-Ishar
Tura-Dagan
Puzur-Ishtar
Hitial-Erra
Hanun-Dagan
(Vassals of Ur III)[8] 		Uruk V dynasty
Utu-hengal
2100 BCE


Ur III dynasty
"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"Blank space.pngKing Ur-Nammu.jpg
Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin Ibbi-Sin
2050 ق.م.


2000 ق.م. Middle Kingdom of Egypt
Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
حوالي 2000 ق.م. Amorite invasions Elamite invasions
Kindattu (Shimashki Dynasty)
2025-1763 ق.م. Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu♀ 		Third Eblaite
Kingdom
(Semitic)
Ibbit-Lim Immeya Indilimma 		Old Assyrian Empire
(2025–1378 ق.م.)
Puzur-Ashur I Shalim-ahum Ilu-shuma Erishum I Ikunum Sargon I Puzur-Ashur II Naram-Sin Erishum II Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 		Isin-Larsa period (Amorites)
Dynasty of Isin: Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Eshtar Ur-Ninurta Bur-Suen Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Suen-magir Damiq-ilishu
Dynasty of Larsa: Naplanum Emisum Samium Zabaia Gungunum Abisare Sumuel Nur-Adad Sin-Iddinam Sin-Eribam Sin-Iqisham Silli-Adad Warad-Sin Rim-Sin I (...) Rim-Sin II 		Sukkalmah dynasty

Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
1894–1595 ق.م. Second Intermediate Period
Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt 		Abraham
(Biblical) 		Yamhad
F0182 Louvre Code Hammourabi Bas-relief Sb8 rwk.jpg
First Babylonian dynasty
("Old Babylonian Period")
(Amorites)
Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sin-muballitSabium Apil-Sin Sin-muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-eshuh Ammi-ditana Ammi-saduqa Samsu-Ditana

Early Kassite rulers

Second Babylonian dynasty
("Sealand Dynasty")
Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishu
Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar
mDIŠ+U-EN Peshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama
Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil

Sixteenth
Dynasty
Abydos
Dynasty
Seventeenth
Dynasty

Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
("Hyksos")
Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos

Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi 		Mitanni
(1600–1260 ق.م.)
Kirta Shuttarna I Parshatatar
1531–1155 ق.م.
Tutankhamun
New Kingdom of Egypt
Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ahmose I Amenhotep I
Kudurru Louvre Sb31.jpg
Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites)
Agum-Kakrime Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burnaburiash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliashu IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi 		Middle Elamite period

(1500–1100 ق.م.)
Kidinuid dynasty
Igehalkid dynasty
Untash-Napirisha

Thutmose I Thutmose II Thutmose III
Hatshepsut♀ Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb Hittite Empire
Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosret♀ 		Elamite Empire
Shutrukid dynasty
Shutruk-Nakhunte
1155–1025 ق.م. Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt

Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI

Third Intermediate Period

Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II

Phoenicia



Kingdom of Israel
Saul
Ish-bosheth
David
Solomon 		Syro-Hittite states Middle Assyrian Empire
Eriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II 		Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin")
Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur 		Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 ق.م.)
1025–934 BCE Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")
Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabû-mukin-apli
911–745 ق.م. Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV

Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt
Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini

Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
Tefnakht Bakenranef

Kingdom of Samaria

Kingdom of Judah 		Neo-Assyrian Empire
Adad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V Shammuramat (regent) Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V
Tablet of Shamash relief.jpg
Ninth Babylonian Dynasty
Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings) Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri
 Humban-Tahrid dynasty

Urtak
Teumman
Ummanigash
Tammaritu I
Indabibi
Humban-haltash III
745–609 BCE Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Taharqa
("Black Pharaohs")
Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun 		Neo-Assyrian Empire

(Sargonid dynasty)
Tiglath-Pileser† Shalmaneser† Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon† Sennacherib† Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi† Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon† Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II

Assyrian conquest of Egypt
626–539 BCE Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III 		Neo-Babylonian Empire
Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus 		Median Empire
Deioces Phraortes Madius Cyaxares Astyages
539–331 BCE Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
(Achaemenid conquest of Egypt)
Darius In Parse.JPG
Achaemenid Empire
Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III
Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
331–141 BCE Ptolemaic dynasty
Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra (regent) Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III Ptolemy IX Lathyros Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra VI Tryphaena Berenice IV Epiphanea Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator Ptolemy XV Caesarion 		Hellenistic Period
Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
Argead dynasty: Alexander I Philip Alexander II Antigonus

Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes

141–30 BCE Kingdom of Judea
Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias 		Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus Parthian Empire
Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I
30 ق.م.–618 م Roman Empire
(Roman conquest of Egypt)
Province of Egypt 		Roman Empire
Judea 		Roman Empire
Syria 		Roman Empire
Province of Mesopotamia 		Vologases III Parthamaspates Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV
Sasanian Empire
Province of Asoristan
Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm
618–628 م Sasanian Empire
(Sasanian conquest of Egypt)
Province of Egypt
Shahrbaraz Sahralanyozan Shahrbaraz 		Sasanian Empire
Province of Asoristan
Khosrow II Kavad II Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh
628–641 م Roman Empire
Province of Egypt 		Roman Empire
يهودا 		Roman Empire
سوريا 		Roman Empire
مقاطعة الرافدين
639–651 م Muslim conquest of Egypt Muslim conquest of the Levant Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
Font Awesome 5 solid long-arrow-alt-right.svg حكام آسيا الوسطى القديمة
  1. ^ W. Hallo; W. Simpson (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.
  2. ^ "Rulers of Mesopotamia". cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.
  3. ^ Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins (in الإنجليزية). Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.
  4. ^ Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq (in الإنجليزية). Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.
  5. ^ "The Sumerian king list: translation". etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 8 مايو 2008.
  6. ^ حسب قائمة الملوك السومريين
  7. ^ أ ب Per Sumerian King List
  8. ^ Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History (in الإنجليزية). Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.
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