توڤا

جمهورية توڤا
جمهورية
Республика Тыва
الترجمة اللفظية بالـ Other
 • TuvanТыва Республика
علم جمهورية توڤا
Flag
درع جمهورية توڤا
Coat of arms
النشيد: Men - Tyva Men
Tuva in Russia.svg
البلدروسيا
المنطقة الاتحاديةSiberian[1]
المنطقة الاقتصاديةشرق سيبريا[2]
تأسستOctober 13, 1944
العاصمةقزل
الحكومة
 • الكيانالخورال الكبير[3]
 • Chairman of the Government[5]Sholban Kara-ool[4]
المساحة
[6]
 • Total170٬500 كم² (65٬800 ميل²)
ترتيب المساحة21st
التعداد
 (2010 Census)[7]
 • Total307٬930
 • Estimate 
(2018)
321٬722 (+4٫5%)
 • الترتيب77th
 • الكثافة1٫8/km2 (4٫7/sq mi)
 • Urban
53٫1%
 • الريف
46٫9%
منطقة التوقيتUTC+7 (توقيت كراسنويارسك Edit this on Wikidata[8])
ISO 3166 codeRU-TY
لوحات السيارات17
OKTMO ID93000000
اللغات الرسميةالروسية;[9] توڤا[10]
الموقع الإلكترونيhttp://gov.tuva.ru/

توڤا هي احدى جمهوريات الاتحاد الروسي. وتحد منغوليا وتقع في مركز آسيا الجغرافي، تتجاور في اراضيها المناطق الصحراوية والجبلية والسهوب والغابات والمروج، اي كل المناطق المناخية لكرتنا الارضية. ان مساحتها تزيد عن مساحة تونس وان عدد سكانها 310 آلاف نسمة. اما عاصمتها فهي مدينة قيزيل التي اسست في اواخر القرن الثامن عشر.

إن التوفيين من اقدم شعوب اواسط آسيا. لديهم آثار ثقاقتهم الروحية. والى جانب البوذية يعبدون القوى الطبيعية، مثلما في الماضي البعيد. وبامكان من يزور الجمهورية من هواة الرحلات السياحية التعرف على التقاليد التوفية العريقة والسير في الخط السياحي الخاص الذي اطلق عليه اسم "اغنية الساحر" وهو يعرفهم بخصائص الغناء الحلقي المميز لهذا الشعب.

ان الغناء الحلقي المنتشر لدى التوفيين هو ظاهرة فريدة من نوعها وصفوها لاول مرة في القرن التاسع عشر. ومما يميزه ان المغنى يطلق ليس صوتا واحدا بل صوتين وحتى ثلاثة اصوات في آن واحد.

غنية هي ارض توفا بآثارها لعصور مختلفة. ويدهش تعددها وتنوعها حتى الخبراء. ويمكن رؤية الرسوم القديمة على الصخور والتماثيل الحجرية التي لا نعرف سرها بعد في كل مكان تقريبا. هناك في توفا حوالى عشرين الف تل والكثير منها أقدم كثيراً من الأهرامات المصرية.

Hindiktig-hol lake, Tuva

وفي السنوات الاخيرة جاءت الحفريات الاثرية في احد التلال العائدة الى القرن السابع قبل الميلاد بمفاجأة كبيرة. اذ اكتشف علماء الآثار الروس والالمان الذين قاموا بها على مدافن قديمة، فيها عدد كبير من المصنوعات الذهبية، يصل اجمالى وزنها الى 20 كيلوغراما. والآن تعرض التماثيل الذهبية الصغيرة وملابس المراسيم الجميلة وغيرها مما وجدوه داخل التل في متحف ايرميتاج للفنون التشكيلية في سان بطرسبورغ وهو احد اكبر المتاحف في البلاد والعالم.

إن المناخ هنا قاري، تنخفض درجة حرارة الجو شتاء الى 50 درجة مئوية تحت الصفر وترتفع صيفا الى 40 فوق الصفر. اما عالم الحيوان، فهو متنوع لدرجة مدهشة. وفي اي مكان آخر على الارض يمكننا ان نرى الأيل الشمالي ونمر الثلج الارقط الى جانب الجمل.

إن جمهورية توفا تتخصص في الانتاج الزراعي. ومن فروعه الرئيسية تربية الحيويانات والخيل. وفي منطقة التوندرا ذات التربة المتجمدة يربون الايائل وفي الجبال ثيران الياق المنغولية وفي الاماكن شبه الصحراوية الجمال. ومنذ القدم كان التوفيون الرحل يمارسون تربيتها وهم يعيشون في الخيام المصنوعة من جلود الحيوانات في المراعى مباشرة.

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التاريخ

مقال رئيسي: تاريخ توڤا
انظر أيضاً: تاريخ شعب توڤا
Map of the Tuva Republic

The territory of Tuva has been controlled by the Xiongnu Empire (209 BC – 93 AD) and the Xianbei state (93–234), Rouran Khaganate (330–555), Tang Dynasty (647–682), Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate (7th – 13th century), Mongol Empire (1206–1271), Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1691), Khotgoid Khanate and Zunghar Khanate (1634–1758).[11] Medieval Mongol tribes, including Oirats and Tumeds, inhabited areas which are now part of the Tuvan Republic.[11]

From 1758 to 1911, Tuva was part of China's Qing dynasty and administered by Outer Mongolia.[12] During the Xinhai Revolution in China, Tsarist Russia formed a separatist movement among the Tuvans while there were also pro-independence and pro-Mongol groups.[13] Tsar Nicholas II agreed to the third petition by Tuva's leadership in 1912, establishing a protectorate over the then-independent state. Some Russians, such as merchants, travellers, and explorers, had already settled in Tuva at that time.[14] Tuva became nominally independent as the Uryankhay Republic before being turned into a Russian protectorate as Uryankhay Krai under Tsar Nicholas II, on 17 April 1914.[15]

A Tuvan capital was established, called Belotsarsk (Белоца́рск; literally, "(Town) of the White Tsar").[16] Meanwhile, in 1911, Mongolia became independent, though under Russian protection. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 that ended the imperial autocracy, most of Tuva was occupied from 5 July 1918 to 15 July 1919 by Alexander Kolchak's White Russian troops. Pyotr Ivanovich Turchaninov was named governor of the territory. In the autumn of 1918, the southwestern part was occupied by Chinese troops and the southern part by Mongol troops led by Khatanbaatar Magsarjav.[17]

From July 1919 to February 1920, the communist Red Army controlled Tuva but from 19 February 1920 to June 1921 it was occupied by China (governor was Yan Shichao [traditional, Wade–Giles transliteration: Yan Shi-ch'ao]). On 14 August 1921, the Bolsheviks established the Tuvan People's Republic, popularly called Tannu-Tuva. In 1926, the capital (Belotsarsk; Khem-Beldyr since 1918) was renamed Kyzyl, meaning "red". The Tuvan People's Republic was de jure an independent state between the World Wars. The state's ruler, Chairman Donduk Kuular, sought to strengthen ties with Mongolia and establish Buddhism as the state religion. This unsettled the Soviet Union, which orchestrated a coup carried out in 1929 by five young Tuvan graduates of Moscow's Communist University of the Toilers of the East.[18]

In 1930, the pro-Soviet regime discarded the state's Mongol script in favor of a Latin alphabet designed for Tuva by Russian linguists. In 1943, Cyrillic script replaced Latin. Under the leadership of Party Secretary Salchak Toka, ethnic Russians were granted full citizenship rights and Buddhist and Mongol influences on the Tuvan state and society were systematically curtailed.[19]

Tuva was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944, with the approval of Tuva's Little Khural (parliament), but without a referendum on the issue. It became the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast, within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, after the Soviet victory in World War II.[20] Salchak Toka, leader of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party, was given the title of First Secretary of the Tuvan Communist Party and became the de facto ruler of Tuva until his death in 1973.[21] The territory became the Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 10 October 1961.[20]

الرئيس الروسي ڤلاديمير پوتن في توڤا في 2007

In February 1990, the Tuvan Democratic Movement was founded by Kaadyr-ool Bicheldei, a philologist at the Kyzyl State Pedagogical Institute. The party aimed to provide jobs and housing (both in short supply), and improve the status of the Tuvan language and culture. Later in the year, there was a wave of attacks against Tuva's sizeable Russian community, including sniper attacks on trucks, and attacks on outlying settlements, with 168 murdered.[22] Russian troops were eventually called in. Many Russians moved out of the republic during this period. Tuva has remained remote and difficult to access.[23]

Tuva was a signatory to the 31 March 1992 treaty that created the Russian Federation. On 22 October 1993, a new constitution was drawn up for the republic, creating a 32-member parliament (Supreme Khural) and a Grand Khural, which deals with local legislation.[24] The constitution was approved by 53.9% (62.2% according to another source) of Tuvans in a referendum on 12 December 1993.[25] At the same time, the official name was changed from Tuva (Тува) to Tyva (Тыва).[26]


الجغرافيا

The geographic "center of Asia", 2015

The Tyva Republic is situated in the far south of Siberia. Its capital city is Kyzyl, located near the geographic "center of Asia". The eastern part of the republic is forested and elevated, while the western part is a drier lowland.

الأنهار

There are over 8,000 rivers in the Tyvan Republic, including the upper course of the Yenisei River, the fifth longest river in the world. Most of the republic's rivers are Yenisei tributaries. There are also numerous mineral springs in the area.

الأنهار الرئيسية تضم:

البحيرات

Azas Lake

There are numerous lakes in Tuva, many of which are glacial and salt lakes, including Todzha Lake, a.k.a. Azas Lake (100 km2) – the largest in the republic, and Uvs Lake (shared with Mongolia and a World Heritage Site).

الجبال

جبال توڤا

تتكون جمهورية توڤا من حوض جبلي، يبلغ ارتفاعه نحو 600 متر، وتحيط به سلاسل جبال سايان وتنّو-أولا. وتغطي الجبال والروابي أكثر من 80% من مساحة الجمهورية. مون‌گون-تايگا ("الجبل الفضي"، 3,970 م) هو أعلى نقطة في الجمهورية ومسمى على اسم مثلجتها.

التقسيمات الإدارية

المقالة الرئيسية: التقسيمات الإدارية لجمهورية توڤا

الديموغرافيا

عائلة توڤية في لباسها التقليدي

إحصائيات حيوية

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived 12 أبريل 2008 at the Wayback Machine[27]
Years Average population (x 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Fertility rates
1970 233 6,559 1,938 4,621 28.2 8.3 19.8
1975 253 6,950 2,306 4,644 27.5 9.1 18.4
1980 272 7,133 2,748 4,385 26.2 10.1 16.1
1985 287 8,110 2,624 5,486 28.3 9.1 19.1
1990 309 8,116 2,664 5,452 26.3 8.6 17.7 3.22
1991 304 7,271 2,873 4,398 23.9 9.5 14.5 2.97
1992 303 6,545 3,006 3,539 21.6 9.9 11.7 2.68
1993 302 6,130 3,480 2,650 20.3 11.5 8.8 2.50
1994 303 6,076 4,086 1,990 20.1 13.5 6.6 2.46
1995 304 6,172 4,010 2,162 20.3 13.2 7.1 2.47
1996 305 5,705 4,110 1,595 18.7 13.5 5.2 2.25
1997 305 4,908 3,954 954 16.1 12.9 3.1 1.91
1998 306 5,267 3,631 1,636 17.2 11.9 5.4 2.02
1999 306 4,894 4,142 752 16.0 13.5 2.5 1.86
2000 306 4,871 4,170 701 15.9 13.6 2.3 1.83
2001 305 4,992 4,165 827 16.3 13.6 2.7 1.85
2002 305 5,727 4,576 1,151 18.8 15.0 3.8 2.10
2003 305 6,276 4,633 1,643 20.6 15.2 5.4 2.28
2004 304 6,127 4,090 2,037 20.2 13.5 6.7 2.19
2005 303 5,979 4,326 1,653 19.8 14.3 5.5 2.11
2006 302 5,950 3,802 2,148 19.7 12.6 7.1 2.06
2007 302 7,568 3,687 3,881 25.1 12.2 12.9 2.60
2008 303 7,874 3,526 4,348 26.0 11.6 14.3 2.68
2009 305 8,242 3,666 4,576 27.0 12.0 15.0 2.97
2010 307 8,262 3,566 4,696 26.9 11.6 15.3 3.03
2011 308 8,478 3,403 5,075 27.5 11.0 16.5 3.25
2012 310 8,266 3,471 4,795 26.7 11.2 15.5 3.35
2013 311 8,111 3,399 4,728 26.1 10.9 15.2 3.42
2014 313 7,921 3,419 4,502 25.3 10.9 14.4 3.48
2015 315 7,489 3,258 4,231 23.8 10.3 13.5 3.39
2016 317 7,421 3,112 4,309 23.2 9.8 13.4 3.35
2017 320 6,977 2,788 4,189 21.9 8.7 13.2 3.19
2018 323 6,539 2,857 3,682 20.2 8.8 11.4 2.97
2019 326 6,158 2,718 3,440 18.6 8.3 10.3 2.72
2020 330 6,582 3,024 3,601 20.0 9.2 10.8 2.97
2021 332 6,629 3,028 3,558 20.0 9.1 10.9 2.94
2022 5,997 2,867 3,130 17.9 8.6 9.3 2.51
2023 5,738 2,986 2,752 16.9 8.8 8.1
  • Average life expectancy: Tuva: 56.5 (average male and female, UNDP data); Russia: (UN data) Male 59 (world rank 166); Female 73 (127)


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الجماعات العرقية

According to the 2021 Census,[28] Tuvans make up 88.7% of the population. Other groups include Russians (10.1%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.

Ethnic
group 		1959 census 1970 census 1979 census 1989 census 2002 census 2010 census 2021 census1
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Tuvans 97,996 57.0% 135,306 58.6% 161,888 60.5% 198,448 64.3% 235,313 77.0% 249,299 82.0% 279,789 88.7%
Russians 68,924 40.1% 88,385 38.3% 96,793 36.2% 98,831 32.0% 61,442 20.1% 49,434 16.3% 31,927 10.1%
Khakas 1,726 1.0% 2,120 0.9% 2,193 0.8% 2,258 0.7% 1,219 0.4% 877 0.3% 359 0.1%
Others 3,282 1.9% 5,053 2.2% 6,725 2.5% 9,020 2.9% 7,526 2.5% 4,427 1.4% 3,483 1.1%
121,093 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[29]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1959171٬928—    
1970230٬864+34.3%
1979266٬453+15.4%
1989309٬129+16.0%
2002305٬510−1.2%
2010307٬930+0.8%
2021336٬651+9.3%
Source: Census data
A girl and a boy riding their horses
Ethnic map of the Republic of Tuva by settlement, 2010 census.
  Tuvans
  Tozhu Tuvans
  Russians

During the period from 1959–2010, there was more than a doubling of ethnic Tuvans. The Russian population growth slowed by the 1980s and decreased by 70% since 1989. The official languages are Tuvan (Turkic) and Russian (Slavic).

Tuvans in 2016

Outside Kyzyl, settlements have few if any Russian inhabitants and, in general, Tuvans use their original language as their first language. However, there is a small population of Old Believers in the Republic scattered in some of the most isolated areas. Before Soviet rule, there were a number of large ethnic Russian Old Believer villages, but as atheism spread, the believers moved deeper and deeper into the taiga in order to avoid contact with outsiders. Major Old Believer villages are Erzhei, Uzhep, Unzhei, Zhivei and Bolee Malkiye (all in the Kaa-Khemsky District). Smaller ultra-Orthodox settlements are found further upstream.[30]

Ethnic Russians make up 27.4% of the population (as of the 2021 census) in Kaa-Khemsky District, one of the most remote regions in Tuva. The population is mostly Old Believers.[31] Russians account for 18.9% of the population in Piy-Khemsky and 16.4% in Kyzyl.[32]

الديانة

Buddhist temple of Kyzyl (Цеченлиң/Tsechenling)
Religion in Tuva as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[33][34]
Buddhism
  
 61.8%
Atheism and irreligion
  
 11.8%
Tengrism and Tuvan Shamanism
  
 8%
Spiritual but not religious
  
 7.6%
Other and undeclared
  
 7.2%
Other Christians
  
 1.4%
Protestantism
  
 1.4%
Russian Orthodoxy
  
 0.8%

Two religions are widespread among the Tuvan people: Tibetan Buddhism and shamanism. Tibetan Buddhism's present-day spiritual leader is Tenzin Gyatso, the fourteenth Dalai Lama. In September 1992, Tenzin Gyatso visited Tuva for three days.[35] On September 20, he blessed and consecrated the yellow-blue-white flag of Tuva, which had been officially adopted three days before.[36]

The Tuvan people – along with the Yellow Uyghurs in China – are one of the only two Turkic groups who are primarily adherents to Tibetan Buddhism, which coexists with native shamanistic traditions.[37]

Tuvans were first exposed to Buddhism during the 13th and 14th centuries, when Tuva entered into the composition of the Mongol Empire. The earliest Buddhist temples uncovered by archaeologists in the territory of Tuva date to the 13th and 14th centuries.[38] During the 16th and 17th centuries, Tibetan Buddhism gained popularity in Tuva. An increasing number of new and restored temples are coming into use, and there has been an upward trend in the number of novices being trained as monks and lamas in recent years. Religious practice declined under the restrictive policies of the Soviet period, but is now flourishing.[39][40]

Resurrection Cathedral in Kyzyl

According to a 2012 survey,[33] 61.8% of the population of Tuva adheres to Buddhism, 8% to Tengrism or Tuvan shamanism, 1.5% to the Russian Orthodox Church, the Old Believers or other forms of Christianity, 1% to Protestantism. In addition, 7.7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the survey. 8% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious" and 12% to be atheist.[33]


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السياسة

President of the Republic of Tuva Sholban Kara-ool (right) in 2016

The present flag of Tuva – yellow for prosperity, blue for courage and strength, white for purity – was adopted on 17 September 1992. The Republic's Constitution was adopted on 23 October 1993.

The head of Tuva is the chairman of the government and serves a five-year term which can be renewed. The first Chairman of the Government was Sherig-ool Oorzhak. On 3 April 2007, Russian president Vladimir Putin nominated Sholban Kara-ool, 40, a former champion wrestler, as the Chairman of the Government of Tuva.[41] Kara-ool's candidacy was approved by the Khural on 9 April 2007.[42] Kara-ool served from 2007 until 2021. The third and current Tuvan head of government is Vladislav Khovalyg.

Tuva's legislature, the Great Khural, has 32 seats as of 2023; each deputy is elected to serve a five-year term.

الاقتصاد

In Tuva, there are a total of approximately 7,400 unemployed, which gives a 5.9% unemployment rate [43] and is above the overall Russian unemployment rate of 4.9% [44]

التعدين

Mining is a crucial element of the Tuvan economy. It is estimated that in 2020, there were 40 million metric tonnes of coal produced in Tuva,[45] which accounts for approximately 9.4% of Russia's average annual coal production of 423 million metric tonnes.[46]

منجم فحم في توڤا

يكمن في باطن أرض توفا اكثر من 200 مكمن للثروات الطبيعية ومن أكبرها مصدر الأسبست الأبيض، المادة الضرورية لانتاج المصنوعات العامدة للنار والعازلة للحرارة. وتعمل فيه احدى أكبر مؤسسات الاستخراج في الجمهورية. أما الفرع الأهم من فروع صناعتها، فهو الميتالرجيا غير الحديدية التي تقوم على استخراج الذهب. ويقوم التوفيون باستخراج حوالى طنين من الذهب في السنة.

الثقافة

Wrestling competition in Tos Bulak
A yurt in Tos Bulak
Tuvan throat singer Kongar-ool Ondar

Traditionally, the Tuvan people are a Central Asian yurt-dwelling nomadic culture, with distinctive traditions in music, cuisine, and folk art. Tuvan music features Tuvan throat singing (khoomei), in which the singer sings a fundamental tone and an overtone simultaneously. This type of singing can be heard during performances by the Tuvan National Orchestra, at events such as the 'International Khoomei Day' held at the National Tuvinian Theatre in Kyzyl.[47]

The Tuvan craft tradition includes carving the soft stone, agalmatolite. A frequent motif is hand-held-sized animals, such as horses.[48]

Important archaeological excavations in Tuva include Arzhaan-1 and Tunnug 1,[49] dating to the ninth century BC.[50] and Arzhaan-2, where Scythian animal art in great variety, and over 9,000 decorative gold pieces were unearthed.[51] A collection of gold jewelry from this site is on display at the National Museum Aldan-Maadyr in Kyzyl.[47]

Festivals celebrating Tuvan traditions include the ecological film festival "The Living Path of Dersu", the Interregional Festival of National Cultures "Heart of Asia". It has become a tradition to hold the international festival of live music "Ustuu-Khuree", the International Symposium "Khoomei – the Phenomenon of the Culture of the Peoples of Central Asia", the Regional Competition-Festival of Performers on National Instruments "Dingildai", the International Felt Festival "Patterns of Life on Felt" Pop songs "Melodies of the Sayan Mountains".[52]

شعب توڤا يشتهر بـغناء توڤا الحلقي.

يشتهر أبناء توفا بمهارتهم العالية في نحت تماثيل الحيوانات الصغيرة، مستعملين حجر أگالماتوليت المحلي اللين. ان لونه يختلف من الاسود الفضي الى الوردي الذهبي. واذا سافرتم الى هذه الاماكن فلا تنسوا ان تشتروا اجمل هدية تذكارية من صنع الحرفيين المحليين هي تمثال صغير للحيوان "ارزيلان" السحري الذي يعتبرونه تجسيدا للقوة. ان كلمة "ارزيلان" تعنى باللغة التوفية "الاسد" لكن نحاتي الماضي لم يروا الاسد الحقيقي، ولو مرة في حياتهم. وكانوا يصغون اسودهم الصغيرة السحرية حسب تصوراتهم وحيالهم. اما حرفيو اليوم فيحافطون على تقاليدهم.

طابع بريد من توڤا، سنة 1927

الدين

Tuva is one of the few places in the world where the original form of shamanism is preserved as part of the traditional culture of Tuva. Shamanism presupposes the existence of good and evil spirits inhabiting mountains, forests and water, as well as the heavens and the underworld. The mediator between man and the spirits is the shaman. It is believed that with the help of spirits the shaman is able to cure patients and predict the future.[47]

In Tuva, shamanism peacefully coexists with Buddhism. Buddhism is associated with many folk rituals, calendar holidays, and folk medicines in Tuva. Centers of Buddhism in Tuva are Khuree – temples, temple complexes; the temple complex Tsechenling in Kyzyl is the residence of Khambo Lama, head of Buddhism in Tuva. Treasures of the old Slavonic culture in the Asian Tuva saved along with the values of other peoples – children's folklore ensemble "Oktay" from the city of Kyzyl in the course several ethnographic expeditions in the old believers ' settlements were able to collect an extensive collection of samples of ancient singing art.[47]

معرض الصور

توڤا توڤا توڤا
توڤا

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

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