دنيپرو

هذا المقال هو عن the city. إذا كنت تريد other uses، انظر دنيپرو (توضيح).

"دنيپروپتروڤسك" redirects here. For other uses, see دنيپروپتروڤسك (توضيح).

دنيپرو Дніпро
City of regional significance
الترجمة اللفظية بالـ Ukrainian
• Romanization	Dnipro
Transfiguration Cathedral, central Dnipro skyline, Merefa-Kherson bridge, Monastyrskyi Island and Dnieper river
Flag Coat of arms
Map of Ukraine with Dnipropetrovsk highlighted.
الإحداثيات: 48°27′0″N 34°59′0″E
البلد	أوكرانيا
اوبلاست	دنپروپتروڤسك
البلدية	دنيپروپتروڤسك
تأسست	1776
الرايونات	8 Amur-Nizhniodniprovskyi Raion Babushkinskyi Raion Zhovntevyi Raion Industrialnyi Raion Kirovskyi Raion Krasnohvardiyskyi Raion Leninskyi Raion Samarskyi Raion
الحكومة
• العمدة	Ivan Ivanovych Kulichenko
المساحة
• الإجمالي	405 كم² (156 ميل²)
المنسوب	155 m (509 ft)
التعداد  (2007)
• الإجمالي	1٬040٬000
• الكثافة	2٬968/km2 (7٬690/sq mi)
Postal code	49000
مفتاح الهاتف	+380 56(2)
Sister cities	Vilnius, Durham Region, Samara, Tashkent, Xi'an, Herzliya, Žilina, Saloniki, Wałbrzych
الموقع الإلكتروني	gorod.dp.ua

دنيپروپتروڤسك (الاوكرانية: Дніпропетровськ وبالروسية:Днепропетро́вск) هي ثالث أكبر مدن أوكرانيا عدد سكانها 1.1 مليون نسمة وهى عاصمة الإقليم الذي يحمل اسمها والمركز الثقافى والادارى الأكبر للمنطقة الجنوبية الوسطى من البلاد. يعتمد اقتصاد المدينة على الصناعة وكانت ابان فترة انضمام اوكرانيا للاتحاد السوفيتى واحدة من أهم المدن السوفيتية في صناعات الفضاء والاسلحة. يعتمد نظام النقل بالمدينة على مترو دنبروبتروفسك الذي يتكون من خط واحد للمترو يشمل ستة محطات رئيسية والمدينة تطل على نهر الدنيپر. تأسست المدينة عام 1776

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 الاسم

الاسم الحالي

• أوكرانية: Дніпро uk
• روسية: Днепр, romanized: Dnepr ru

الأسماء السابقة

• Novyi Kodak 1645–1784
• Yekaterinoslav (also spelled Ekaterinoslav; روسية: Екатеринослав; النطق الروسي: [jɪkətʲɪrʲɪnɐˈsɫaf]) or Katerynoslav (أوكرانية: Катеринослав uk) 1784–1796
• Novorossiysk (روسية: Новороссийск; النطق الروسي: [nəvərɐˈsʲijsk], Ukrainian: أوكرانية: Новоросійськ, romanized: Novorosiisk uk) 1796–1802, briefly renamed during the reign of Catherine II's hated son, tsar Paul I; however, the previous name was restored by tsar Alexander I after he had his father assassinated
• Yekaterinoslav 1802–1918, called Catharinoslav on some nineteenth-century maps.
• Sicheslav (أوكرانية: Січеслав uk) 1918–1921 (unofficial name)
• Yekaterinoslav/Katerynoslav 1918–1926
• Dnipropetrovsk (أوكرانية: Дніпропетровськ uk, also Dnipropetrovske (أوكرانية: Дніпропетровське) according to the Kharkiv orthography 1926–2016. The word originates from Ukrainian Дніпропетровськ, from Дніпро (Dnipro, "Dnieper River") + Петровський (Petrovsʹkyj), after Soviet revolutionary Grigory Petrovsky / Dnepropetrovsk (روسية: Днепропетровск; النطق الروسي: [dʲnʲɪprəpʲɪˈtrofsk]))

The original name of a Ukrainian Cossack city on the territory of modern Dnipro was Novyi Kodak (أوكرانية: Новий Кодак uk, New Kodak). Also on the territory of Modern Dnipro, the Russian Empire founded Yekaterinoslav (the glory of Catherine). This name was first mentioned in a report to Azov Governor Vasily Chertkov to Grigory Potemkin on 23 April 1776. He wrote "The provincial city called Yekaterinoslav should be the best convenience on the right side of the Dnieper River near Kaydak..." (Which referred to uk (New Kodak)). The construction was officially transferred to the right bank in a decree of Empress of Russia Catherine II of 23 January 1784.

In the 17th century the city was also known as Polovytsia.

In 1918, the Central Council of Ukraine of the Ukrainian People's Republic proposed to change the name of the city to Sicheslav; however, this was never finalised.

In 1926 the city was renamed after communist leader Grigory Petrovsky. In some Anglophone media Dnipro was nicknamed the Rocket City during the Cold War.

The 2015 law on decommunization required the city to be renamed. On 29 December 2015 the city council officially changed the reference of the city naming from referring to Petrovsky to being in honor of Saint Peter, thus making the name consistent with the law without actually changing the name itself.

On 3 February 2016 a draft law was registered in the Verkhovna Rada (the Ukrainian parliament) to change the name of the city to Dnipro. On 19 May 2016 the Ukrainian parliament passed a bill to officially rename the city (to Dnipro). The resolution was approved by 247 out of the 344 MPs, with 16 opposing the measure.

Following the renaming of the city the reference to Petrovsky has been removed from institutions named after the city. A notable exception is the name of the surrounding province, which is listed in the territorial structure of Ukraine in the Constitution. Thus until a lengthy and complicated process of amending is carried out, it officially retains the name Dnipropetrovsk Oblast.

 التاريخ

 التاريخ المبكر

فن السهوب من قبائل القپچاق في المتحف التاريخي

يعود أول ظهور لبشر بالمنطقة إلى أكثر من 150,000 عام. بعد انتهاء العصر الجليدى منذ 10000 عام تقريبا ظهر السكان بالمنطقة من جديد وقاموا ببناء حضارة زراعية في الاغلب ما بين عامى 3500 إلى 2700 قبل الميلاد ويطلق على تلك الحضارة الحضارة التربيلية. قدمت على المنطقة بعد ذلك عدة قبائل كان اكثرها من الشمال والشرق والتي صارعت الحضارة التربيلية طويلا وبعدها لم تستقر المنطقة الا حتى عام 200 قبل الميلاد وعرفت القبائل التي سيطرت على المنطقة بالسرماتيين. بعد ذلك بقرنين تقربيا وبعد ميلاد المسيح بدات القبائل السلاڤية هجرتها للمنطقة ونجحت في السيطرة عليها لفترة ليست بالقصيرة إلى ان استولت الامبراطورية البيزنطية على المنطقة ككل في أوائل القرن الرابع وظل الحكم البيزنطى مستمرا إلى عام 1240 حينما غزا التتار المنطقة وبعد ذلك وفي القرن الخامس عشر ظهرت دولة جديدة عرفت بدولة القوزاق واستطاعت السيطرة على المنطقة.

خريطة حصن كوداك، المبني في 1635.

في القرن السادس عشر قامت بولندا بغزو المنطقة وقامت بإنشاء حصن عسكري في موقع المدينة عام 1635 وعرف بحصن كوداك وتمكنت القوات البولندية والروسية في الحد من النشاط العسكري لدولة القوزاق عن طريق هذا الحصن. وفي أغسطس 1635 استطاع جيوش القوزاق السيطرة على الحصن وهدمه ولكن بولندا اعادت بناءه عام 1638 وأعادت السيطرة على المنطقة وفي عام 1648 نجحت القوزاق من اعادة احتلال الحصن والسيطرة على المنطقة وفي عام 1711 وطبقا لاتفاقية سلام عقدت ما بين روسيا وتركيا تم هدم الحصن بعد طرد القوزاق منه. وفي عام 1768 بدات محاولات لاعادة استيطان المنطقة وانشئت عدد من القرى بجانب موقع المدينة الحالى.

 المدينة الإمبراطورية

الانتماءات التاريخية

الإمبراطورية الروسية 1776–1917

جمهورية أوكرانيا الشعبية 1917–1918
∟ جزء ذاتي من الجمهورية الروسية
الدولة الأوكرانية 1918
جمهورية أوكرانيا الشعبية 1918–1920
قالب:Country data Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 1920–1941
∟ جزء من الاتحاد السوڤيتي منذ 1922
Reichskommissariat Ukraine 1941–1944
∟ جزء من German-occupied Europe
قالب:Country data Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 1944–1991
∟ جزء من الاتحاد السوڤيتي

أوكرانيا 1991–الحاضر

 تأسيس مدينة كاترينا

في عام 1774 قاتل الروس إلى جانب القوزاق ضد تركيا خلال الحروب الروسية التركية 1768 إلى 1747 والتي انتهت بعقد معاهدة انتهت بخضوع المنطقة لروسيا. وفي مايو 1775 قام الروس بتدمير حصن زابوريج سيش والذي تدميره تعد نهاية لدولة القوزاق وبعدها تم إنشاء المدينة إلى الشمال من موقعها الحالى ولكن بسبب سوء هذا الموقع ووعورة أراضيه تم نقل المدينة وسكانها الذين بلغ تعدادهم في هذا الوقت 2194 إلى موقعها الحالى وتم تهجير سكان مدينة زابوريجني سيش إلى المدينة الجديدة التي اطلق عليها اسم ياكاترينوسلاف وانشئت بها عدة قصور وكاتدرائيات وحدائق عامة.

 النمو كمركز صناعي

خريطة يكاترينوسلاڤ، حوالي 1860.

Catherine the Great monument in Ekaterinoslav (1840–1920). This monument that stood in front of the Mining Institute was replaced by Soviet authorities with one of Russian academic Mikhail Lomonosov.

نمت المدينة بسرعة وأصبحت ثالث مدن الامبراطورية الروسية التي يتم امدادها بالكهرباء وافتتحت بها مدرسة للتعدين في 1898 ووصلت بخطوط القطارات عام 1900 واشتهرت بالفحم والحديد والذين انتجا فيها وصنعا على نطاق واسع. وفي عام 1905 ونتيجة لهزيمة الروس ضد اليابان قامت بروسيا عدة ثورات مناهضة للقيصر وكان بعضها بالمدينة وتصدى الجيش لها مما أدى لجرح وقتل المئات.

Postcard with a picture of Yekaterinoslav around 1900.

بعد الثورة البلشفية عام 1917 ظهرت الحكومة الأوكرانية وأصبحت اوكرانيا دولة مستقلة بقيادة تسنترنلا رادا ولكن في يوليو 1918 قامت القوات النمساوية المعادبة لاوكرانيا باحتلال المدينة إلى ان نجح الجيش الاحمر في الوصول إلى المدينة عام 1919 وضمها إلى الاتحاد السوفيتي.

Modern office building in Dnipropetrovsk.

Skyline of Dnipropetrovsk with both new and old buildings seen.

تحت الحكم السوفيتي ظلت المدينة حتى 12 أكتوبر عام 1942 حيث احتلتها قوات ألمانيا النازية. وقبل الاحتلال كانت مركزا هاما لليهود في الاتحاد السوفيتى وكان بها ما يزيد عن 80000 يهودي. بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية عادت للمدينة اهمتها الاقتصادية والسياسية ونشئت بها مؤسسة يازيهماش لصناعة الصواريخ البلاستية وأصبحت مركزا هاما للصناعات المتعلقة بالفضاء في الاتحاد السوفيتي.

عام 1991 أصبحت المدينة جزءا من اوكرانيا بعد استقلالها عن الاتحاد السوفيتى.

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 الجالية اليهودية وپوگروم 1905

انظر أيضاً: الثورة الروسية 1905

From 1792 Yekaterinoslav was within the Pale of Settlement, the former Polish-Lithuanian territories in which Catherine and her successors enforced no limitation on the movement and residency of their Jewish subjects. Within less than a century, a largely Yiddish-speaking Jewish community of 40,000 constituted more than a third of the city's population, and contributed a considerable share of its business capital and industrial workforce.

Such apparent strength did not protect the community—members of whom had had the unpopular task of collecting government taxes and recruiting young men for the army— from communal violence. In 1883, three days of rioting destroyed Jewish business, and persuaded many to temporarily leave the city. There was a return of anti–Semitic incitement among the Christian public in 1904, but attacks on community were, at that time, suppressed on the order of a liberal governor.

In the widespread social unrest that followed the 1905 defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, the political life of the city was dominated by the revolutionary opposition (including the Jewish Workers Socialist Party and the Bund) and by the insurrectionary spirit of the nascent labor movement. The local czarist authorities were able to ride out the wave political protests and strikes, in part by playing on division between Jewish workers who predominated as clerks and artisans in the city, and Russian workers employed in the large suburban factories. There was a wave of anti-Semitic attacks. With the army intervening against Jewish defense groups, about 100 Jews were killed and two hundred wounded.

According to local historian Andrii Portnov, 40% of the local Yekaterinoslav population was Jewish in the years leading up to World War I.

 The Soviet era

انظر أيضاً: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

 War and revolution

انظر أيضاً: Ukrainian War of Independence

Monument in Dnipro of an armored train that was built by the workers of Yekaterinoslav's Bryansk plant in 1918, which was employed by the Red Army in its conquest of Ukraine and the Volga region.

Directly following the Russian February Revolution, in the night of 3 March O.S (16 March N.S) to 4 March 1917 a provisional government was organised in Yekaterinoslav headed by the (since 1913) chairman of the provincial land administration uk (Konstantin von Hesberg). Also on 4 March a Council of Workers' Deputies was formed. On 6 March the prime minister of the Russian Provisional Government Georgy Lvov removed the governor and the vice-governor of Yekaterinoslav Governorate, temporarily handing these powers to Hesberg. On 9 March a Yekaterinoslav Council of Workers and Soldiers deputies was formed.

On 16 May the Council of Workers' Deputies and the Council of Workers and Soldiers merged, to become named the Revolutionary Council in November 1917. All these power structures existed in duality, with Hesberg's provisional government often being in a disadvantage. In 1917 the city saw numerous meetings, rallies, meetings, conferences, congresses and demonstrations by political parties all over the political spectrum. Due to intense political agitation the newly formed factory committees and professional unions by autumn of 1917 mainly supported the Bolsheviks, significantly strengthening their positions.

In June 1917 a Central Council (Tsentralna Rada) of Ukrainian parties in Kyiv declared Yekaterinoslav to be within the territory of the autonomous Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR). On 13 August 1917 the first democratic Yekaterinoslav 120 seats city Duma election took place. The Bolsheviks gained 24 seats and the Mensheviks 16, with pro-Ukrainian parties picking up 6 seats. uk (Vasyl Osipov) was elected Mayor of the city. Osipov was Mayor until the dissolution of the city Duma in May 1918. On 10 November 1917 a parade of Ukrainian troops was held, organized by the Yekaterinoslav Ukrainian Military Council in support of the Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council, the proclamation of the Ukrainian People's Republic.

In the November 1917 elections to the Russian Constituent Assembly, the Bolsheviks secured just under 18 per cent of the vote in the Governorate, compared to 46 per cent for the Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionaries and their allies. On 22 November 1917 the Revolutionary Council and the city Duma pledged their allegiance to the Tsentralna Rada. The Bolsheviks then left these organisations. During December, the situation in the city worsened with both sides preparing for military action.

On 26 December, the Bolsheviks defied an ultimatum from the Tsentralna Rada and after three days of fighting consolidated their control of the city. On 12 February they declared Yekaterinoslav part of a Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic, but the following month, under the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, conceded the territory to the German and Austrian-allied UPR. On 5 April 1918 the Imperial German army entered the city. Five hundred remaining Bolshevik Red Guards were publicly executed.

A German military parade in Yekaterinoslav in spring 1918.

The formal tenure of the UPR was brief: on 29 April 1918 intervention by the Central Powers saw the UPR replaced by the more pliant Ukrainian State or Hetmanate. On 18 May 1918 the Hetman of the Ukrainian State, Pavlo Skoropadskyi, ordered the previously nationalized enterprises returned to their former owners, and with the assistance of Austro-Hungarian troops the new authorities suppressed labor protest.

On 23 December 1918, following their defeat by the Western Allies and after four days of insurgency within the city, German and Austro-Hungarian occupation forces withdrew. Four days later, Yekaterinoslav was stormed by the anarchist Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine (the Makhnovshchina), putting to flight forces loyal to the UPR's new Directorate. Over the course of the following year, city was to change hands several more times, contested between the UPR, the Whites (Armed Forces of South Russia), Nykyfor Hryhoriv's peasant insurgents, Makhnovshchina (who returned twice), and the Bolsheviks, who reorganised as the Red Army, finally secured the city on 30 December 1919.

The city had been extensively damaged and the population, which had stood at about 268,000 people in 1917, had dropped to under 190,000.

 Stalin-era industrialisation

The boy on the left murdered an 8-year-old for his 4 pounds of bread in Yekaterinoslav in 1922, during the local 1921–1923 famine.

In late May 1920 the food supply to Yekaterinoslav deteriorated, resulting in a wave of strikes. In June 1920 Soviet authorities quelled one such protest by arresting 200 railway workers, of which 51 were sentenced to immediate execution.

In 1922 the region was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR, a constituent republic of the Soviet Union. In 1922 the Soviet government ordered that "all nationalized enterprises with names related to the Company or the Surname of the old owners must be renamed in memory of revolutionary events, in memory of the international, all-Russian or local leaders of the proletarian revolution." In 1922 and 1923 the factories were renamed, as well as dozens of streets, alleys, driveways, squares and parks. In 1923 the city council adopted a resolution to organize a competition to rename the city itself.

In 1924 a Provincial Congress of Soviets adopted a resolution on renaming the city of Yekaterinoslav to the city of Krasnodniprovsk (and Yekaterinoslav Governorate to Krasnodniprovsk). Following this, many organizations and institutions began to name Yekaterinoslav Krasnodniprovsk in official documents, only to be reminded in the press that the renaming of settlements could only be decided by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. In 1926 a provisional District Congress of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies adopted a resolution on renaming Yekaterinoslav to the name Dnipropetrovsk in honour of the All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets's chairman of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee, Grigory Petrovsky.

Petrovsky was present at this congress and he did "accept this honour with great gratitude." The resolution of the congress was approved by a resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet dated 20 July 1926. In the 1920s and 1930s dozens of streets, alleys, driveways, squares and parks continued to be renamed in the city, this continued in the 1940s and in subsequent years.

Dnipro Academic Drama and Comedy Theatre was constructed during the Stalinist period.

By 1927 the industry of Dnipropetrovsk was completely rebuilt, and according to some indicators exceeded pre-war levels. Due to agrarian overpopulation, an influx of unemployed from other settlements, a higher birth rates among other reasons, both employment and unemployment in Dnipropetrovsk rose. In the late twenties, the authorities had to contend with growing labour unrest. "Do not strangle us, our children are dying of hunger, we have been placed in worse conditions than under the old regime" read one protest.

The city figured prominently in Stalin's Five-Year Plans for industrialisation. In 1932, Dnipropetrovsk's regional metallurgical plants produced 20 per cent of the entire cast iron and 25 per cent of the steel manufactured in the Ukrainian SSR. By the end of the thirties the Dnipropetrovsk region became the most urbanised of Soviet Ukraine with more than 2,273,000 people living in the region and over half a million in the city proper. Dnipropetrovsk became an important cultural and educational centre with ten colleges and a State University.

The surrounding countryside was devastated by the policy of forced collectivisation and grain seizures. Peasants had died en masse during the Holodomor of 1932–33. Dnipropetrovsk Oblast in the years 1932–33 lost 3.5 to 9.8 million people, making it one of the most affected areas of the famine.

Drawn by employment in the expanding heavy industry, the survivors changed the ethnic composition of the city. The percentage of residents recorded as Ukrainian rose from 36 per cent of the population in 1926 to 54.6 per cent in 1939. The Russian percentage fell from 31.6 to 23.4, and the Jewish share fell from 26.8 to 17.9. The city's population during the Interwar period grew rapidly. 368,000 people lived in Dnipropetrovsk in 1932. In the 1939 Soviet Census, this number had grown to more than half a million (500,662 people).

Soviet Ukrainization and Korenizatsiya were implemented in Dnipropetrovsk. The Communist party of Ukraine organized special courses in Ukrainian studies. Soviet authorities greatly increased the number of schools, and by the mid-1930s had eradicate illiteracy in the city. New universities were opened. At the end of the 1930s Dnipropetrovsk had 10 higher and 19 special educational institutions. In the 1930s a significant number of new secondary schools and hospitals were built in the city, and city parks were improved.

The Great Purge, following the Assassination of Sergei Kirov, also reached Dnipropetrovsk. In 1935 the Dnipropetrovsk NKVD arrested 182 "Trotskyists". In 1935, 235 alleged "internal enemies" were executed, including a few university rectors. In 1936, 526 people were executed. In 1937, the regional administration of the NKVD killed 16,421 people.

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 Nazi occupation

Monument to 20,000 Jews shot by Germans in 1943 in Dnipropetrovsk. The monumental inscription (in Russian) does not explicitly identify the victims as Jewish, but speaks of "20,000 civilians."

Dnipropetrovsk was under Nazi German occupation from 26 August 1941 to 25 October 1943. The city was administered as part of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine. The Holocaust in Dnipropetrovsk reduced the city's remaining Jewish population, estimates for which range from 55,000 to 30,000, to just 702. In just two days, 13–14 October 1941, the Germans killed 15,000.

Germany operated three prisoner-of-war camps in the city, chiefly Stalag 348 with several subcamps in the region from October 1941 to February 1943, after its relocation from Rzeszów in German-occupied Poland, at which the occupiers are estimated to have killed upwards of 30,000 Soviet POWs, and briefly also the Stalag 310 and Stalag 387 camps.

In November 1941 Dnipropetrovsk's population was 233,000. In March 1942 this number had fallen to 178,000. On 25 October 1943 the population on the right-bank of the city numbered no more than 5,000. According to official statistics, in 1945 the population of Dnipropetrovsk had increased to 259,000 people.

 Post-war closed city

A Yuzhmash produced Tsyklon-3 rocket, flanked by an RT-20P and R-11 Zemlya on display in Dnipro's "Rocket Park".

As early as July 1944, the State Committee of Defence in Moscow decided to build a large military machine-building factory in Dnipropetrovsk on the location of the pre-war aircraft plant. In December 1945, thousands of German prisoners of war began construction and built the first sections and shops in the new factory. This was the foundation of the Dnipropetrovsk Automobile Factory. In 1954 the administration of this automobile factory opened a secret design office, designated OKB-586, to construct military missiles and rocket engines.

The high-security project was joined by hundreds of physicists, engineers and machine designers from Moscow and other large Soviet cities. In 1965, the secret Plant No. 586 was transferred to the USSR Ministry of General Machine-Building which renamed it "the Southern Machine-building Factory" (Yuzhnyi mashino-stroitel'nyi zavod) or in abbreviated Russian, simply Yuzhmash. Yuzhmash became a significant factor in the arms race of the Cold War (Nikita Khrushchev boasted in 1960 that it was producing rockets "like sausages" ).

In 1959, Dnipropetrovsk was officially closed to foreign visitors. No foreign citizen, even of a socialist state, was allowed to visit the city or district. Its citizens were held by Communist authorities to a higher standard of ideological purity than the rest of the population, and their freedom of movement was severely restricted. It was not until 1987, during perestroika, that Dnipropetrovsk was opened to international visitors and civil restrictions were lifted.

The population of Dnipropetrovsk increased from 259,000 people in 1945 to 845,200 in 1965.

Notwithstanding the high-security regime, in September and October 1972, workers downed tools in several factories in Dnipropetrovsk demanding higher wages, better food and living conditions, and the right to choose one's job. Labour militancy returned in the late 1980s, a period in which promises of Perestrioka and Glasnost raised popular expectations. In 1990 two thousand inmates rioted in the women's remand prison in a further of sign of growing unrest.

 Dissent and youth rebellion

Dnipropetrovsk's Mining Institute, 1972.

In 1959 17.4% of Dnipropetrovsk students were taught in Ukrainian language schools and 82.6% in Russian language schools. 58% of the city's inhabitants self-identified as Ukrainians. Compared with the other 3 biggest cities of Ukraine Dnipropetrovsk had a rather large share of education conducted in Ukrainian. In Kyiv 26.8% of pupils studied in Ukrainian and 73.1% in Russian while 66% of Kyiv residents considered themselves Ukrainian, in Kharkiv these numbers were 4.9%, 95.1% and 49%. In Odesa these numbers were 8.1%, 91.9% and 40%.

As in the overall Ukrainian SSR, Dnipropetrovsk saw an influx of young immigrants from rural Ukraine. Dnipropetrovsk Oblast saw the highest inflow of rural youth of all Ukraine.

According to KGB reports, in the 1960s "Samizdat" and Ukrainian diaspora publications began to circulate via Western Ukraine in Dnipropetrovsk. These fed into underground student circles where they promoted interest in the "Ukrainian Sixtiers", in Ukrainian history, especially of Ukrainian Cossacks, and in the revival of the Ukrainian language. Occasionally the blue and yellow flag of independent Ukraine was unfurled in protest. The authorities responded with repression: arresting and jailing members of underground discussion groups for "nationalistic propaganda".

The growing evidence of dissent in the city coincided from the late 1960s with what the KGB referred to as "radio hooliganism". Thousands of high-school and college students had become ham radio enthusiasts, recording and rebroadcasting western popular music. Annual KGB reports regularly drew a connection between enthusiasm for western pop culture and anti-Soviet behaviour. In the 1980s, by which time the KGB had conceded that their raids against "hippies" had failed suppress the youth rebellion, such behaviour was reportedly found in an admixture of Anglo-American" heavy metal, punk rock and Banderism—the veneration of Stepan Bandera, and of other Ukrainian nationalists, who in the Soviet narrative were denounced and discredited as Nazi collaborators.

In an attempt to provide Dnipropetrovsk youth with an ideologically safe alternative, beginning in 1976 the local Komsomol set up approved discotheques. Some of the activists involved in this "disco movement" went on in the 1980s to engage in their own illicit tourist and music enterprises, and several later became influential figures in Ukrainian national politics, among them Yulia Tymoshenko, Victor Pinchuk, Serhiy Tihipko, Ihor Kolomoyskyi and Oleksandr Turchynov.

 "Dnipropetrovsk Mafia"

Reflecting Dnipropetrovsk's special strategic importance for the entire Soviet Union, party cadres from the "rocket city" played an outsized role not only in republican leadership in Kyiv, but also in the Union leadership in Moscow. During Stalin's Great Purge, Leonid Brezhnev rose rapidly within the ranks of the local nomenklatura, from director of the Dnipropetrovsk Metallurgical Institute in 1936 to regional (Obkom) Party Secretary in charge of the city's defence industries in 1939.

Here, he took the first steps toward building a network of supporters which came to be known as the "Dnipropetrovsk Mafia". They spearheaded the internal party coup that in 1964 saw Brezhnev replace Nikita Khrushchev as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and call a halt to further reform.

 Independent Ukraine

In a national referendum on 1 December 1991, 90.36% of Dnipropetrovsk's voters approved the declaration of independence that had been made by the Ukrainian parliament on 24 August. Amidst the economic dislocation and soaring inflation that accompanied the collapse of the Soviet Union, output declined. Although its economic contraction was at a rate below the national average, the Dnipropetrovsk city and oblast witnessed one of the largest population declines of all the regions of Ukraine. By 2021, the city's population, which had stood at over 1.2 million in 1991, had been reduced to 981,000. Young people from Dnipropetrovsk were among the millions of Ukrainians who left the country to find work and opportunity abroad.

The continuation into the new century of the chaotic fallout from the collapse of the Soviet Union was symbolized for many in Dnipropetrovsk by two violent episodes. In June and July 2007, Dnipropetrovsk experienced a wave of random video-recorded serial killings that were dubbed by the media as the work of the "Dnipropetrovsk maniacs". In February 2009, three youths were sentenced for their part in 21 murders, and numerous other attacks and robberies. On 27 April 2012, four bombs exploded near four tram stations in Dnipropetrovsk, injuring 27 people. No one was convicted. Opposition politicians claimed to see the hand of President Viktor Yanukovych intent on disrupting the October 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election and installing a presidential regime.

 Euromaidan

Lenin Square in Dnipropetrovsk on 22 February 2014 with the demolished monuments to Vladimir Lenin.

On 26 January 2014, 3,000 anti-Viktor Yanukovych (Ukrainian President) and pro-Euromaidan activists attempted but failed to capture the Regional State Administration building. There were street disturbances and Euromaidan protesters were reported to be beaten up by paid pro-Yanukovych supporters (the so-called Titushky). Dnipropetrovsk Governor Kolesnikov called them "extreme radical thugs from other regions".

Two days later about 2,000 public sector employees called an indefinite rally in support of the Yanukovych government. Meanwhile, the government building was reinforced with barbed wire. On 19 February 2014 there was an anti-Yanukovych picket near the Regional State Administration. On 22 February 2014, after a further anti-Yanukovych demonstration, Dnipropetrovsk Mayor Ivan Kulichenko, for the sake of "peace in the city" left Yanukovych's Party of Regions.

Simultaneously the Dnipropetrovsk City Council vowed to support "the preservation of Ukraine as a single and indivisible state", although some members had called for separatism and for federalization of Ukraine. On the same day, after street fighting in Kyiv, 22 February 2014, Yanukovych left Ukraine and went into Russian exile.

 2014 to 2022

انظر أيضاً: 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine

A destroyed monument to Vladimir Lenin on Dnipro's Kalinin Avenue (now Prospekt Serhiy Nigoyan) in October 2014.

Dnipropetrovsk remained relatively quiet during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine, with pro-Russian Federation protestors outnumbered by those opposing outside intervention. In March 2014 the city's Lenin Square was renamed "Heroes of Independence Square" in honor of the people killed during Euromaidan. The statue of Lenin on the square was removed. In June 2014 another Lenin monument was removed and replaced by a monument to the Ukrainian military fighting the Russo-Ukrainian War.

Memorial to the victims of the Russian-Ukrainian War (ATO zone) in Dnipro's city centre in 2018.

To comply with the 2015 decommunization law the city was renamed Dnipro in May 2016, after the river that flows through the city. By summer 2016 not only was the city renamed, but so were more than 350 streets, alleys, driveways, squares and parks. For example, Karl Marx Avenue, the main street, was renamed Yavornytskyi Avenue in honour of the once neglected city and cossack historian. This was 12 per cent of all of the city's toponymies. Five of the eight urban districts of the city received new names.

 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

انظر أيضاً: 2022–2023 Dnipro missile strikes

The slogan "Russian warship, go fuck yourself" displayed on a bus stop in Dnipro in February 2022.

In the wake of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, and with developing military fronts near Kyiv and to the north, east and south, Dnipro has become a logistical hub for humanitarian aid and a reception point for people fleeing the war. Roughly equidistant from the war's major theatres in the east and the south, the city's location is proving critical for supplying the Ukrainian defence effort. At the same time, its control of a Dnieper River crossing and the opportunity it would provide to cut off Ukrainian forces in the Donbas makes the city a high-value target for the Russians.

Dnipro is reported as the only city in Ukraine where a volunteer formation has been created under direct City Council control. It is called the "Dnieper Guard" (Варти Дніпра, Varty Dnipra). The mayor of Dnipro, Borys Filatov has dismissed suggestions that the group remained Ihor Kolomoyskyi's "private army". Kolomoyskyi has helped with some equipment purchases, but the force performs defence and law and order functions under the leadership of the national police.

Dnipro city after Russian shelling in the night on 29 September 2022.

The Russians first hit Dnipro on 11 March. Three air strikes close to a kindergarten and an apartment building killed at least one person. On 15 March, Russian missiles hit Dnipro International Airport, destroying the runway and damaging the terminal. In the early hours of 6 April, an air strike destroyed an oil depot. On 10 April, a Ukrainian government spokesperson said that the airport in Dnipro had been "completely destroyed" as the result of a Russian attack. On 15 July, a Russian missile attack killed four people and injured sixteen others in Dnipro.

As part of the derussification campaign that swept through Ukraine following the February 2022 invasion 110 toponyms in the city were "de-Russified" from February to September 2022. The renaming started on 21 April when 31 streets connected to Russia were renamed. In May another 20 streets were renamed, followed by 21 more streets and alleys in June 2022. According to Dnipro's Mayor Borys Filatov (speaking on 21 September 2022) "this is not the end." Among other renamings, the Schmidt Street (the street was originally the Gymnasium Street but it was renamed to Otto Schmidt Street by Soviet authorities in 1934) in the center of Dnipro was renamed to Stepan Bandera Street. In May 2022 (also) several outdoor objects related to the USSR were dismantled in Dnipro. In December 2022 Dnipro removed from the city all monuments to figures of Russian culture and history. On 22 February 2023 26 more streets were renamed.

Dnipro was hit during the autumn 2022 Russian missile strikes on critical infrastructure. On 10 October three civilians were killed. On 18 October 2022 Russian missile strikes targeted the energy infrastructure of Dnipro. On 17 November 2022 23 people were injured. The attacks continued in 2023. The most deadly of these attacks being the 14 January 2023 missile strike on an apartment building that killed 40 people, injured 75 and with 46 people reported missing.

 Government and politics

 Government

انظر أيضاً: City of regional significance (Ukraine) and Dnipro § Politics

The City of Dnipro is governed by the Dnipro City Council. It is a city municipality that is designated as a separate district within its oblast.

Administratively, the city is divided into urban districts. Presently, there are 8 of them. Aviatorske, a rural settlement located near the Dnipro International Airport, is also a part of Dnipro urban hromada.

The City Council Assembly makes up the administration's legislative branch, thus effectively making it a city 'parliament' or rada. The municipal council is made up of 12 elected members, who are each elected to represent a certain district of the city for a four-year term. The council has 29 standing commissions which play an important role in the oversight of the city and its merchants.

Until 18 July 2020, Dnipro was incorporated as a city of oblast significance, the centre of Dnipro Municipality and extraterritorial administrative centre of Dnipro Raion. The municipality was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast to seven. The area of Dnipro Municipality was merged into Dnipro Raion.

Dnipro is also the seat of the oblast's local administration controlled by the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Rada. The Governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast is appointed by the President of Ukraine.

 Subdivisions

Area map

Dnipro City Hall

The Dnipropetrovsk Regional Administration building

The Dnipro central post office

Vokzalna square

Modern buildings on the right bank

The Prydniprovsk Power Plant

Staryi Bridge

Code	Name of urban district	Year of creation	Area (hectares)	Population in 2006	Prominent streets and areas
1	Nyzhniodniprovskyi	1918/1926	7,162.6	154,400	Streets: Vulytsia Peredova, Prospekt Manuilyvskyi, Prospekt Slobozhanskyi, Vulytsia Kalynova, Vulytsia Vidchyznyana, Vulytsia Yantarna, Donetske Shose Areas: Amur, Nyzhniodniprovsk, Kyrylivka, Borzhom, Sultanivka, Sakhalin, Berezanivka, Soniachnyi mikroraion, Lomivka, Livoberezhnyi mikroraion 1 and 2.
2	Shevchenkivskyi	1973	3,145.2	152,000	Streets: Prospekt Bohdana Khmelnytskoho, Vulytsia Mykhaila Hrushevskoho/Vulytsia Sichovykh Striltsiv, Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt, Vulytsia Sviatoslava Khorobroho, Zaporizke Shosse, Vulytsia Krotova Areas: Tsentr, Slobodka, Razvlika-Pidstantsiya, 12th Kvartal, Topol mikroraion 1, 2 and 3, Myrnyi, Danyla Nechaia.
3	Sobornyi	1935	4,409.3	169,500	Streets: Prospekt Gagarina, Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt, Sicheslavska naberezhna/Peremogy, Vulytsia Volodymyra Vernadskoho, Vulytsia Hoholya, Vulytsia Chesnyshevskoho, Vulytsia Kosmichna, Vulytsia Yasnopolianska Areas: Tsentr, Nahirny (Tabirny), Pidstantsiia, Sokil mikroraion 1 and 2, Peremoha mikroraion 1–6, Mandrykivka, Lotskamianka, Tunelna Balka, Monastyrskyi Ostriv, Kosa.
4	Industrialnyi	1969	3,267.9	132,700	Streets: Prospekt Slobozhanskyi, Prospekt Petra Kalnyshevskoho, Vulytsia Osinnia, Vulytsia Baykalska, Vulytsia Vinokurova Areas: Klochko, Samarivka (Yozhefstal), Oleksandrivka, Livoberezhnyi mikroraion 1–3; (Nyzhniodniprovskyi Pipe Production Plant).
5	Tsentralnyi	1932	1,040.3	67,200	Streets: Vulytsia Staryi Shliakh, Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt, Prospekt Pushkina, Vulytsia Yaroslava Mudroho, Vulytsia Voitsekhovycha, Vulytsia Korolenko, Prospekt Bohdana Khmelnytskoho, Staromostova Square Areas: Dniprovsky Avtovokzal, Dniprovsky Richkovy Vokzal and Dnipro River Port.
6	Chechelivskyi	1933	3,589.7	120,600	Vulytsia Robitnycha, Prospekt Nigoyana, Prospekt Pushkina, Vulytsia Kirovozhska, Vulytsia Makarova, Vulytsia Titova, Vulytsia Budivelnykiv, Prospekt Bohdana Khmelnytskoho Areas: Chechelivka, Aptekarska Balka/Shliakhivka, 12th Kvartal, Krasnopillia, (Pivdenmash).
7	Novokodatskyi	1920	10,928	157,400	Streets: Vulytsia Naberezhna Zavodska, Prospekt Nihoiana, Prospekt Mazepy, Prospekt Metallurhiv, Vulytsia Kyivska, Vulytsia Kommunarovska, Prospekt Svobody, Vulytsia Brativ Trofimovykh, Vulytsia Mostova, Vulytsia Maiakovskoho, Vulytsia Budennoho Areas: Toromske, Diyevka, Sukhachivka, Yasny, Novi Kaidaky, Sukhyi Ostriv, Chervonyi Kamin mikroraion, Kommunar mikroraion, Parus mikroraion 1 and 2, Zakhidnyi mikroraion, Petrovskyi Factory and other metallurgical plants.
8	Samarskyi	1977	6,683.4	77,900	Streets: Vulytsia Marshala Malinovskoho, Vulytsia Molodohvardiiska, Vulytsia Semaforna, Vulytsia Tomska, Vulytsia Kosmonavta Volkova, Vulytsia 20 rokiv Peremohy, Vulytsia Havanska Areas: Chapli, Prydniprovsk, Ihren, Rybalske (Fischersdorf), Odinkivka, Shevchenko, Pivnichnyi mikroraion, Nyzhniodniprovsk-Vuzol.

Five of the eight urban districts were renamed late November 2015 to comply with decommunization laws.

 Politics

In the first decades of Ukrainian independence the city's voters generally favoured the proponents of continued close ties to Russia: in the 1990s the Communist Party of Ukraine, and in the new century, the Party of Regions. After the 2014 events of Euromaidan, which included demonstrations and clashes in the central city, the Party of Regions ceded influence to those parties and independents calling for closer ties to the European Union.

As in Soviet Ukraine, Dnipropetrovsk was disproportionately represented among political leaders in Kyiv. The principal representatives of the so-called "Dnipropetrovsk Faction" in the capital were Ukraine's second president Leonid Kuchma and Ukraine's 10th and 13th prime minister Yulia Tymoshenko. Kuchma was a former senior manager of Yuzhmash while Tymoshenko was president of United Energy Systems of Ukraine, a Dnipropetrovsk-based private company that from 1995 to 1997 was the main importer of Russian natural gas to Ukraine.

Kuchma's 1994 presidential campaign had been financed by Dnipropetrovsk businessmen Ihor Kolomoyskyi and Gennadiy Bogolyubov. Kolomoyskyi and Bogolyubov were partners in Privat Group, a scandal-ridden financial-industrial conglomerate. As prime Minister, Kuchma had granted their PrivatBank the unique privilege of opening overseas branches. These were later implicated in the wholesale defrauding of Ukrainian depositors, leading to the bank's nationalization in 2016. Kuchma was also closely tied to another budding Dnipropetrovsk billionaire, his son-in-law Viktor Pinchuk whose assets included several giant steel and pipe plants in the region and the bank Kredit-Dnepr.

Campaign activities of the Party of Regions in central Dnipropetrovsk on 25 December 2009 during the 2010 presidential election.

With Viktor Yushchenko, Tymoshenko co-led the Orange Revolution which annulled the declared victory of Viktor Yanukovych in the 2004 presidential election, and under President Yuschenko served as prime minister from 24 January to 8 September 2005, and again from 18 December 2007 to 4 March 2010. Yanukovych narrowly defeated Tymoshenko in the 2010 presidential election, taking 41.7 per cent of the vote in the Dnipropetrovsk region. The candidates accused one another of vote rigging.

In the October 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election Yanukovych's Party of Regions, which promoted itself as the champion of the language rights and industrial interests of largely Russian-speaking eastern Ukraine, won 35.8 per cent of the vote in the Dnipropetrovsk region, compared to 18.4 per cent for Tymoshenko's Fatherland Party and 19.4 per cent for the Communists. Tymoshenko mounted a hunger strike to once again protest election irregularities.

On 2 March 2014, following the removal of Yanukovich as President, acting President Oleksandr Turchynov appointed Ihor Kolomoyskyi Governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. Kolomoyskyi initially dismissed suggestions of Russian-backed separatism in Dnipropetrovsk, but then took vigorous measures. He posted bounties for the capture of Russian-backed militants and the surrender of weapons; drafted thousands of Privat Group employees as auxiliary police officers; and is said to have provided substantial funds to create the Dnipro Battalion, and to support the Aidar, Azov, and Donbas volunteer battalions.

In the Dnipropetrovsk region, Petro Poroshenko won the May 2014 presidential election with 45 per cent, but in the 2014 parliamentary election in October his political party Petro Poroshenko Bloc secured 19.4 per cent of the vote, 5 points behind the Opposition Bloc, the successor to the disbanded Party of Regions.

On 25 March 2015, following a struggle with Kolomoyskyi for control the state-owned oil pipeline operator, President Poroshenko replaced Kolomoyskyi as governor with Valentyn Reznichenko.

In the 2015 Ukrainian local elections Borys Filatov of the patriotic UKROP was elected Mayor of Dnipro.

In the March–April 2019 Ukrainian presidential election Dnipro voted overwhelmingly voted for the successful candidate, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, who advocated membership of European Union. In the parliamentary election in October, his Servant of the People party swept the board, winning each of Dnipro's five single-mandate parliamentary constituencies.

By the time of the October 2020 Ukrainian local elections, support for Zelenskyy's party had collapsed: it won just 8.7 per cent of the vote for the city council. The Euromaidan trajectory was represented instead by Filatov's Proposition (the "Party of Mayors"), with 60 per cent of the popular vote against 30 per cent for the pro-Russian the Opposition Platform – For Life.

 الجغرافيا

An aerial view of Dnipro. The Dnieper River, city's left and right banks, and a number of bridges can be seen.

The city is built mainly upon both banks of the Dnieper, at its confluence with the Samara River. In the loop of a major meander, the Dnieper changes its course from the north west to continue southerly and later south-westerly through Ukraine, ultimately passing Kherson, where it finally flows into the Black Sea.

Nowadays both the north and south banks play home to a range of industrial enterprises and manufacturing plants. The airport is located about 15 km (9.3 mi) south-east of the city.

The centre of the city is constructed on the right bank which is part of the Dnieper Upland, while the left bank is part of the Dnieper Lowland. The old town is situated atop a hill that is formed as a result of the river's change of course to the south. The change of river's direction is caused by its proximity to the Azov Upland located southeast of the city.

One of the city's streets, Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt, links the two major architectural ensembles of the city and constitutes an important thoroughfare through the centre, which along with various suburban radial road systems, provides some of the area's most vital transport links for both suburban and inter-urban travel.

 المناخ

Under the Köppen–Geiger climate classification system, Dnipro has a humid continental climate (Dfa/Dfb). Snowfall is more common in the hills than at the city's lower elevations. The city has four distinct seasons: a cold, snowy winter; a hot summer; and two relatively wet transition periods. However, according to other schemes (such as the Salvador Rivas-Martínez bioclimatic one), Dnipro has a Supratemperate bioclimate, and belongs to the Temperate xeric steppic thermoclimatic belt, due to high evapotranspiration.

During the summer, Dnipro is very warm (average day temperature in July is 24 to 28 °C (75 to 82 °F), even hot sometimes 32 to 36 °C (90 to 97 °F)). Temperatures as high as 36 °C (97 °F) have been recorded in May. Winter is not so cold (average day temperature in January is −4 to 0 °C (25 to 32 °F), but when there is no snow and the wind blows hard, it feels extremely cold. A mix of snow and rain happens usually in December.

The best time for visiting the city is in late spring (late April and May), and early in autumn: September, October, when the city's trees turn yellow. Other times are mainly dry with a few showers.

"However, the city is characterized with significant pollution of air with industrial emissions." The "severely polluted air and water" and allegedly "vast areas of decimated landscape" of Dnipro and Donetsk are considered by some to be an environmental crisis. Though exactly where in Dnipropetrovsk these areas might be found is not stated.

Climate data for Dnipro (1991–2020, extremes 1948–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	12.3 (54.1)	17.5 (63.5)	24.1 (75.4)	31.8 (89.2)	36.1 (97.0)	37.8 (100.0)	39.8 (103.6)	40.9 (105.6)	36.5 (97.7)	32.6 (90.7)	20.6 (69.1)	13.7 (56.7)	40.9 (105.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	−0.9 (30.4)	0.6 (33.1)	7.1 (44.8)	16.0 (60.8)	22.7 (72.9)	26.6 (79.9)	29.1 (84.4)	28.7 (83.7)	22.4 (72.3)	14.4 (57.9)	5.8 (42.4)	0.6 (33.1)	14.4 (57.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−3.6 (25.5)	−2.8 (27.0)	2.5 (36.5)	10.3 (50.5)	16.5 (61.7)	20.5 (68.9)	22.7 (72.9)	22.1 (71.8)	16.2 (61.2)	9.2 (48.6)	2.6 (36.7)	−1.9 (28.6)	9.5 (49.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−6.1 (21.0)	−5.8 (21.6)	−1.2 (29.8)	5.1 (41.2)	10.9 (51.6)	15.1 (59.2)	17.1 (62.8)	16.3 (61.3)	11.0 (51.8)	5.2 (41.4)	−0.1 (31.8)	−4.2 (24.4)	5.3 (41.5)
Record low °C (°F)	−30.0 (−22.0)	−27.8 (−18.0)	−19.2 (−2.6)	−8.2 (17.2)	−2.4 (27.7)	3.9 (39.0)	5.9 (42.6)	3.9 (39.0)	−3.0 (26.6)	−8.0 (17.6)	−17.9 (−0.2)	−27.8 (−18.0)	−30.0 (−22.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	50 (2.0)	43 (1.7)	51 (2.0)	39 (1.5)	51 (2.0)	64 (2.5)	55 (2.2)	45 (1.8)	42 (1.7)	39 (1.5)	44 (1.7)	46 (1.8)	569 (22.4)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches)	7 (2.8)	10 (3.9)	5 (2.0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (0.4)	4 (1.6)	10 (3.9)
Average rainy days	9	8	11	13	13	13	12	9	10	11	12	11	132
Average snowy days	16	15	9	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	7	15	64
Average relative humidity (%)	87.7	84.6	79.2	66.8	62.2	66.2	64.7	62.4	69.5	77.2	86.5	88.3	74.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours	50	74	132	196	266	281	310	285	211	142	62	37	2٬046
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net
Source 2: NOAA (humidity 1981–2010, sun 1991–2020)

 أفق المدينة

Stalinist architecture on the uk (Dmytro Yavornytsky Avenue)

Dnipro is a primarily industrial city of around one million people. It has developed into a large urban centre over the past few centuries to become, today, Ukraine's fourth-largest city after Kyiv, Kharkiv and Odesa. Stalinist architecture (monumental soviet classicism) dominates in the city centre.

Immediately after its foundation Yekaterinoslav, began to develop exclusively on the right bank of the Dnieper River. At first the city developed radially from the central point provided by the Transfiguration Cathedral, completed in 1835. Neoclassical structures of brick and stone construction were preferred and the city began to take on the appearance of a typical European city of the era. Many of these buildings have been retained in the city's older Sobornyi District. Among the most important buildings of this era are the Transfiguration Cathedral, and a number of buildings in the area surrounding Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt, including the Khrennikov House.

Over the next few decades, until the final end of the Russian Empire with the October Revolution in 1917, the city did not change much in appearance. The predominant architectural style remained neo-classicism. Notable buildings built in the era before 1917 include the main building of the Dnipro Polytechnic, which was built in 1899–1901, the art-nouveau inspired building of the city's former Duma (parliament), the Dnipropetrovsk National Historical Museum, and the Mechnikov Regional Hospital. Other buildings of the era that did not fit the typical architectural style of the time in Dnipropetrovsk include, the Ukrainian-influenced Grand Hotel Ukraine, the Russian revivalist style railway station (since reconstructed), and the art-nouveau Astoriya building on Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt.

Once Yekaterinoslav became part of the Soviet Union (officially in 1922), and became Dnipropetrovsk in 1926, the city was gradually purged of tsarist-era monuments. Monumental architecture was stripped of Imperial coats of arms and other non-socialist symbolism. Following the 1917 October Revolution, a monument to Catherine the Great that stood in front of the Mining Institute was replaced with one of Russian academic Mikhail Lomonosov.

Later, due to damage from World War II, badly damaged buildings were, more often than not, demolished completely and replaced with new structures. In the early 1950s, during the ongoing industrialisation of the city, much of Dnipropetrovsk's centre was rebuilt in the Stalinist style of Socialist Realism. This is one of the main reasons why much of Dnipro's central avenue, Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt (formerly Karl Marx Prospect), is designed in the style of Stalinist Social Realism. A number of large buildings were reconstructed. The main railway station, for example, was stripped of its Russian-revival ornamentation and redesigned in the style of Stalinist social-realism.

Grand Hotel Ukraine in 2013 and in 1913.

The Grand Hotel Ukraine survived the war but was later simplified much in design, with its roof being reconstructed in a typical French mansard style as opposed to the ornamental Ukrainian Baroque of the pre-war era. Many pre-revolution buildings were reconstructed to suit new purposes. For example, the Emperor Nicholas II Commercial Institute in the city was reconstructed to serve as the administrative centre for the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, a function it fulfils to this day. Other buildings, such as the Potemkin Palace were given over to "the proletariat" (the working man), in this case as the students' union of the Oles Honchar Dnipro National University.

After the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953 and the appointment of Nikita Khrushchev as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the industrialisation of Dnipropetrovsk became even more profound, with the Southern (Yuzhne) Missile and Rocket factory being set up in the city. However, this was not the only development and many other factories, especially metallurgical and heavy-manufacturing plants, were set up in the city.

Khrushchyovkas on uk (Science Avenue) (formerly Gagarin Avenue)

As a result of all this industrialisation the city's inner suburbs became increasingly polluted and were gradually given over to large, industrial enterprises. At the same time the extensive development of the city's left bank and western suburbs as new residential areas began. The low-rise tenant houses of the Khrushchev era (Khrushchyovkas) gave way to the construction of high-rise prefabricated apartment blocks (similar to German Plattenbaus). In 1976, in line with the city's 1926 renaming, a large monumental statue of Grigoriy Petrovsky was placed on the square in front of the city's railway station.

Since the independence of Ukraine in 1991 and the economic development that followed, a number of large commercial and business centres have been built in the city's outskirts. To this day the city is characterised by its mix of architectural styles, with much of the city's centre consisting of pre-revolutionary buildings in a variety of styles, stalinist buildings and constructivist architecture, while residential districts are, more often than not, made up of aesthetically simple, technically outdated mid-rise and high-rise housing stock from the Soviet era. Despite this, the city has a large number of 'private sectors' where the tradition of building and maintaining individual detached housing has continued to this day.

The local statue of Lenin was toppled by protesters in February 2014 the day after Ukraine's president Viktor Yanukovych fled to Russia following months of protests against him. The square were the statue had stood for some 50 years was soon renamed from "Lenin Square" to "Heroes of Maidan Square".

In late November 2015 about 300 streets, 5 of the 8 city districts and one metro station were renamed to comply with decommunization laws.

The 1976 Petrovsky statue was destroyed by an angry mob on 29 January 2016.

As part of the derussification campaign that swept through Ukraine following the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, 110 toponyms in the city were renamed from February to September 2022. On 3 May 2022 alone more than a dozen memorials erected during Soviet times were dismantled. In December 2022 the Dnipro communal services (in accordance a decision of the City Council) removed from the city all monuments to figures of Russian culture and history. This this meant that monuments to Alexander Pushkin, Alexander Matrosov, Volodia Dubinin, Maxim Gorky, Valery Chkalov, Yefim Pushkin and Mikhail Lomonosov were removed from the public space of the city. On 16 November 2022 Pushkin Avenue in Dnipro had been renamed Lesya Ukrainka Avenue. In January 2023 a T-34 tank on Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt that served as a monument to Hero of the Soviet Union wikidata was removed after the Dnipro City Council had decided the monument "has no historical or artistic value." 26 more streets were renamed in Dnipro on 22 February 2023. In December 2023 the renaming of streets continued with on 20 December 2023 again 53 city toponyms their names being changed by the Dnipro City Council. Also on this day the Dnipro City Council renamed a part of Dnipro's central avenue, Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt, in honor of commander of the 1st Mechanized Battalion of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and Hero of Ukraine Dmytro Kotsiubailo (who had perished on 7 March 2023 in battle near Bakhmut). On 31 January 2024 92 other toponyms were renamed by the Dnipro City Council, including the avenue named after (Soviet cosmonaut and first human in space) Yuri Gagarin.

• Architecture and historically significant sites and monuments in Dnipro
• 

  The Yavornytsky Historical Museum

• 

  Stalinist architecture blends with the post-modernism of Dnipro's 'Passage' shopping and entertainment centre

• 

  The Dnipro Philharmonic

A panoramic view of the city

A panoramic view of the city

A panoramic view of the city

 التوزيع السكانى

السنة	العرق					المواطنون الأجانب	Reference
	Russian	Ukrainian	Jewish	Polish	German
1897	47,200	17,787	39,979	3,418	1,438	1,075
1897	42.6%	16.0%	36.1%	3.1%	1.3%	1.0%
1904(?)	52%		40%	4.5%	Not Stated	Not Stated

 الاقتصاد

Year	Factories & Plants	Employees	Production Volume			Reference
			roubles	2007 £ million	2007 USD million
1880	49	572	1,500,000	£10.5 m	$21 m
1903	194	10,649	21,500,000	£177.5 m	$355 m

Year	Enterprises	Earnings			Reference
		roubles	2007 £ million	2007 USD million
1900	1,800	40,000,000	£328.7 m	$658 m
1940	622	1,096,929,000	£2,120.3 m	$4,242 m

 قائمة من رؤساء البلديات ورؤساء السياسية للإدارة المدينة

Date	Name in English	Name	Post
Jun 1786–1787	Ivan Shevelev	Шевелев Иван	mayor
1791–1794	Dmitri Yemelianovich Goriainov	Горяинов Дмитрий Емельянович	mayor
1794–1796	Peter Ivanovich Bashmakov	Башмаков Петр Иванович	mayor
1796–1797	Gregory Kustov	Кустов Григорий	mayor
1797–1800	Dmitri Yemelianovich Goriainov	Горяинов Дмитрий Емельянович	mayor
1800–1803	Kuzma Molchanov	Молчанов Кузьма	mayor
1803–1806	Peter Chetverikov	Четвериков Петр	mayor
1806–1809	Athanasius Kokhanov	Коханов Афанасий	mayor
1809–1811	Stephan Chetverikov	Четвериков Степан	mayor
1811–1812	Dmitri Yemelianovich Goriainov	Горяинов Дмитрий Емельянович	mayor
1812–1817	Ivan Vasilievich Kolesnikov	Колесников Иван Васильевич	mayor
1818–1821	Demian Kiselev	Киселев Демьян	mayor
1821–1825	Ivan Vasilievich Kolesnikov	Колесников Иван Васильевич	mayor
1825–1828	Jacob Andreivich Rokhlin	Рохлин Яков Андреевич	mayor
Jan 1828 – Apr 1828	Ivan Stepanovich Pcholkin	Пчелкин Иван Степанович	mayor
Apr 1828 – Sep 1828	Ivan Vasilievich Kolesnikov	Колесников Иван Васильевич	mayor
1830–1833	Fedor Safronovich Duplenko	Дупленко Федор Сафронович	mayor
1833–1834	Jacob Andreivich Rokhlin	Рохлин Яков Андреевич	mayor
1834–1836	Andrei Ivanovich Kirpishnikov	Кирпишников Андрей Иванович	mayor
1836–1839	Jacob Andreivich Rokhlin	Рохлин Яков Андреевич	mayor
1839–1842	Ivan Timothyvich Artamonov	Артамонов Иван Тимофеевич	mayor
1842–1843	Ilya Ivanovich Tarkhov	Тархов Илья Иванович	mayor
1843–1846	Thomas Fedorovich Bogdanov	Богданов Фома Федорович	mayor
1846–1847	Procopius Andreivich Belyavskii	Белявский Прокопий Андреевич	acting mayor
1847–1851	Ivan Izotovich Lovyagin	Ловягин Иван Изотович	mayor
Apr 1851–1854	Procopius Andreivich Belyavskii	Белявский Прокопий Андреевич	mayor
1854–1860	Ivan Izotovich Lovyagin	Ловягин Иван Изотович	mayor
1860–1861	Yegor Ptitsyn	Птицын Егор	acting mayor
Nov 1861–1864	Ivan Izotovich Lovyagin	Ловягин Иван Изотович	mayor
1864–1864	Dei Mikhailovich Minakov	Минаков Дей Михайлович	acting mayor
1864–1865	Konstantin Demyanovich Kiselev	Киселев Константин Демьянович	mayor
1865–1868	Dei Mikhailovich Minakov	Минаков Дей Михайлович	mayor
1868–1871	DV Pcholkin	Пчелкин Д. В.	mayor
1871–1877	Dei Mikhailovich Minakov	Минаков Дей Михайлович	mayor
1877–1885	Peter Vasilievich Kalabuhov	Калабухов Петр Васильевич	mayor
1885–1888	Ivan Mikhailovich Yakovlev	Яковлев Иван Михайлович	mayor
7 Feb 1889–1893	Alexander Yakovlevich Tolstikov	Толстиков Александр Яковлевич	mayor
1893–1901	Ivan Gavrilovic Grekov	Греков Иван Гаврилович	mayor
1901–1901	Alexander Yakovlevich Tolstikov	Толстиков Александр Яковлевич	mayor
1901–1902	Peter Filippovich Volkov	Волков Петр Филиппович	acting mayor
1902 – Nov 1905	Alexander Yakovlevich Tolstikov	Толстиков Александр Яковлевич	mayor
Nov 1905 – 26 Nov 1909	Ivan Yakovlevich Esau	Эзау Иван Яковлевич	mayor
1909 – 17 Mar 1917	Ivan Vasilievich Sposobny	Способный Иван Васильевич	mayor
1917–1917	Konstantin Igorevich Makarenko	Макаренко Константин Игорьевич	acting mayor
Aug 1917–1917	Vasily Ivanovich Osipov	Осипов Василий Иванович	mayor
1918 – 1 Feb 1919	Ivan Yakovlevich Esau	Эзау Иван Яковлевич	mayor
1927–1928	F Ryazanov	Рязанов Ф.	chief of municipal executive committee
1929–1929	Bogdanova	Богданова	chief of municipal executive committee
1929–1933	Sorokin	Сорокин	head of the municipal council (soviet)
1930–1932	Fedor Ivanovich Zaitsev	Зайцев Федор Иванович	first secretary of the city party committee
1933–1933	Kisilev	Кисилев	head of the municipal council (soviet) and urban executive committee
1933–1933	Nikolai Vasilievich Golubenko	Голубенко Николай Васильевич	head of the municipal council (soviet) and urban executive committee
1933–1936	Ivan Andreevich Gavrilov	Гаврилов Иван Андреевич	head of the municipal council (soviet) and urban executive committee
1934–1934	Miroshnichenko	Мирошниченко	head of the municipal council (soviet) and urban executive committee
1935–1935	Belyaev	Беляев	head of the municipal council (soviet) and urban executive committee
1935–1936	Rudenko	Руденко	head of the municipal council (soviet) and urban executive committee
Dec 1936 – Jul 1937	Peter Constantinovich Vetrov	Ветров Петр Константинович	municipal party committee secretary
1937–1937	Petrichenko	Петриченко	head of the municipal council (soviet) and urban executive committee
Nov 1937 – 24 Feb 1938	Demian Sergeivich Korotchenko	Коротченко Демьян Сергеевич	acting first secretary of the municipal committee CP
24 Feb 1938 – Jun 1938	Semen Borisovich Zadionchenko	Задионченко Семен Борисович	acting first secretary of the municipal committee CP
Jun 1938 – Jul 1941	Semen Borisovich Zadionchenko	Задионченко Семен Борисович	first secretary of the urban committee CP
1938–1938	Khrenov	Хренов	head of the municipal council (soviet) and urban executive committee
1939–1939	Martynov	Мартынов	head of the municipal council (soviet) and urban executive committee
Dec 1939 – Jul 1941	Nikolai Anisimovich Shchelokov	Щелоков Николай Анисимович	chief of municipal executive committee
1941–1942	Klostermann	Клостерман	commissioner of the city on behalf of the Third Reich
1941–1943	PT Sokolovsky	Соколовский П. Т.	head of city council
1943–1945	Didenko Gavrilovich Manzyuk	Манзюк Николай Гаврилович	first secretary of the city party committee
1943–1944	GP Vinnik	Винник Г. П.	chief of municipal executive committee
1944–1945	Gerasimov	Герасимов	chief of municipal executive committee
1945–1947	Pavel Andreevich Naydenov	Найденов Павел Андреевич	first secretary of the urban committee CP
1945–1952	Nikolai Evstafevich Gavrilenko	Гавриленко Николай Евстафьевич	chief of municipal executive committee
1947–1950	Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev	Брежнев Леонид Ильич	first secretary of the urban committee CP
1952–1957	Nikolai Andreevich Raspopov	Распопов Николай Андреевич	chief of municipal executive committee
1957–1963	Nikolai Evstafevich Gavrilenko	Гавриленко Николай Евстафьевич	chief of municipal executive committee
1961–1964	Viktor Mikhailovich Chebrikov	Чебриков Виктор Михайлович	first secretary of the city party committee
1963–1964	Grigory Mikhailovich Sokurenko	Сокуренко Григорий Михайлович	chief of municipal executive committee
1964–1967	Boris Ivanovich Karmazin	Кармазин Борис Иванович	chief of municipal executive committee
1964–1970	Ivan Vasilievich Yatsuba	Яцуба Иван Васильевич	first secretary of the city party committee
1967–1970	Eugene Viktorovich Kachalovskaya	Качаловский Евгений Викторович	chief of municipal executive committee
1970–1974	Eugene Viktorovich Kachalovskaya	Качаловский Евгений Викторович	first secretary of the city party committee
1970–1974	Victor Grigorievich Boyko	Бойко Виктор Григорьевич	chief of municipal executive committee
1974–1976	Victor Grigorievich Boyko	Бойко Виктор Григорьевич	first secretary of the city party committee
1974–1981	Ivan Afanasievich Lyakh	Лях Иван Афанасьевич	chief of municipal executive committee
1976–1983	Vladimir Petrovich Oshko	Ошко Владимир Петрович	first secretary of the city party committee
1981–1989	Alexander Vasilivich Migdeev	Мигдеев Александр Васильевич	chief of municipal executive committee
1983–1988	Nikolai Grigorievich Omelchenko	Омельченко Николай Григорьевич	first secretary of the city party committee
Dec 1988–1991	Vladimir Grigorievich Yatsuba	Яцуба Владимир Григорьевич	first secretary of the city party committee
Oct 1989 – Mar 1991	Pustovoitenko, Valery Pavlovich	Пустовойтенко Валерий Павлович	chief of municipal executive committee
Oct 1990–1991	Vladimir Grigorievich Yatsuba	Яцуба Владимир Григорьевич	head of city council
Mar 1991 – Apr 1993	Valery Pavlovich Pustovoitenko	Пустовойтенко Валерий Павлович	head of city council
1991–1993	Valery Pavlovich Pustovoitenko	Пустовойтенко Валерий Павлович	chief of municipal executive committee
Apr 1993 – Jun 1994	Victor Timothyvich Merkushov	Меркушов Виктор Тимофеевич	head of the committee and city council
Jun 1994 – Oct 1999	Nikolai Antonovich Shvets	Швец Николай Антонович	head of the committee and city council
Apr 1999 – Jan 2000	Ivan Ivanovich Kulichenko	Куличенко Иван Иванович	acting mayor
Jan 2000–present	Ivan Ivanovich Kulichenko	Куличенко Иван Иванович	mayor

 الرياضة

The Dnipro Arena in Dnipropetrovsk

 النقل والمواصلات

يعتمد النقل في المدينة أساسا على المترو ويوجد بالمدينة مطار دولي والنقل النهرى لا يستخدم الا لأغراض سياحية.

A scheme of the Dnipropetrovsk Metro system in the city.

Marshall Malinovsky Street on the left bank of the Dnieper looking west. The arch is part of the railway Merefa-Kherson bridge, which crosses Monastyrsky Island.

Dnipropetrovsk's Central Railway Station.

 معرض الصور

• 

  Main Post Office on Karl Marx Prospekt

• 

  Potemkin's estate and manor house

• 

  Regional office of the Ukrainian National Bank in the city centre

• 

  Preobrazhenskiy Cathedral (external)

• 

  Preobrazhenskiy Cathedral (internal)

The Dnipro Arena in Dnipropetrovsk

 المدن الشقيقة

Wałbrzych, Poland Žilina, Slovakia, since 13 February 1993 Thessaloniki, Greece, since 27 February 1984

Vilnius, Lithuania, since 29 September 1998 Samara, روسيا. since 25 May 1993 Tashkent, Uzbekistan, since 1998

Dalian, الصين Xi'an, الصين, since 1998 Herzliya, Israel

 انظر أيضا

• Golden Rose Synagogue (دنيپروپتروڤسك)
• Dnepropetrovsk maniacs

 المصادر

• ويكيبيديا الأنكليزية

 وصلات خارجية

ابحث عن دنيپرو في
قاموس المعرفة.

• (اوكرانية) "Official portal". Dnipropetrovsk City Rada (in Ukrainian).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• (بالروسية) "Welcome to Dnipropetrovsk!".
• (بالروسية) "Dnipropetrovsk city portal".
• (بالروسية) "The history of Ekaterinoslav-Dnepropetrovsk / Personal site of Maxim Kavun".
• (بالروسية) "Dnepropetrovsk informational".
• (بالروسية) "computer help in Dnipropetrovsk".
• (بالروسية) "map of Dnepropetrovsk".
• (بالروسية) "Map of Dnepropetrovsk".