أموعشتارت

Amoashtart
Amoashtart
Queen-consort of Sidon, co-regent with her son Eshmunazar II
	The name Amoashtart (’M‘ŠTRT) on the sarcophagus of her son Eshmunazar II.
Queen of Sidon;
العهد	ح. 539 BC
سبقه	Tabnit I (spouse and brother)
تبعه	Bodashtart
الزوج	Tabnit I
Phoenician language	𐤀𐤌𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕
الأسرة	Eshmunazar I dynasty
الديانة	Canaanite polytheism

قد تحتاج دعم إظهار لعرض Phoenician alphabet characters في هذه المقالة بشكل صحيح.

Amoashtart (Phoenician: 𐤀𐤌𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 *ʾAmīʿaštārt, "my mother is Astarte") was a Phoenician queen of Sidon during the Persian period. She was the daughter of Eshmunazar I, and the wife of her brother, Tabnit. When Tabnit died, Amoashtart became co-regent to her then-infant son, Eshmunazar II, but after the boy died "in his fourteenth year",^[1] she was succeeded by her nephew Bodashtart, possibly in a palace coup. Modern historians have characterized her as an "energetic, responsible [woman], and endowed with immense political acumen, [who] exercised royal functions for many years".^[2]

The only source for her biography is the sarcophagus of her son.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Etymology

Amoashtart is the Romanized form of the Phoenician theophoric name 𐤀𐤌𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 meaning "my mother is Astarte".^[3] Variable spellings include: Em-Astarte,^[4] Amo-Astarte,^[5] ’Am‘aštart, and Immi-Ashtart.^[3]

Biography

Amoashtart became queen ca. 550 BCE, as the wife of king Tabnit. This was a period when the economy of Sidon thrived, possibly after the competing city of Tyre had been hit severely by an earthquake (c. 550).^[6] Sidon was "reborn as an independent kingdom" and became "the leading Phoenician polity".^[7] The economic boom made possible an extensive building program of new city districts and grandiose temples for Ashtart, Baal, and Eshmun, as is testified in the inscriptions of both Eshmunazar II and Bodashtart. Because of the age of her boy son, these activities will in practice have been the initiative of the mother. A sign of the preeminent role of Sidon in Phoenicia is that the Persian kings (the "Lord of Kings") endowed Sidon with the rule over the two southern Palestinian cities of Dor and Jaffa, and the "land of Dagon".^[8]

As the Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II tells us,^[9] Amoastart was also a high priestess of Astarte. This traditionally was the main task of Sidonian kings.^[10] An Amoashtart sarcophagus has never been found. It is thought that one of the nameless sarcophagi in the royal tomb of Sidon may be hers. However, a uninscribed 26th dynasty Egyptian sarcophagus, along with the Sarcophagus of her husband Tabnit and her son Eshmunazar II were located at the nearby Royal Necropolis of Ayaʿa in the late 19th century.^{[note 1]} Marie-Louise Buhl's monograph The late Egyptian anthropoid stone sarcophagi confirmed the sarcophagus as belonging to them,^[12] which began in 664 BC and ended with Cambyses II's conquest of Egypt in 525 BC – many centuries after the last of the known Egyptian Stelae in the Levant.^[13]^[14] As these three Egyptian sarcophagi were buried together, it's are considered to have contained the bodies of the same family – i.e. Eshmunazar II and his parents Tabnit and Amoashtart. The uninscribed Sarcophagus that presumed to be Amoashtart's currently resides at the Istanbul Archaeology Museums along with Tabnit's sarcophagus.

Egyptian influences

A uninscribed Sarcophagus that's presumed to belong to Amoashtart, lying next to the Tabnit sarcophagus in the Istanbul Archaeology Museums.

Amoashtart was married to her own brother, Tabnit.^[15] This was common practice among the Egyptian pharaohs, and it may be a sign of strong Egyptian cultural influence in Phoenicia at the time. Since the ninth century Phoenicia had nominally been part of at first the Assyrian, then the Babylonian, and then the Persian empires, but in the early sixth century, between ca. 610 and c. 570, Egypt had repeatedly invaded Phoenicia, and economic contacts between Egypt and Phoenicia traditionally were strong. Admiration for Egyptian culture is also visible from the use of Egyptian or Egyptian style sarcophagi by the Sidonian rulers Tabnit and Eshmunazar II.

Genealogy

Amoashtart is the daughter of Eshmunazar I, the founder of his namesake dynasty.

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Notes

^ According to Thomas Kelly, Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Minnesota: "Of prime importance [for the dating of 'Es-mun'azor II] is the sarcophagus in which Esmun’azor was buried; it is clearly of Egyptian manufacture and must have been transported to Sidon from Egypt. Moreover, 'Esmun'azor's father Tabnit and a woman frequently assumed to be his wife Am'astart, mother of 'Esmun'azor Il, were also buried in Egyptian sarcophagi that must have been brought to Sidon. (The woman's identity, however, is not certain.) All three sarcophagi have been assigned to the 26th dynasty, which came to an end with the Persian conquest of Egypt. While the sarcophagus of Tabnit was the only one that was completely worked in Egypt before being transported to Sidon, all three are stylistically similar and Buhl has suggested that they were products of the same workshop. It is universally assumed that they must have come to Sidon as booty from a military campaign in Egypt. That assumption seems reasonable enough, for they are, so far as I am aware, the only Egyptian sarcophagi that have ever been found outside Egypt proper. Moreover, these Egyptian sarcophagi seem to have been models for the manufacture of anthropoid sarcophagi at Sidon. Numerous examples, worked in marble and dating mostly from the latter half of the fifth and early half of the fourth centuries B.C., have been found in the city. Though inspired by Egyptian models, these locally manufactured sarcophagi are also under heavy Greek influence. This is important, for their stylistic similarity to products of Greek sculpture allows them to be dated within reasonable limits, though not with absolute certainty. Kukahn dates the earliest of these Sidon sarcophagi to the second quarter of the fifth century B.C.; Kleemann would date them about 475 B.C., while Buhl assigns them to the decade 470-460 B.C. The three Egyptian sarcophagi of Esmun’azor II, Tabnit, and the unidentified woman must, accordingly, have been brought to Sidon earlier."^[11]

References

Citations

^ Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II, lines 1-3.
^ Elayi 2018, p. 290.
^ ^أ ^ب Krahmalkov 2000, pp. 60–61.
^ Schlottmann 1867.
^ Jidéjian 2000, p. 17.
^ Elayi 2018, p. 212.
^ Sader 2019, p. 102.
^ Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II, lines 18-19.
^ Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II, lines 14-15.
^ Sader (2019), p. 106.
^ Kelly 1987, pp. 48–49.
^ Buhl 1959, pp. 213–215.
^ Elayi 2006, p. 6.
^ Versluys 2010, p. 14.
^ Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II, lines 14-15.

Sources

Buhl, Marie-Louise (1959). "The late Egyptian anthropoid stone sarcophagi". Nationalmuseets Skrifter. Arkæologisk-historisk række (in الدانمركية). Copenhagen: København Nationalmuseet. 6. OCLC 252090366.
Elayi, Josette (2006). "An updated chronology of the reigns of Phoenician kings during the Persian period (539–333 BCE)" (PDF). Transeuphratène. Pendé, France: Gabalda. 32. ISSN 0996-5904. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 April 2023.
Elayi, Josette (2018). The History of Phoenicia. Atlanta: Lockwood Press. ISBN 9781937040819.
Jidéjian, Nina (2000). "Greater Sidon and its "Cities of the Dead"" (PDF). National Museum News. Ministère de la Culture - Direction Générale des Antiquités (Liban) (10): 15–24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-01-25 – via AHL (Archaeology & History in Lebanon).
Kelly, Thomas (1987). "Herodotus and the chronology of the kings of Sidon". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (268): 48–49. doi:10.2307/1356993. ISSN 0003-097X. JSTOR 1356993. S2CID 163208310. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2021 – via JSTOR.
Krahmalkov, Charles R. (2000). Phoenician-Punic Dictionary. Leuven: Peeters / Departement Oosterse Studies. pp. 60–61. ISBN 90-429-0770-3.
Sader, Hélène (2019). The history and Archaeology of Phoenicia. Atlanta: SBL. ISBN 9780884144052.
Schlottmann, Konstantin (1867). Die Inschrift Eschmunazar's, Königs der Sidonier [microform]. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Halle : Buchdruckerei des Waisenhauses.
Versluys, Miguel John (2010). "Understanding Egypt in Egypt and beyond". In Bricault, Laurent (ed.). Isis on the Nile: Egyptian gods in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt - Proceedings of the IVth International Conference of Isis Studies, Liège, November 27-29, 2008: Michel Malaise in honorem. Religions in the Graeco-Roman world, 171. Leiden: Brill. pp. 7–36. doi:10.1163/EJ.9789004188822.I-364.10. ISBN 9789004210868. S2CID 56027286.

[Kelly-12] According to Thomas Kelly, Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Minnesota: "Of prime importance [for the dating of 'Es-mun'azor II] is the sarcophagus in which Esmun’azor was buried; it is clearly of Egyptian manufacture and must have been transported to Sidon from Egypt. Moreover, 'Esmun'azor's father Tabnit and a woman frequently assumed to be his wife Am'astart, mother of 'Esmun'azor Il, were also buried in Egyptian sarcophagi that must have been brought to Sidon. (The woman's identity, however, is not certain.) All three sarcophagi have been assigned to the 26th dynasty, which came to an end with the Persian conquest of Egypt. While the sarcophagus of Tabnit was the only one that was completely worked in Egypt before being transported to Sidon, all three are stylistically similar and Buhl has suggested that they were products of the same workshop. It is universally assumed that they must have come to Sidon as booty from a military campaign in Egypt. That assumption seems reasonable enough, for they are, so far as I am aware, the only Egyptian sarcophagi that have ever been found outside Egypt proper. Moreover, these Egyptian sarcophagi seem to have been models for the manufacture of anthropoid sarcophagi at Sidon. Numerous examples, worked in marble and dating mostly from the latter half of the fifth and early half of the fourth centuries B.C., have been found in the city. Though inspired by Egyptian models, these locally manufactured sarcophagi are also under heavy Greek influence. This is important, for their stylistic similarity to products of Greek sculpture allows them to be dated within reasonable limits, though not with absolute certainty. Kukahn dates the earliest of these Sidon sarcophagi to the second quarter of the fifth century B.C.; Kleemann would date them about 475 B.C., while Buhl assigns them to the decade 470-460 B.C. The three Egyptian sarcophagi of Esmun’azor II, Tabnit, and the unidentified woman must, accordingly, have been brought to Sidon earlier."^[11]

[1] Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II, lines 1-3.

[FOOTNOTEElayi2018290-2] Elayi 2018, p. 290.

[FOOTNOTEKrahmalkov200060–61-3] أ ^ب Krahmalkov 2000, pp. 60–61.

[FOOTNOTESchlottmann1867-4] Schlottmann 1867.

[FOOTNOTEJidéjian200017-5] Jidéjian 2000, p. 17.

[FOOTNOTEElayi2018212-6] Elayi 2018, p. 212.

[FOOTNOTESader2019102-7] Sader 2019, p. 102.

[8] Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II, lines 18-19.

[9] Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II, lines 14-15.

[10] Sader (2019), p. 106.

[FOOTNOTEKelly198748–49-11] Kelly 1987, pp. 48–49.

[FOOTNOTEBuhl1959213–215-13] Buhl 1959, pp. 213–215.

[FOOTNOTEElayi20066-14] Elayi 2006, p. 6.

[FOOTNOTEVersluys201014-15] Versluys 2010, p. 14.

[16] Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II, lines 14-15.

[17] W. Hallo; W. Simpson (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.

[18] "Rulers of Mesopotamia". cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.

[19] Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins (in الإنجليزية). Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.

[20] Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq (in الإنجليزية). Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.

[21] "The Sumerian king list: translation". etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2008-05-08.

[22] حسب قائمة الملوك السومريين

[SKL-23] أ ^ب Per Sumerian King List

[24] Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History (in الإنجليزية). Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.

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v t e حكام الامبراطورية الأخمينية
شجرة العائلة - المملكة الأخمينية
شاهنشاهات الامبراطورية الأخمينية	هخامنش أريا رامنس أرساميس چیش‌پیش قورش الأول قمبيز الأول قورش الأكبر (قورش الثاني) قمبيز الثاني سمرديس گئومات داريوش الأكبر (داريوش الأول) خشايارشا الأكبر (خشايارشا الأول) أردشير الأول خشايارشا الثاني سغديانوس داريوش الثاني أردشير الثاني أردشير الثالث أوخوس أردشير الرابع آرسس داريوش الثالث أردشير الخامس بسوس
ساتراپات ليديا	Tabalus Mazares Harpagus Oroetus Bagaeus Otanes Artaphernes I Artaphernes II Pissuthnes Tissaphernes قورش الأصغر Tissaphernes Tithraustes Tiribazus Struthas Autophradates Spithridates
ساتراپات فريگيا الدردنيل	Mitrobates Megabazus Megabates Oebares II Artabazus I Pharnabazus I Pharnaces II Pharnabazus II Ariobarzanes Artabazus II Pharnabazus III Arsites
ساتراپات قپادوقيا	Datames Ariamnes I Mithrobuzanes Ariarathes I
الحكام اليونانيون لمدن آسيا الصغرى	Miltiades Demaratus Gongylos Eurysthenes Prokles Histiaeus Aristagoras Themistocles Archeptolis Aridolis Amyntas II Philiscus
أمراء لوقيا	Kheziga Kybernis Kuprilli Harpagus Teththiweibi Kheriga Kherei Arbinas Artembares Artumpara Mithrapata پريكلى
أمراء كاريا	Lygdamis I Artemisia Pisindelis Lygdamis II Adusius (satrap) Hecatomnus Mausolus Artemisia II Idrieus آدا Pixodarus Orontobates آدا
ملوك مقدونيا	Amyntas I of Macedon الإسكندر الأول من مقدون
ملوك صور	Mattan IV Boulomenus Abdemon Evagoras Eugoras Azemilcus
ملوك صيدا	Eshmunazar I Tabnit Queen Amoashtart Eshmunazar II Bodashtart Yatonmilk آنيسوس Tetramnestos Baalshillem I Baana Baalshillem II Abdashtart I Tennes Evagoras II Abdashtart II Abdashtart III
ساتراپات أرمينيا	Artasyrus Orontes I داريوش الثالث Orontes II
ساتراپات مصر	Aryandes Pherendates هخامنش أرشاما Pherendates II Sabaces Mazaces
ساتراپات باكتريا	ويشتاسپ Dadarsi Masistes Bessus
ساتراپات ميديا	Hydarnes Hydarnes II Atropates
ساتراپات قيليقيا	Syennesis Camisares Mazaeus أرشاما
ساتراپات معروفون آخرون	بگابوخشا، Abrocomas، Belesys (سوريا) أوخوس (هركانيا) Satibarzanes (آريا) Atizyes (فريگيا الكبرى) Phrataphernes (پارثيا) Ariobarzanes (پرسيس) Abulites (سوسيانا) Mazaeus (بابل)
في معظم الأقاليم، الحكام الأخمينيون جاء بعدهم ساتراپات هلينيون و حكام هلينيون منذ حوالي 330 ق.م.