ميكولايڤ

Coordinates: 46°58′0″N 32°00′0″E / 46.96667°N 32.00000°E / 46.96667; 32.00000
هذا المقال هو عن the shipbuilding port in southern Ukraine. إذا كنت تريد other towns and villages in Ukraine، انظر Mykolaiv (disambiguation).
لاستخدامات أخرى، انظر Nikolayev (توضيح).
Mykolaiv
Миколаїв
مدينة
الترجمة اللفظية بالـ Ukrainian
 • NationalMykolaiv
 • ALA-LCMykolaïv
 • BGN/PCGNMykolayiv
 • ScholarlyMykolajiv
Музей суднобудування та флоту, Миколаїв.jpg
Николаев. Строительный колледж..JPG
Николаев. Краеведческий музей..JPG
Кирха - panoramio.jpg
Католицький костьол у місті Миколаїв.jpg
Кафедральный собор Касперовской иконы Божьей Матери.JPG
من أعلى لأسفل ومن اليسار إلى اليمين: Museum of Shipbuilding and the Fleet, uk (Mykolaiv Building Professional College), Mykolayiv Regional Museum of Local History, uk (Lutheran Church of Christ the Redeemer, Mykolaiv), uk (Roman Catholic church of Saint Joseph, Mykolaiv), uk (Cathedral of Our Lady of Kasperov, Mykolaiv)
علم Mykolaiv
Flag
درع Mykolaiv
Coat of arms
الكنية: 
"مدينة بناة السفن"
Mykolaiv is located in Mykolaiv Oblast
Mykolaiv
Mykolaiv
Location of Mykolaiv
Mykolaiv is located in أوكرانيا
Mykolaiv
Mykolaiv
Mykolaiv (أوكرانيا)
الإحداثيات: 46°58′0″N 32°00′0″E / 46.96667°N 32.00000°E / 46.96667; 32.00000
البلدFlag of Ukraine.svg أوكرانيا
الأوبلاستأوبلاست ميكولايڤ
الرايونرايون ميكولايڤ
Founded1789
City rights1789
ControlFlag of Ukraine.svg أوكرانيا
Flag of Russia.svg روسيا (partial)[1]
الحكومة
 • MayorOleksandr Senkevych[2] (Proposition[2])
المساحة
 • الإجمالي260 كم² (100 ميل²)
التعداد
 (2021)[3]
 • الإجمالي476٬101
 • الكثافة1٬800/km2 (4٬700/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيتUTC+2 (EET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
54000
مفتاح الهاتف+380 512
لوحة السيارةBE
الموقع الإلكترونيmkrada.gov.ua/

ميكولايڤ (أوكرانية: Миколаїв, romanized: Mykolayiv، تـُنطق [mɪkoˈlɑjiu̯]( استمع))، وكانت تُعرف سابقاً بإسم نيكولايڤ (روسية: Никола́ев, romanized: Nikolayev, تـُنطق [nʲɪkɐˈla(j)ɪf]), is a city and municipality in southern Ukraine، the administrative center of the Mykolaiv Oblast. Mykolaiv is arguably the main shipbuilding center of the Black Sea. Aside from three shipyards within the city, there are a number of research centers specializing in shipbuilding such as the State Research and Design Shipbuilding Center, Zoria-Mashproekt and others. The city has a population of 476,101 (2021 est.)[3].

The city is an important transportation hub of Ukraine (sea port, commercial port, river port, highway and railway junction, airport).

Mykolaiv's orderly layout reflects the fact that its development has been well planned from the founding of the city. Its main streets, including the three main east–west Avenues, are very wide and tree-lined. Much of Mykolaiv's land area consists of beautiful parks. Park Peremohy (Victory) is a large park on the peninsula just north of the city center of Mykolaiv, on the north side of the Inhul river.

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اسم المدينة

The city has two names, Ukrainian and Russian; there are several transliterations of each name. The Ukrainian name of the city is Микола́їв, transliterated as Mykolaiv, or (officially) Mykolayiv. The Russian name, Никола́ев, transliterates as Nikolaev or as Nikolayev.

The city's founding was made possible by the Russian conquests during the Second Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792. Founded by Prince Grigory Potemkin، Mykolaiv was the last of the many cities he established. On 27 August 1789,[4] Potemkin ordered its naming near the wharf at the mouth of the Ingul river, on a high, cool and breezy spot where the Ingul river meets the Southern Bug river. To build the city he brought in peasants, soldiers, and Turkish prisoners; 2,500 were working there during 1789. The shipyards were built first (1788).[5] Potemkin named the city after Saint Nicholas، the patron of seafarers, on whose day (6 December) he had obtained victory at the siege of Ochakov[6] in 1788. The name Nikolaev is known from the legal order (writ) Number 1065 by Prince Potemkin to ru (Mikhail Faleev) dated 27 August 1789.[7]

In 1920, after the establishment of Soviet power، the Odessa provincial council (of laborers and peasants' deputies) petitioned the Soviet Ukrainian government—the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee (VUTSIK)—to rename the city of Mykolaiv to Vernoleninsk. As the city of Mykolaiv was a district center of the Odessan province, presumably, the petition would have been initiated by the Odessa city council, but documentary evidence of this so far has not been identified. On 15 April 1924 the Plenum of the Central Administrative-Territorial Commission of the VUTSIK considered and rejected the petition of the Odessan executive committee. Perhaps the members of the Soviet-Ukraine government thought that the name sounded too obsequious.[8]

Information regarding the alleged renaming of Mykolaiv was disseminated by German maps of the 1920s and 1930s, as well as in German encyclopedic publications in 1927 and 1932, which show Vernoleninsk on the USSR part of the European maps. The city was designated as Mykolaiv in publications of the same map in other languages.[8]

To distinguish Mykolaiv from the much smaller west Ukraine city of Mykolaiv in Lviv Oblast، the latter is sometimes called "Mykolaiv on Dniester" after the major river that it is situated on, while the former is located on the Southern Bug، another major river, and may also be called "Mykolaiv on Bug".


التاريخ

Archaeologists have found proof of ancient settlements on the territory of Mykolaiv.[9] In 2018, archaeologists discovered a sunken Ancient Greek ship near Mykolaiv region. The ship is from the 5th century BC, the period of Greek colonization of the Northern Black Sea. Researchers said that “This Ancient Greek ship is one of the oldest known in the Northern Black Sea,"[10]

الجغرافيا

المناخ

Climate data for ميكولايڤ (1981–2010, extremes 1900–2015)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.0
(57.2) 		18.1
(64.6) 		24.1
(75.4) 		32.3
(90.1) 		37.4
(99.3) 		37.8
(100.0) 		40.0
(104.0) 		40.1
(104.2) 		36.5
(97.7) 		32.9
(91.2) 		23.4
(74.1) 		15.6
(60.1) 		40.1
(104.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 0.9
(33.6) 		2.0
(35.6) 		7.7
(45.9) 		15.8
(60.4) 		22.6
(72.7) 		26.5
(79.7) 		29.3
(84.7) 		29.0
(84.2) 		22.7
(72.9) 		15.6
(60.1) 		7.5
(45.5) 		2.5
(36.5) 		15.2
(59.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.9
(28.6) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		3.1
(37.6) 		10.2
(50.4) 		16.4
(61.5) 		20.5
(68.9) 		23.1
(73.6) 		22.6
(72.7) 		16.9
(62.4) 		10.6
(51.1) 		4.0
(39.2) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		10.3
(50.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.5
(23.9) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		5.4
(41.7) 		11.0
(51.8) 		15.2
(59.4) 		17.5
(63.5) 		16.8
(62.2) 		11.9
(53.4) 		6.4
(43.5) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		6.1
(43.0)
Record low °C (°F) −29.7
(−21.5) 		−28.8
(−19.8) 		−20.8
(−5.4) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		4.2
(39.6) 		9.4
(48.9) 		4.6
(40.3) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		−13.4
(7.9) 		−18.2
(−0.8) 		−24.6
(−12.3) 		−29.7
(−21.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 27.6
(1.09) 		29.6
(1.17) 		26.0
(1.02) 		28.5
(1.12) 		44.3
(1.74) 		49.9
(1.96) 		48.3
(1.90) 		34.2
(1.35) 		41.6
(1.64) 		32.4
(1.28) 		34.1
(1.34) 		31.9
(1.26) 		428.4
(16.87)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.4 6.0 6.6 5.5 3.8 4.8 4.6 5.0 6.1 64.5
Average relative humidity (%) 84.2 82.2 76.6 67.9 64.1 64.8 60.8 59.2 67.4 75.1 84.0 86.1 72.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 69 74 122 181 263 289 308 295 232 168 69 52 2٬122
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[11]
Source 2: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (extremes 1900–2015),[12][13][14][15][16][17][أ] NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[18]

السكان

العرق 1897[19] 1926[20] 1939[21] 1959[22] 1989[23] 2001[23] 2017[24]
أوكران 8.5% 29.9% 49.7% 59.7% 63.2% 72.6% 84%
روس 66.3% 44.6% 31.0% 30.3% 31.2% 22.6% 12%
يهود 19.5% 20.8% 15.2% 6.8% 2.1% 0.5%
Belarusians 0.2% 0.3% 0.7% 1.0% 1.1% 0.8%
بلغار 0.1% 0.2% 0.6% 0.6%
پولنديون 2.8% 1.7%
ألمان 0.9% 1.1% 0.9% 0.1%

As of 2017, 63% of the population spoke Russian at home, 7% Ukrainian, and 28% spoke both Ukrainian and Russian equally.[24]


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الاقتصاد

حوض بناء السفن في ميكولايڤ

Mykolaiv is a major shipbuilding center of Ukraine since the time of the now defunct Soviet Union (1922–1991) and an important river port. The city has three major shipyards one of which is capable of building large navy ships. Other important industries are mechanical engineering، power engineering، metallurgy and food industry.

Mykolaiv was closed to foreign visitors until the late 1980s due to the large number of secret Soviet Navy projects that took place in the city (as well as due to its military air base, turbine factory and military port). The majority of the Soviet Navy's surface ships, including its only aircraft carrier, the aircraft carrier Kuznetsov، were built in Mykolaiv.

In May 2011, Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych visited Mykolaiv and said that Ukraine was serious about reviving and further developing its shipbuilding industry in the Mykolaiv region.[25]

Modern shopping mall in the Mykolaiv city center.

One of the largest industrial businesses in the city is the Mykolaiv Aluminia Factory (formerly part of Rusal and currently owned by Glencore), which produces aluminium oxide (alumina), raw material for the production of aluminum.[26]

In addition to heavy industry, the city has a developed food processing industry, including a juice maker, Sandora (part of PepsiCo), a dairy products maker, Laktalis-Mykolaiv, and a brewery, Yantar. Nibulon (Ukrainian: Нібулон), one of Ukraine’s biggest agriculture companies specialized in the production and exportation of grain such as wheat, barley and corn is headquartered in Mykolaiv. The company has its own maritime fleet and shipyard, the Nibulon Shipyard، and also developed its own river fleet to transport grain to export terminals.[27]

In January 2017, the Mykolaiv Development Agency released a promo video of the city's investment potential.[28]

The Mykolaiv Armored Factory (owned by Ukroboronprom) has been a large repair facility for Ukraine's military during the Russo-Ukrainian War. Engineers at the plant designed an armored ambulance based on the BTR-70 to be used by the Ukrainian Armed Forces.[29]

معرض صور

  • A historical building in Mykolaiv

    A historical building in Mykolaiv

  • Apartment house, 19th century

    Apartment house, 19th century

  • Admiral Makarov Street

    Admiral Makarov Street

  • Early 20th-century rotunda

    Early 20th-century rotunda

  • A highrise building in Mykolaiv

    A highrise building in Mykolaiv

  • Modern apartment blocks in Mykolaiv

    Modern apartment blocks in Mykolaiv

العلاقات الدولية

Mykolaiv is part of the International Black Sea Club and The World Council of Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI).

البلدات التوأم - المدن الشقيقة

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine

ميكولايڤ متوأمة مع:[30]

أشخاص بارزون

ڤيتالي كيم، 2020
مناحم مندل شنيرسون، 1989
إيرينا سيسوينكو، 2018
ڤلاديمير ڤاسيلييڤ، 2006
  • ميكولا أركاس (1853–1909) – Ukrainian composer and historian
  • Isaak Babel (1894–1940) – journalist and writer, spent part of his childhood in Mykolaiv
  • Georgy Brusilov (1884–1914?) – Arctic explorer
  • Solomon Rufus Davis (Desyatnik) (1916–2006) – political scientist in Australia, born in Mykolaiv
  • Art Hodes (1904-1993) - jazz pianist born in Mykolaiv, emigrated to Chicago as a child
  • Stepan Makarov (1849–1904) – commander of the Imperial Russian Navy, oceanographer, and author
  • يوري نوسنكو (1927–2008) – KGB defector, born in Mykolaiv
  • ربى مناحم مندل شنيرسون (1902–1994)، ربي لوباڤتشر، وُلِد في ميكولايڤ وعاش فيها أول سبع سنوات من عمره.
  • African Spir (1837–1890) – philosopher, studied in Mykolaiv
  • ليون تروتسكي - الثوري، درس في ميكولايڤ
  • Oleg Voloshyn (born 1981) - Russian-Ukrainian journalist, political pundit, and former government official.


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انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ أ ب (in أوكرانية) The mayor of Mykolaiv remains the current mayor, the candidate from OPZZh lost, Ukrayinska Pravda (25 November 2020)
  3. ^ أ ب "Чисельність наявного населення України (التعداد الفعلي لأوكرانيا)" (PDF) (in الأوكرانية). مصلحة إحصائيات الدولة الأوكرانية. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  4. ^ Kruchkov Yuriy Ivanovich "Старый Николаев и окрестности. Топонимический словарь-справочник." ["Old Nikolaev and neighborhoods. Toponymic dictionary-reference."] (in Russian). Page 37: " Еще ранее здесь находилась земляная крепость (редут) Новогригорьевская (см.). Судостроительная верфь называлась «Новая верфь», «Ингульская верфь», «Уст ьИнгульск», «Верфь на Ингуле»; занималась вначале только ремонтом судов. Ордером №1065 от 27 августа 1789 г. Потемкин повелел «нововозводимую верфь на Ингулеименовать городом Николаев»."
  5. ^ Compare: Bagalei, Dmitrii Ivanovich (1889). Колонизация Новороссийского края и первые шаги его по пути культуры [The colonisation of the Novorossiya region and its first steps on the path of culture] (in الروسية). Litres (published 2016). ISBN 9785040006410. Retrieved 2016-11-21. В 1788 году, по приказанию Потемкина, в небольшой деревне Витовке были построены казармы в госпиталь, а на реке Ингуле заведена верфь.
  6. ^ Montefiore, Simon. "Potemkin: Catherine The Great’s Imperial Partner," Vintage Books, 2000, p.277
  7. ^ "Ордера князя Потемкина-Таврического 1788 - 1791 гг. М.Л. Фалееву - Библиотека "Феникс". История Новороссии". sites.google.com. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  8. ^ أ ب "Верноленинск /Wernoleninsk, Wiernoleninsk,Vernoleninsk/". 12 August 2013.
  9. ^ Struk, Danylo Husar (18 November 1993). Encyclopedia of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802033628. Retrieved 18 November 2017 – via Google Books.
  10. ^ 2,500-YEAR-OLD SUNKEN ANCIENT GREEK SHIP USED TO SAIL TO CRIMEA DISCOVERED IN UKRAINE’S BLACK SEA WATERS
  11. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  12. ^ "Climatology Maps: Mean of daily maximum temperature". European Climate Assessment & Dataset. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  13. ^ "Climatology Maps: Mean of daily mean temperature". European Climate Assessment & Dataset. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  14. ^ "Climatology Maps: Mean of daily minimum temperature". European Climate Assessment & Dataset. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  15. ^ "Climatology Maps: Precipitation Sum". European Climate Assessment & Dataset. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  16. ^ "Climatology Maps: Wet Days (RR>=1.0 mm)". European Climate Assessment & Dataset. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  17. ^ "Indices data: Minimum of daily minimum temperature and Maximum of daily maximum temperature". European Climate Assessment & Dataset. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  18. ^ "Nikolaev (Mykolaiv) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  19. ^ Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и уездам 50 губерний Европейской России. г. Николаев (воен. губернаторство) Archived 12 يوليو 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам республик СССР. Николаевский округ. Городские поселения. Archived 12 يوليو 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года. Национальный состав населения районов, городов и крупных сел союзных республик СССР Archived 12 يوليو 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Кабузан В. М. Украинцы в мире динамика численности и расселения Archived 31 ديسمبر 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ أ ب Administrator. "Видавництво ім. Олени Теліги". teliha.com.ua. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  24. ^ أ ب "Public Opinion Survey of Residents of Ukraine June 9 – July 7, 2017" (PDF). iri.org. أغسطس 2017. p. 89. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 أغسطس 2017.
  25. ^ "Marine Log: Yanukovych seeks shipbuilding revival". Kyivpost.com. 18 May 2011. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  26. ^ "Glencore purchases Mykolaiv Alumina Refinery and other Ukrainian assets of Oleg Deripaska". inventure.com.ua (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
  27. ^ "Founder of Ukraine Grain Firm Nibulon Killed by Russian Shelling - Bloomberg". www.bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
  28. ^ Promo invest in Mykolaiv Archived 1 فبراير 2017 at the Wayback Machine PN.MK.UA
  29. ^ "Armored ambulance based on the BTR-70". Unian. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  30. ^ "Міста-партнери". mkrada.gov.ua (in الأوكرانية). Mykolaiv. Retrieved 2020-03-30.
خطأ استشهاد: الوسم <ref> ذو الاسم "CityWSite1" المُعرّف في <references> غير مستخدم في النص السابق.

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Station ID for the Mykolaiv is 254

وصلات خارجية

شعار قاموس المعرفة.png

قالب:Cities in Mykolaiv Oblast

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