بلفاست

(تم التحويل من Belfast)
هذا المقال هو عن عاصمة أيرلندا الشمالية. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر بلفاست (توضيح).
City of Belfast
Capital city, district, and borough
Lagan Weir at Belfast Harbour
Stormont
Belfast City Hall
Belfast Castle
Titanic Belfast
Botanic Gardens
Ulster Museum
درع City of Belfast
Coat of arms
الشعار: 
لاتينية: Pro Tanto Quid Retribuamus, lit. 'what shall we give in return for so much'
خطأ لوا في وحدة:Location_map على السطر 411: Malformed coordinates value.
الإحداثيات: {{WikidataCoord}} – malformed coordinate data
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
CountryNorthern Ireland
Incorporated1 April 2015
Administrative HQCity Hall
الحكومة
[1]
 • النوعDistrict council
 • الكيانBelfast City Council
 • ExecutiveCommittee system
 • ControlNo overall control
 • MPs
 • MLAs
المساحة
[2]
 • الإجمالي51 ميل² (133 كم²)
ترتيب المساحة[[Local government in Northern Ireland#Local government districts|قالب:NI district area rank]]
التعداد
 (2022)[2]
 • الإجمالي348٬005
 • الترتيب[[Local government in Northern Ireland#Local government districts|قالب:NI district population rank]]
منطقة التوقيتUTC+0 (GMT)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+1 (BST)
Postcode areas
  • BT1–17
  • BT29 (part)
  • BT36 (part)
  • BT58
Dialling codes028
ISO 3166 codeGB-BFS
GSS codeN09000003
الموقع الإلكترونيbelfastcity.gov.uk

بلفاست (Belfast ؛ /ˈbɛlfæst/, BEL-fast, /ʔfɑːst/, -fahst;[أ] from أيرلندية: Béal Feirste ga[[:Media:Uladh - Aontroim - Béal Feirste.wav|]] (المساعدة·معلومات))[3][4] هي عاصمة أيرلندا الشمالية. وهي أكبر مدينة في شمال أيرلندا ومقاطعة ألستر ، وثاني أكبر مدينة في جزيرة أيرلندا (بعد دبلن ). في تعداد عام 2001 للسكان داخل حدود المدينة (بلفاست الحضريه (276،459 [3] بينما 579،554 شخص يعيشون في اوسع منطقة العاصمة بلفاست.


First chartered as an English settlement in 1613, the town's early growth was driven by an influx of Scottish Presbyterians. Their descendants' disaffection with Ireland's Anglican establishment contributed to the rebellion of 1798, and to the union with Great Britain in 1800—later regarded as a key to the town's industrial transformation. When granted city status in 1888, Belfast was the world's largest centre of linen manufacture, and by the 1900s her shipyards were building up to a quarter of total United Kingdom tonnage.

Sectarian tensions existed with the Irish Catholic population that was drawn by mill and factory employment from western districts. Heightened by division over Ireland's future in the United Kingdom, these twice erupted in periods of sustained violence: in 1920–22, as Belfast emerged as the capital of the six northeast counties retaining the British connection, and over three decades from the late 1960s during which the British Army was continually deployed on the streets. A legacy of conflict is the barrier-reinforced separation of Protestant and Catholic working-class districts.

Since the Good Friday Agreement, the electoral balance in the once unionist-controlled city has shifted, albeit with no overall majority, in favour of Irish nationalists. At the same time, new immigrants are adding to the growing number of residents unwilling to identify with either of the two communal traditions.

Belfast has seen significant services sector growth, with important contributions from financial technology (fintech), from tourism and, with facilities in the redeveloped Harbour Estate, from film. It retains a port with commercial and industrial docks, including a reduced Harland & Wolff shipyard and aerospace and defence contractors. Post Brexit, Belfast and Northern Ireland remain, uniquely, within both the British domestic and European Single trading areas for goods.

The city is served by two airports: George Best Belfast City Airport on the Lough shore and Belfast International Airport 15 miles (24 kilometres) west of the city. It supports two universities: on the north-side of the city centre, Ulster University, and on the southside the longer established Queens University. Since 2021, Belfast has been a UNESCO designated City of Music.

التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: History of Belfast


الاسم

A 1685 plan of Belfast by the military engineer Thomas Phillips, showing the town's ramparts and Lord Chichester's castle, which was destroyed in a fire in 1708

The name Belfast derives from the Irish Béal Feirste (ga),[4] "Mouth of the Farset"[5] a river whose name in the Irish, Feirste, refers to a sandbar or tidal ford.[6] This was formed where the river ran—until culverted late in the 18th century, down High Street—[7] into the Lagan. It was at this crossing, located under or close to the current Queen's Bridge, that the early settlement developed.[8]:74–77

The compilers of Ulster-Scots use various transcriptions of local pronunciations of "Belfast" (with which they sometimes are also content)[9] including Bilfawst,[10][11] Bilfaust[12] or Baelfawst.[13]

المستوطنات المبكرة

The site of Belfast has been occupied since the Bronze Age. The Giant's Ring, a 5,000-year-old henge, is located near the city,[8]:42–45[14] and the remains of Iron Age hill forts can still be seen in the surrounding hills. At the beginning of the 14th century, Papal tax rolls record two churches: the "Chapel of Dundela" at Knock (Irish: cnoc, meaning "hill") in the east,[15] connected by some accounts to the 7th-century evangelist St. Colmcille,[16]:11and, the "Chapel of the Ford", which may have been a successor to a much older parish church on the present Shankill (Seanchill, "Old Church") Road,[8]:63–64 dating back to the 9th,[17] and possibly to St. Patrick in the mid 5th, century.[18]

A Norman settlement at the ford, comprising the parish church (now St. George's), a watermill, and a small fort,[19] was an outpost of Carrickfergus Castle. Established in the late 12th century, 11 miles (18 km) out along the north shore of the Lough, Carrickfergus was to remain the principal English foothold in the north-east until the scorched- earth Nine Years' War at the end of the 16th century broke the remaining Irish power, the O'Neills.[20]

Developing port, radical politics

With a commission from James I, in 1613 Sir Arthur Chichester undertook the Plantation of Belfast and the surrounding area, attracting mainly English and Manx settlers.[21] The subsequent arrival of Scottish Presbyterians embroiled Belfast in its only recorded siege: denounced from London by John Milton as "ungrateful and treacherous guests",[22] in 1649 the newcomers were temporarily expelled by an English Parliamentarian army.[23]:21[24]:32 In 1689, Catholic Jacobite forces, briefly in command of the town,[25] abandoned it in advance of the landing at Carrickfergus of William, Prince of Orange, who proceeded through the Belfast to his celebrated victory on 12 July 1690 at the Boyne.[26]

Together with French Huguenots, the Scots introduced the production of linen, a flax-spinning industry that in the 18th century carried Belfast trade to the Americas.[27] Fortunes were made carrying rough linen clothing and salted provisions to the slave plantations of the West Indies; sugar and rum to Baltimore and New York City; and for the return to Belfast flaxseed and tobacco from the colonies.[28] From the 1760s, profits from the trade financed improvements in the town's commercial infrastructure, including the Lagan Canal, new docks and quays, and the construction of the White Linen Hall which together attracted to Belfast the linen trade that had formerly gone through Dublin. Abolitionist sentiment, however, defeated the proposal of the greatest of the merchant houses, Cunningham and Greg, in 1786 to commission ships for the Middle Passage.[29]

Volunteer Corps parade down High Street, Bastille Day, 1792

As "Dissenters" from the established Anglican church (with its episcopacy and ritual), Presbyterians were conscious of sharing, if only in part, the disabilities of Ireland's dispossessed Roman Catholic majority; and of being denied representation in the Irish Parliament. Belfast's two MPs remained nominees of the Chichesters (Marquesses of Donegall). With their emigrant kinsmen in America, the region's Presbyterians were to share a growing disaffection from the Crown.[30]:55–61[31]

When early in the American War of Independence, Belfast Lough was raided by the privateer John Paul Jones, the townspeople assembled their own Volunteer militia. Formed ostensibly for defence of the Kingdom, Volunteer corps were soon pressing their own protest against "taxation without representation". Further emboldened by the French Revolution, a more radical element in the town, the Society of United Irishmen, called for Catholic emancipation and a representative national government.[32] In hopes of French assistance, in 1798 the Society organised a republican insurrection. The rebel tradesmen and tenant farmers were defeated north of the town at the Battle of Antrim and to the south at the Battle of Ballynahinch.[33]

Britain seized on the rebellion to abolish the Irish Parliament, unlamented in Belfast, and to incorporate Ireland in a United Kingdom.[34] In 1832, British parliamentary reform permitted the town its first electoral contest[35] – an occasion for an early and lethal sectarian riot.[36]:87

Industrial expansion, sectarian division

High Street, c. 1906

While other Irish towns experienced a loss of manufacturing, from the 1820s Belfast underwent rapid industrial expansion. After a cotton boom and bust, the town emerged as the global leader in the production of linen goods (mill, and finishing, work largely employing women and children),[37] winning the moniker "Linenopolis".[38] Shipbuilding led the development of heavier industry.[39] By the 1900s, her shipyards were building up to a quarter of the total United Kingdom tonnage,[40] and on the eve of the Great War, in 1914, close one eighth of world production.[24]:167 This included from the yard of Harland & Wolff the ill-fated RMS Titanic, at the time of her launch in 1911 the largest ship afloat.[41] Other major export industries included textile machinery, rope, tobacco and mineral waters.[16]:59–88

Industry drew in a new Catholic population settling largely in the west of the town—refugees from a rural poverty intensified by Belfast's mechanisation of spinning and weaving and, in the 1840s, by famine.[42] The plentiful supply of cheap labour helped attract English and Scottish capital to Belfast, but it was also a cause of insecurity.[43] Protestant workers organised and dominated the apprenticed trades[44] and gave a new lease of life to the once largely rural Orange Order.[45][46] Sectarian tensions, which frequently broke out in riots and workplace expulsions, were also driven by the "constitutional question": the prospect of a restored Irish parliament in which Protestants (and northern industry) feared being a minority interest.[44]

On 28 September 1912, unionists massed at Belfast's City Hall to sign the Ulster Covenant, pledging to use "all means which may be found necessary to defeat the present conspiracy to set up a Home Rule Parliament in Ireland".[47] This was followed by the drilling and eventual arming of a 100,000-strong Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF).[48] The immediate crisis was averted by the onset of the Great War. The UVF formed the 36th (Ulster) Division whose sacrifices in the Battle of the Somme continue to be commemorated in the city by unionist and loyalist organisations.[49]

In 1920–22, as Belfast emerged as the capital of the six counties remaining as Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom, there was widespread violence. 8,000 "disloyal" workers were driven from their jobs in the shipyards:[50] in addition to Catholics, "rotten Prods" – Protestants whose labour politics disregarded sectarian distinctions.[51]:104–108 Gun battles, grenade attacks and house burnings contributed to as many as 500 deaths.[52] A curfew remained in force until 1924.[34]:194 The lines drawn saw off the challenge to "unionist unity" posed by labour (industry had been paralysed by strikes in 1907 and again in 1919).[53] Until "troubles" returned at the end of the 1960s, it was not uncommon in Belfast for the Ulster Unionist Party to have its council and parliamentary candidates returned unopposed.[54][55]

In 1932, the opening of the new buildings for Northern Ireland's devolved Parliament at Stormont was overshadowed by the protests of the unemployed and ten days of running street battles with the police. The government conceded increases in Outdoor Relief, but labour unity was short lived.[36]:219–220 In 1935, celebrations of King George V's Jubilee and of the annual Twelfth were followed by deadly riots and expulsions, a sectarian logic that extended itself to the interpretation of darkening events in Europe.[36]:226–233 Labour candidates found their support for the anti-clerical Spanish Republic characterised as another instance of No-Popery.[56] (Today, the cause of the republic in the Spanish Civil War is commemorated by a "No Pasaran" stained glass window in City Hall).[57]

In 1938, nearly a third of industrial workers were unemployed, malnutrition was a major issue, and at 9.6% the city's infant mortality rate (compared with 5.9% in Sheffield, England) was among the highest in United Kingdom.[58]


The Blitz and post-war development

المقالة الرئيسية: Belfast Blitz
Aftermath of the Blitz in May 1941

In the spring of 1941, the German Luftwaffe appeared twice over Belfast. In addition to the shipyards and the Short & Harland aircraft factory, the Belfast Blitz severely damaged or destroyed more than half the city's housing stock, and devastated the old town centre around High Street.[59] In the greatest loss of life in any air raid outside of London, more than a thousand people were killed.[60]

At the end of World War II, the Unionist government undertook programmes of "slum clearance" (the Blitz had exposed the "uninhabitable" condition of much of the city's housing) which involved decanting populations out of mill and factory built red-brick terraces and into new peripheral housing estates.[61][62] At the same time, a British-funded welfare state "revolutionised access" to education and health care.[63] The resulting rise in expectations; together with the uncertainty caused by the decline of the city's Victorian-era industries, contributed to growing protest, and counter protest, in the 1960s over the Unionist government's record on civil and political rights.[64]

The Troubles

المقالة الرئيسية: The Troubles

For reasons that nationalists and unionists dispute,[65] the public protests of the late 1960s soon gave way to communal violence (in which as many as 60,000 people were intimidated from their homes)[66]:70 and to loyalist and republican paramilitarism. Introduced onto the streets in August 1969, the British Army committed to the longest continuous deployment in its history, Operation Banner. Beginning in 1970 with the Falls curfew, and followed in 1971 by internment, this included counterinsurgency measures directed chiefly at the Provisional Irish Republican Army. The PIRA characterised their operations, including the bombing of Belfast's commercial centre, as a struggle against British occupation.[67][68]

Preceded by loyalist and republican ceasefires, the 1998 "Good Friday" Belfast Agreement returned a new power-sharing legislative assembly and executive to Stormont.[69] In the intervening years in Belfast, some 20,000 people had been injured, and 1,500 killed.[66]:73[70]

Eighty-five percent of the conflict-related deaths had occurred within 1,000 metres of the communal interfaces, largely in the north and west of the city.[66]:73 The security barriers erected at these interfaces are an enduring physical legacy of the Troubles.[71] The 14 neighbourhoods they separate are among the 20 most deprived wards in Northern Ireland.[72] In May 2013, the Northern Ireland Executive committed to the removal of all peace lines by mutual consent.[73][74] The target date of 2023 was passed with only a small number dismantled.[75][76]

The more affluent districts escaped the worst of the violence, but the city centre was a major target. This was especially so during the first phase of the PIRA campaign in the early 1970s, when the organisation hoped to secure quick political results through maximum destruction.[71]:331–332 Including car bombs and incendiaries, between 1969 and 1977 the city experienced 2,280 explosions.[23]:58 In addition to the death and injury caused, they accelerated the loss of the city's Victorian fabric.[77]

21st century

Since the turn of the century, the loss of employment and population in the city centre has been reversed.[78] This reflects the growth of the service economy, for which a new district has been developed on former dockland, the Titanic Quarter. The growing tourism sector paradoxically lists as attractions the murals and peace walls that echo the violence of the past.[71]:350.352 In recent years, "Troubles tourism"[30]:180–189 has presented visitors with new territorial markers: flags, murals and graffiti in which loyalists and republicans take opposing sides in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.[79]

The demographic balance of some areas has been changed by immigration (according to the 2021 census just under 10% of the city's population was born outside the British Isles),[80] by local differences in births and deaths between Catholics and Protestants, and by a growing number of, particularly younger, people no longer willing to self-identify on traditional lines.[62]

In 1997, unionists lost overall control of Belfast City Council for the first time in its history. The election in 2011 saw Irish nationalist councillors outnumber unionist councillors, with Sinn Féin becoming the largest party, and the cross-community Alliance Party holding the balance of power.[81]

In the 2016 Brexit referendum, Belfast's four parliamentary constituencies returned a substantial majority (60 percent) for remaining within the European Union, as did Northern Ireland as a whole (55.8), the only UK region outside London and Scotland to do so.[82] In February 2022, the Democratic Unionist Party, which had actively campaigned for Brexit, withdrew from the power-sharing executive and collapsed the Stormont institutions to protest the 2020 UK-EU Northern Ireland Protocol. With the promise of equal access to the British and European markets, this designates Belfast as a point of entry to the European Single Market within whose regulatory framework local producers will continue to operate.[83] After two years, the standoff was resolved with an agreement to eliminate routine checks on UK-destined goods.[84]

Cityscape

Location and topography

Satellite image of Belfast with Lough

Belfast is at the mouth of the River Lagan at the head of Belfast Lough open through the North Channel to the Irish Sea and to the North Atlantic. In the course of the 19th century, the location's estuarine features were re-engineered. With dredging and reclamation, the lough was made to accommodate a deep sea port, and extensive shipyards.[85] The Lagan was banked (in 1994 a weir raised its water level to cover what remained of the tidal mud flats)[86] and its various tributaries were culverted[87] On the model pioneered in 2008 by the Connswater Community Greenway some, including the course of the Farset, are now being considered for "daylighting".[88]

It remains the case that much of the city centre is built on an estuarine bed of "sleech": silt, peat, mud and—a source the city's ubiquitous red brick— soft clay, that presents a challenge for high-rise construction.[89] (In 2007 this unstable foundation persuaded St Anne's Cathedral to abandon plans for a bell tower and substitute a lightweight steel spire).[90] The city centre is also subject to tidal flood risk. Rising sea levels could mean, that without significant investment, flooding in the coming decades will be persistent.[91]

The city is overlooked on the County Antrim side (to the north and northwest) by a precipitous basalt escarpment—the near continuous line of Divis Mountain (478 m), Black Mountain (389 m) and Cavehill (368 m)—whose "heathery slopes and hanging fields are visible from almost any part of the city".[85]:13 From County Down side (on the south and south east) it is flanked by the lower-lying Castlereagh and Hollywood hills. The sand and gravel Malone Ridge extends up river to the south-west.

North Belfast and Shankill

From 1820, Belfast began to spread rapidly beyond its 18th century limits. To the north, it stretched out along roads which drew into the town migrants from Scots-settled hinterland of County Antrim.[43] Largely Presbyterian, they enveloped a number of Catholic-occupied "mill-row" clusters: New Lodge, Ardoyne and "the Marrowbone".[92][93] Together with areas of more substantial housing in the Oldpark district, these are wedged between Protestant working-class housing stretching from Tiger's Bay out the Shore Road on one side, and up the Shankill (the original Antrim Road) on the other.[94]

The Greater Shankill area, including Crumlin and Woodvale, is over the line from the Belfast North parliamentary/assembly constituency, but is physically separated from the rest of Belfast West by an extensive series of separation barriers[95]—peace walls—owned (together with five daytime gates into the Falls area) by the Department of Justice.[96] These include Cupar Way where tourists are informed that, at 45 feet, the barrier is "three times higher than the Berlin Wall and has been in place for twice as long".[97]

With other working-class districts, Shankill suffered from the "collapse of old industrial Belfast".[98] But it was also greatly affected from the 1960s by the city's most ambitious programme of "slum clearance". Red-brick, "two up, two down" terraced streets, typical of 19th century working-class housing, were replaced with flats, maisonettes, and car parks but few facilities. In a period of twenty years, due largely to redevelopment, 50,000 residents left the area leaving an aging population of 26,000[99][98] and more than 100 acres of wasteland.[100]

Meanwhile, road schemes, including the terminus of the M1 motorway and the Westlink, demolished a mixed dockland community, Sailortown, and severed the streets linking the Shankill area and the rest of both north and west Belfast to the city centre.[101][102]

New "green field" housing estates were built on the outer edges of the city. The onset of the Troubles overwhelmed attempts to promote these as "mixed" neighbourhoods so that the largest of these developments on the city's northern edge, Rathcoole, rapidly solidified as a loyalist community.[103] In 2004, it was estimated that 98% of public housing in Belfast was divided along religious lines.[104]

Among the principal landmarks of north Belfast are the Crumlin Road Gaol (1845) now a major visitor attraction, Belfast Royal Academy (1785) - the oldest school in the city, St Malachy's College (1833), Holy Cross Church, Ardoyne (1902), Waterworks Park (1889), and Belfast Zoo (1934).


West Belfast

In the mid-19th century rural poverty and famine drove large numbers of Catholic tenant farmers, landless labourers and their families toward Belfast. Their route brought them down the Falls Road and into what are now remnants of an older Catholic enclave around St Mary's Church, the town's first Catholic chapel (opened in 1784 with Presbyterian subscriptions),[105] and Smithfield Market.[43] Eventually, an entire west side of the city, stretching up the Falls Road, along the Springfield Road (encompassing the new housing estates built 1950s and 60s: Highfield, New Barnsley, Ballymurphy, Whiterock and Turf Lodge) and out past Andersonstown on the Stewartstown Road toward Poleglass, became near-exclusively Catholic and, in political terms, nationalist.

Reflecting the nature of available employment as mill workers, domestics and shop assistants, the population, initially, was disproportionately female. Further opportunities for women on the Falls Road arose through developments in education and public health. In 1900, the Dominican Order opened St Mary's [Teacher] Training College, and in 1903 King Edward VII opened the Royal Victoria Hospital at the junction with the Grosvenor Road.[106] Extensively redeveloped and expanded, the hospital has a staff of more than 8,500.[107]

Landmarks in the area include the Gothic-revival St Peter's Cathedral (1866, signature twin spires added in 1886);[108] Clonard Monastery (1911), the Conway Mill (1853/1901, re-developed as a community enterprise, arts and education centre in 1983);[109] Belfast City Cemetery (1869) and, best known for its republican graves, Milltown Cemetery (1869).

The area's greatest visitor attractions are its wall and gable-end murals. In contrast to those in loyalist areas, where Israel is typically the only outside reference, these range more freely beyond the local conflict frequently expressing solidarity with Palestinians, with Cuba, and with Basque and Catalan separatists.[110][111]

South Belfast

West Belfast is separated from South Belfast, and from the otherwise abutting loyalist districts of Sandy Row and the Donegall Road, by rail lines, the M1 Motorway (to Dublin and the west); industrial and retail parks, and the remnants of the Blackstaff (Owenvarra) bog meadows.

Belfast began stretching up-river in the 1840s and 50s: out the Ormeau and Lisburn roads and, between them, running along a ridge of higher ground, the Malone Road. From "leafy" avenues of increasingly substantial (and in the course of time "mixed") housing, the Upper Malone broadened out into areas of parkland and villas.

Further out still, where they did not survive as public parks, from the 1960s the great-house demesnes of the city's former mill-owners and industrialists were developed for public housing: loyalist estates such as Seymour Hill and Belvoir. Meanwhile, in Malone and along the river embankments, new houses and apartment blocks have been squeezed in, increasing the general housing density.[112]

Beyond the Queen's University area the area's principal landmarks are the 15-storey tower block of Belfast City Hospital (1986) on the Lisburn Road, and the Lagan Valley Regional Park through which a towpath extends from the City-centre quayside to Lisburn.[113]

Northern Ireland's three permanent diplomatic missions are situated on the Malone Road, the consulates of China,[114] Poland[115] and the United States.[116]

East Belfast

The first district on the right bank of the Lagan (the County Down side) to be incorporated in Belfast was Ballymacarrett in 1853.[117] Harland & Wolff, whose gantry cranes, Samson & Goliath, tower over the area, was long the mainstay of employment — although less securely so for the townland's Catholics (In 1970, when the yard still had a workforce of 10,000, only 400 Catholics were employed).[36]:280 Tolerated in periods of expansion as navvies and casual labourers,[51]:87–88 they concentrated in a small enclave, the Short Strand, which has continued into this century to feature as a sectarian flashpoint.[118][119] Home to around 2,500 people, it is the only distinctly nationalist area in the east of the river.[120]

East Belfast developed from the Queens Bridge (1843), through Ballymacarrett, east along the Newtownards Road and north (along the east shore of the Lough) up the Holywood Road; and from the Albert Bridge (1890) south east out the Cregagh and Castlereagh roads. The further out, the more substantial, and less religiously segregated, the housing until again encountering the city's outer ring of public housing estates: loyalist Knocknagoney, Lisnasharragh, and Tullycarnet.

This century, efforts have been made to add to East Belfast's two obvious visitor attractions: Samson & Goliath (the "banana yellow" Harland & Wolff cranes date only from the early 1970s)[51]:79 and the Parliament Buildings at Stormont. What is marketed now as EastSide, features, at the intersection of the Connswater and Comber Greenways and next to the EastSide Visitor Centre, CS Lewis Square (2017), named and themed in honour of the local author of The Chronicles of Narnia.[121] Next to the former the Harland & Wolff Drawing Offices (now an hotel), stands the "cultural nucleus to Titanic Quarter", Titanic Belfast (2012) whose interactive galleries tell the liner's ill-fated story.[122]

In 2015, the Orange Order opened the Museum of Orange Heritage on the Cregagh Road with the aim of educating the wider public about "the origins, traditions and continued relevance" of the parading institution.[123]

City Centre

Belfast City Centre is roughly bounded by the ring roads constructed since the 1970s: the M3 which sweeps across the dockland to the north; the Westlink that connects to the M1 for points south and west; and, with less certainty, the Bruce Street and Bankmore connectors that tie back toward the Lagan at the Gasworks Business Park and the beginning of the Ormeau Road. This embraces "the Markets", the one remaining inner-city area of housing. Of the various markets, including those for the sale and shipping of livestock, from which it derives its name, only one survives, the former produce market, St George's,[124] now a food and craft market popular with visitors to the city.[125]

Architectural heritage

Belfast Charitable Society, Clifton House, 1774.

Among surviving elements of the pre-Victorian town are the Belfast Entries, 17th-century alleyways off High Street, including, in Winecellar Entry, White's Tavern (rebuilt 1790); the elliptical First Presbyterian (Non-Subscribing) Church (1781–83) in Rosemary Street (whose members led the abolitionist charge against Greg and Cunningham);[126] the Assembly Rooms (1769, 1776, 1845) on Bridge Street; St George's Church of Ireland (1816) on the High Street site of the old Corporation Church; St Mary's Church (1782) in Chapel Lane, which is the oldest Catholic church in the city. The oldest public building in Belfast, Clifton House (1771–74), the Belfast Charitable Society poorhouse, is on North Queen Street. It is now partly cut off from the city centre by arterial roads. In addition there are small sets of city-centre Georgian terraces.[127]

Of the much larger Victorian city a substantial legacy has survived the Blitz, The Troubles and planning and development. Among the more notable examples are St Malachy's Roman Catholic Church (1844) and the original college building of Queen's University Belfast (1849), both in a Tudor style; the Palm House in the Botanic Gardens (1852); the Renaissance revival Union Theological College (1853) and Ulster Bank (now Merchant Hotel) (1860); the Italianate Ulster Hall (1862), and the National Trust restored ornate Crown Liquor Saloon (1885, 1898) (a setting for the classic film, Odd Man Out, starring James Mason);[128] the oriental-themed Grand Opera House (1895) (bombed several times during the Troubles), and the Romanesque revival St. Patrick's Catholic Church in Donegall Street (1877).[127]

Scottish Provident Institution, 1902

The Baroque revival City Hall was finished in 1906 on the site of the former White Linen Hall, and was built to reflect Belfast's city status, granted by Queen Victoria in 1888. Its Edwardian design influenced the Victoria Memorial in Calcutta, India, and Durban City Hall in South Africa.[129] The dome is 173 ft (53 m) high and figures above the door state "Hibernia encouraging and promoting the Commerce and Arts of the City".[130]

Nearby is the Renaissance and Baroque revival Scottish Provident Institution (1902). Opposite is a branch of the Ulster Bank which is built behind the classical facade of a former Methodist church dating from 1846.

Built in the Romanesque-style on the site of an earlier neo-classical church, St Anne's Church of Ireland Cathedral was consecrated in 1904. The north transept, featuring on its exterior "the largest Celtic cross in Ireland",[131] was completed in 1981, and a final addition, a 40-metre stainless steel "Spire of Hope" was installed in 2007.[132]

The neoclassical Royal Courts of Justice were opened on Oxford Street in 1933.[133]

Redevelopment

The opening Victoria Square Shopping Centre in 2008 was to symbolise the rebound of the city centre since its days as a restricted security zone during the Troubles.[134] But retail footfall in the centre is limited by competition with out-of-town shopping centres and with internet retailing. As of November 2023, footfall had not recovered pre-COVID pandemic levels.[135] There are compensating trends: the growth in tourism and hospitality which has included a sustained boom in hotel construction.[136]

The City Council also talks of a "residential-led regeneration".[137][138] New townhouse and apartments schemes are being developed for the city's quays,[139] and for Titanic Quarter.[140] The completion in 2023 of Ulster University's enhanced Belfast campus (in "one of the largest higher education capital builds in Europe")[141] and the determination of Queen's University to compete with the private sector in the provision of student housing,[142] has fostered the construction downtown of multiple new student residences.[143]

Rough sleeping and homelessness

People can be found sleeping rough on the streets of the city centre. Numbers, while growing, may be comparatively small for a city of its size in the British Isles. In 2022, counts and estimates by the Northern Ireland Housing Executive identified a total of 26 rough sleepers in Belfast.[144] This is against a background (in 2023) of 2,317 people (0.67% of residents) presenting as homeless, many of whom are in temporary accommodation and shelters.[145] Such figures, however, do not include all those living in severely overcrowded conditions, involuntarily sharing with other households on a long-term basis, or sleeping rough in hidden locations.[146][147]

The "Quarters"

St Anne's Cathedral

Since 2001, buoyed by increasing numbers of tourists, the city council has promoted a number of cultural quarters.

The Cathedral Quarter comprises much of Belfast's old trade and warehousing district in the narrow streets and entries around St Anne's Cathedral, with a concentration of bars, beer gardens, clubs and restaurants (including two establishments claiming descent from the early town, White's and The Duke of York)[148] and performance spaces (most notably the Black Box and Oh Yeah).[149][150] It hosts a yearly visual and performing arts festival. The adjoining Custom House Square is one of the city's main outdoor venues for free concerts and street entertainment.

Without defined geographical boundaries, the Gaeltacht Quarter encompasses Irish-speaking Belfast. (According to the 2021 census, 15.5% of people in the city have some knowledge of Irish, 4% speak it daily).[151] It is generally understood as an area around the Falls Road in west Belfast served by the Cultúrlann McAdam Ó Fiaich cultural centre.[152] It can be said to include, at the Skainos Centre in unionist east Belfast, Turas, a project that promotes Irish through night classes and cultural events in the belief that "the language belongs to all".[153]

Aerial photo of urban sprawl, edged by green hills and sea shore, and bisected by a winding river.
Aerial view of Belfast (2004)

The Linen Quarter', an area south of City Hall once dominated by linen warehouses, now includes, in addition to cafés, bars and restaurants, a dozen hotels (including the 23-storey Grand Central Hotel), and the city's two principal Victorian-era cultural venues, the Grand Opera House and the Ulster Hall.[154]

Moving further south along the so-called "Golden Mile" of bars and clubs through Shaftesbury Square, there is the Queen's [University] Quarter. In addition to the university (spread over 250 buildings, of which 120 are listed as being of architectural merit),[155] it is home to Botanic Gardens and the Ulster Museum.[156]

Finally, the Titanic Quarter covers 0.75 km2 (185 acres) of reclaimed land adjacent to Belfast Harbour, formerly known as Queen's Island. Named after RMS Titanic, launched here in 1911,[157] work began in 2003 to transform some former shipyard land into "one of the largest waterfront developments in Europe".[158] The current area houses Titanic Belfast, the Public Records Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI), two hotels, and multiple condo towers and shops, and the Titanic [film] Studios.[159]

الجغرافيا

مباني البرلمان في ستورمونت. بُنيت في 1932 وهي مقر المجلس التشريعي لأيرلندا الشمالية.

تقع بلفاست على الساحل الشرقي لايرلندا الشمالية. المدينه محاطه إلى الشمال الغربي من خلال سلسلة من التلال ، وهو يعتقد أنه الالهام للكاتب جوناثان سويفت (1667-1745 م) لرواية ، رحلات جاليفر وهو يتصور أنه يشبه شكل عملاق من النوم حماية المدينة.[41] Originally a town in County Antrim, the County borough of Belfast was created when it was granted city status by Queen Victoria in 1888.[160]

الطقس

Belfast city crest painting.png

تتراوح متوسط درجة الحرارة في بلفاست ما بين 18 درجة مئوية في شهر يوليو إلى ست درجات مئوية في شهر يناير. أعلى درجة حرارة سجلت في بلفاست كانت 30.8 درجة مئوية وذلك في 12 يوليو 1983.[161]

متوسطات الطقس لبلفاست, أيرلندا الشمالية, المملكة المتحدة
شهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر السنة
العظمى القياسية °C (°F) 13 (55) 14 (57) 19 (66) 21 (70) 26 (79) 28 (82) 32 (90) 28 (82) 26 (79) 21 (70) 16 (61) 14 (57)
متوسط العظمى °م (°ف) 6 (43) 7 (45) 9 (48) 12 (54) 15 (59) 18 (64) 18 (64) 18 (64) 16 (61) 13 (55) 9 (48) 7 (45)
متوسط الصغرى °م (°ف) 2 (36) 2 (36) 3 (37) 4 (39) 6 (43) 9 (48) 11 (52) 11 (52) 9 (48) 7 (45) 4 (39) 3 (37) 6 (43)
الصغرى القياسية °م (°F) -13 (9) -12 (10) -12 (10) -4 (25) -3 (27) -1 (30) 4 (39) 1 (34) -2 (28) -4 (25) -6 (21) -11 (12)
هطول الأمطار mm (بوصة) 80 (3.1) 52 (2) 50 (2) 48 (1.9) 52 (2) 68 (2.7) 94 (3.7) 77 (3) 80 (3.1) 83 (3.3) 72 (2.8) 90 (3.5) 846 (33٫3)
المصدر: [162] 4 August 2007

السكان

ربوة كيفهيل ، وهو تل من البازلت يشرف على مدينة بلفاست
Northern Ireland 2001 census[163]
بلفاست أيرلندا الشمالية
بروتستانت 49% 53%
رومان كاثوليك 47% 44%
Male 47% 49%
تحت 16 سنة 22% 24%
بين 20 - 44 سنة 37% 37%
فوق 65 سنة 15% 13%
العرقية البيضاء 99% 99%


تيتانيك كوارتر

View of Belfast from The Ashby Building, part of QUB. The David Keir Building of Queen's University is in the foreground. The yellow façade of Belfast City Hospital is visible in the centre background, with the city's current tallest building Windsor House in the right background.

هو مشروع جديد في مدينة بلفاست في إيرلندا الشمالية ، وهي مدينة سبق لها أن عانت من العنف الطائفي الذي قسم المنطقة. وأرادت الحكومة تحويل الأراضي المستصلحة والتي كانت تعرف سابقاً باسم كوينز أيلاند إلى مجتمع جديد وهي المكان الذي بنيت فيه سفينة التيتانك العملاقة.

وتبلغ كلفة المشروع ، الذي استلم إشارة البدء من قبل الحكومة البريطانية في شهر أكتوبر من العام 2007 ، مليون جنيه إسترليني ، علماً أنه سيوفر حوالي 20000 فرصة عمل إضافة إلى مساحات سكنية وتجارية في مناطق كانت مهجورة مثل هارلاند ومرسى وولف للسفن. وتريد الحكومة إنشاء مركز ثقافي من شأنه أن يمنح العديد من السكان الذي غادروا المنطقة سبباً للعودة. وركزت الحكومة كذلك على خلق وظائف وأعمال تجارية جديدة إضافة إلى جذب نحو أكثر من 500000 سائح سنوياً. [164]

السياحة

View of Belfast from the Big Wheel at the City Hall

تتمتع بلفاست بالعديد من الأمكان السياحية ومنها:

- حدائق بلفاست النباتية.

- حديقة حيوانات بلفاست.

- مركز زوار كوينز.

- منتزه سير توماس والليدي ديكسون.

- منتزه بارنيت ديمسن.

- قصر مالون.

- شواطئ مينوبيرن.

- منتزه ريدبورن الريفي.

انظر أيضا

View of Belfast City Hall from the Big Wheel

مدن شقيقة

بطاقة بريدية ستريوسكوپية من عام 1907 تصور إنشاء باخرة في رصيف سفن هارلاند وولف.

قراءات إضافية

  • Beesley, S. and Wilde, J. 1997. Urban Flora of Belfast. Institute of Irish Studies & The Queens University of Belfast.
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  • Gillespie, R. 2007. Early Belfast. Belfast Natural History & Philosophical Society in Association with Ulster Historical Foundation. ISBN 978-1-903688-72-4.

وصلات خارجية

مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Belfast.

ملاحظات

  1. ^ /ʔfɑːst/ for speakers with the Trap-bath split, /ʔfæst/ for speakers without it

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قالب:Outdoor sculptures in Belfast

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