يديشية (لغة)

Yiddish
ייִדיש, יידיש or אידיש yidish/idish/yidish
النطق[ˈjɪdɪʃ] or [ˈɪdɪʃ]
موطنهاCentral, Eastern, and Western Europe; Israel; North America; other regions with Jewish populations[1]
الناطقون الأصليون
(1٫5 million cited 1986–1991 + half undated)e18
Hebrew alphabet (Yiddish orthography)
الوضع الرسمي
لغة أقلية
معترف بها في
ينظمهاno formal bodies;
YIVO de facto
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-2yid
ISO 639-2yid
ISO 639-3yid – inclusive code
Individual codes:
ydd – Eastern Yiddish
yih – Western Yiddish
Glottologyidd1255
Linguasphere52-ACB-g = 52-ACB-ga (West) + 52-ACB-gb (East); totalling 11 varieties

اللغة اليديشية (ייִדיש، يديش) لغة جرمانية يتحدثها ما يقارب 3 ملايين شخص حول العالم، وأغلبيتهم يهود اشكناز. الاسم يديش هو يديشية لكلمة "يهودية" وقد تكون تقصير لـ"يديش-تايتش" (דיש־טײַטש) أو ألمانية-يهودية.

أصل اللغة اليديشية ليس معروف بالتحديد ولكن بدأت هذه اللغة في حوالي القرن العاشر الميلادي بين اليهود في المانية ربما كلغة تجارية وبينما هرب اليهود إلى شرق أوروبا وخصوصاً بولندا بعد الحروب الصلبية أخذت اللغة كلمات وقوانين من اللغات السلافية.

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التاريخ

اليديشية גוּט טַק אִים בְּטַגְֿא שְ וַיר דִּיש מַחֲזוֹר אִין בֵּיתֿ הַכְּנֶסֶתֿ טְרַגְֿא
Transliterated gut tak im betage se vaer dis makhazor in beis hakneses trage
Translated May a good day come to him who carries this prayer book into the synagogue.


أدلة مكتوبة

The calligraphic segment in the Worms Mahzor
الممثل المسرحي اليدشي الشهير ، جاكوب جوردين ، كان لديه ماركة من "السجائر المصرية" (شائعة جدًا أيضًا) سميت باسمه.

القرن العشرون

American World War I-era poster in Yiddish. Translated caption: "Food will win the war – You came here seeking freedom, now you must help to preserve it – We must supply the Allies with wheat – Let nothing go to waste". Colour lithograph, 1917. Digitally restored.

عدد المتحدثون

Map of the Yiddish dialects between the 15th and the 19th centuries (Western dialects in orange / Eastern dialects in green).

On the eve of World War II, there were 11 to 13 million Yiddish speakers.[2] The Holocaust, however, led to a dramatic, sudden decline in the use of Yiddish, as the extensive Jewish communities, both secular and religious, that used Yiddish in their day-to-day life, were largely destroyed. Around five million of those killed — 85 percent of the Jews who died in the Holocaust — were speakers of Yiddish.[3] Although millions of Yiddish speakers survived the war (including nearly all Yiddish speakers in the Americas), further assimilation in countries such as the United States and the Soviet Union, along with the strictly monolingual stance of the Zionist movement, led to a decline in the use of Eastern Yiddish. However, the number of speakers within the widely dispersed Orthodox (mainly Hasidic) communities is now increasing. Although used in various countries, Yiddish has attained official recognition as a minority language only in Moldova, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Netherlands[4] and Sweden.

الوضع كلغة

إسرائيل والصهيونية

An example of graffiti in Yiddish, Tel Aviv, Washington Avenue (און איר זאלט ליב האבן דעם פרעמדען, ווארום פרעמדע זייט איר געווען אין לאנד מצרים Un ir zolt lib hobn dem fremdn varum fremde seit ir geven in land mitsrayim). "Ye shalt neither vex a stranger, nor oppress him: for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt (Exodus 22:21) Amen?"

الاتحاد السوفيتي السابق

In the Soviet Union during the 1920s, Yiddish was promoted as the language of the Jewish proletariat.

State emblem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic with the motto Workers of the world, unite! in Yiddish (lower left part of the ribbon)

روسيا

الأوبلاست اليهودية الذاتية

The Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the USSR
مقال رئيسيs: Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Birobidzhan, and History of the Jews in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast

السويد

Banner from the first issue of the Yidishe Folksshtime ("Yiddish People's Voice"), published in Stockholm, 12 January 1917.


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الولايات المتحدة

Yiddish distribution in the United States.
  More than 100,000 speakers
  More than 10,000 speakers
  More than 5,000 speakers
  More than 1,000 speakers
  Fewer than 1,000 speakers
Women surrounded by posters in English and Yiddish supporting Franklin D. Roosevelt, Herbert H. Lehman, and the American Labor Party teach other women how to vote, 1936.

Modern Yiddish education

A road sign in Yiddish (except for the word "sidewalk") at an official construction site in the Monsey hamlet, a community with thousands of Yiddish speakers, in Ramapo, New York.

انظر ايضا

A 2008 Election poster in front of a store in Village of New Square, Town of Ramapo, New York, entirely in Yiddish. The candidates' names are transliterated into Yiddish.
Rosh Hashanah greeting card, Montevideo, 1932. Inscription includes text in Hebrew (לשנה טובה תכתבו—LeShaná Tová Tikatevu) and Yiddish (מאנטעווידעא—Montevideo).

References

  1. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة e18
  2. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة yivo-yiddish
  3. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Sprache 1984 p. 3
  4. ^ "Talen in Nederland | Erkende talen". Rijksoverheid.nl. 2010-07-02. Retrieved 2013-12-08.

Bibliography

  • Baumgarten, Jean (2005). Frakes, Jerold C. (ed.). Introduction to Old Yiddish Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-927633-1.
  • Birnbaum, Solomon (1979, 2nd edition 2016). Yiddish – A Survey and a Grammar. Toronto. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  • Dunphy, Graeme (2007). "The New Jewish Vernacular". In Reinhart, Max (ed.). Camden House History of German Literature, Volume 4: Early Modern German Literature 1350–1700. pp. 74–79. ISBN 1-57113-247-3.
  • Fishman, David E. (2005). The Rise of Modern Yiddish Culture. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 0-8229-4272-0.
  • Fishman, Joshua A., ed. (1981). Never Say Die: A Thousand Years of Yiddish in Jewish Life and Letters (in Yiddish and English). The Hague: Mouton Publishers. ISBN 90-279-7978-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Frakes, Jerold C (2004). Early Yiddish Texts 1100–1750. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-926614-X.
  • Herzog, Marvin, ed. (1992–2000). The Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry. Tübingen: Max-Niemeyer-Verlag in collaboration with YIVO. ISBN 3-484-73013-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |displayeditors= ignored (|display-editors= suggested) (help)
  • Katz, Hirshe-Dovid (1992). Code of Yiddish spelling ratified in 1992 by the programmes in Yiddish language and literature at Bar Ilan University, Oxford University, Tel Aviv University, Vilnius University. Oxford: Oksforder Yiddish Press in cooperation with the Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies. ISBN 1-897744-01-3.
  • Katz, Dovid (1987). Grammar of the Yiddish Language. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-2162-9.
  • Katz, Dovid (2007). Words on Fire: The Unfinished Story of Yiddish (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-03730-5.
  • Kriwaczek, Paul (2005). Yiddish Civilization: The Rise and Fall of a Forgotten Nation. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-82941-6.
  • Lansky, Aaron (2004). Outwitting History: How a Young Man Rescued a Million Books and Saved a Vanishing Civilisation. Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books. ISBN 1-56512-429-4.
  • Liptzin, Sol (1972). A History of Yiddish Literature. Middle Village, New York: Jonathan David Publishers. ISBN 0-8246-0124-6.
  • Margolis, Rebecca (2011). Basic Yiddish: A Grammar and Workbook. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-55522-7.
  • Rosten, Leo (2000). Joys of Yiddish. Pocket. ISBN 0-7434-0651-6.
  • Shandler, Jeffrey (2006). Adventures in Yiddishland: Postvernacular Language and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24416-8.
  • Shmeruk, Chone (1988). Prokim fun der Yidisher Literatur-Geshikhte [Chapters of Yiddish Literary History] (in Yiddish). Tel Aviv: Peretz.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Shternshis, Anna (2006). Soviet and Kosher: Jewish Popular Culture in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
  • Stutchkoff, Nahum (1950). Oytser fun der Yidisher Shprakh [Thesaurus of the Yiddish language] (in Yiddish). New York.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Weinreich, Uriel (1999). College Yiddish: An Introduction to the Yiddish language and to Jewish Life and Culture (in Yiddish and English) (6th rev. ed.). New York: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. ISBN 0-914512-26-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Weinstein, Miriam (2001). Yiddish: A Nation of Words. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-44730-1.
  • Wex, Michael (2005). Born to Kvetch: Yiddish Language and Culture in All Its Moods. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-30741-1.
  • Witriol, Joseph (1974). Mumme Loohshen: An Anatomy of Yiddish. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)


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للاستزادة

وصلات خارجية

Wikipedia
يديشية (لغة) edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 هناك كتاب ، Yiddish، في معرفة الكتب.


هناك كتاب ، Yiddish for Yeshivah Bachurim، في معرفة الكتب.


قالب:Wiktionary category

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Yiddish phrasebook.
معرفة المصادر تحتوي على نص من the 1920 موسعة أمريكانا article Yiddish Language.

قالب:West Germanic languages

قالب:Languages of Israel

الكلمات الدالة:
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