غناء توڤا الحلقي

فرقة ألاش الموسيقية

غناء توڤا الحلقي Tuvan throat singing؛ خومـِيْ، هولين خور (بالمنغولية، ‘تناغم حلقي’)، أو الغناء الحلقي المنغولي هو نوع معين من overtone singing الممارَس في منغوليا ومنغوليا الداخلية وتوڤا وسيبيريا. في 2009، قـُيــِّد في قوائم التراث الثقافي غير الملموس لليونسكو، تحت اسم فن الغناء المنغولي، خومـِيْ.

The animistic world view of this region identifies the spirituality of objects in nature, not just in their shape or location, but in their sound as well. Thus, human mimicry of nature's sounds is seen as the root of throat singing. An example of this is the Mongolian story of the waterfall above the Buyant Göl (Deer River in Tuvan), where mysterious harmonic sounds are said to have attracted deer to bask in the waters, and where it is said harmonic sounds were first revealed to people. Indeed, the cultures in this part of Asia have developed many instruments and techniques to mimic the sounds of animals, wind, and water. While the cultures of this region share throat singing, their styles vary in breadth of development.

Ordinarily, melodies are created by isolating the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th and 12th partial in accordance with the harmonic series. Thus, if the fundamental frequency were C3, the overtones would be G5, B♭5, C6, D6, E6, G6. However, it is possible to reach as low as the 2nd and as high as the 24th. The fundamental pitch is typically around a G below middle C, and this affects the range of partials the singer can reach, with higher partials more easily reached on lower notes, and vice versa.

An illustration of the harmonic series in musical notation. The numbers above the harmonic indicate the number of cents difference from equal temperament (rounded to the nearest cent). Blue notes are flat and red notes are sharp.

The people of Tuva have a wide range of throat singing vocalizations, and were the pioneers of six pitch harmonics. There are several different classification schemes for Tuvan throat singing. In one, the three basic styles are khoomei, kargyraa and sygyt, while the sub-styles include borbangnadyr, chylandyk, dumchuktaar, ezengileer and kanzyp. In another, there are five basic styles: khoomei, sygyt, kargyraa, borbangnadyr and ezengileer. The substyles include chylandyk, despeng borbang, opei khoomei, buga khoomei, kanzyp, khovu kargyraazy, kozhagar kargyraazy, dag kargyraazy, Oidupaa kargyraazy, uyangylaar, damyraktaar, kishteer, serlennedyr and byrlannadyr. These schemes all use Tuvan terminology.

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 أمثلة

• Kargyraa
• Khoomei
• Sygyt
• Ezengileer
• Borbannadyr

 خوركتير

Khorekteer refers to the "chest voice". This is the voice that throat singers use when using khoomei, kargyraa, or any other harmonic-inducing style. The term can also be used to refer to all styles of Tuvan throat singing, much like khoomei. It can also refer to the feeling of chest resonance or pressure that one experiences when throat singing. Khorekteer is often used as a launching pad into the khoomei, sygyt, or kargyraa styles of throat singing.

 خومـِيْ

The most popular style of Tuvan throat singing is known as Khoomei (or Khöömei, in Cyrillic: Хөөмей). Khoomei is traditionally a softer sounding style, with the fundamental (or drone) usually in the low-mid to midrange of the singer's normal voice. In this style, usually 2 or 3 harmonics can be heard between one and two octaves above the fundamental. In Khoomei, the abdomen is fairly relaxed, and there is less tension on the larynx than in other styles. Pitch is manipulated through a combination of movements of the lips, throat, tongue or jaw.

Singing in this style gives the impression of wind swirling among rocks.

The term Khoomei is also used as a generic term to designate all throat singing techniques in this region.

 سوگوت

Sygyt (in Cyrillic: Сыгыт), literally 'whistling', has a midrange fundamental and is characterized by strong, flute-like or rather piercing harmonics, reminiscent of whistling. Also described as an imitation of the gentle breezes of summer, the songs of birds, the ideal sound for the harmonics is called Чистый звук—Russian for clear sound.

To perform Sygyt, the tongue rises and seals around the gums, just behind the teeth. A small hole is left back behind the molars, either on the left or right side. The sound is then directed between the teeth to the front of the mouth. The lips form a bell-like shape, usually with an “ee" vowel, and the sound is directed through this small opening. Pitch is manipulated exactly the same way as in khoomei style.

Arthur Miles was a 1920s Texan singer of cowboy songs. He is credited with independently creating a style of throat singing, similar to sygyt, as a supplement to the normal yodeling of Country Western music. Two recordings exist that are attributed to Arthur Miles. The recordings are the first and second parts of a tune titled "Lonely Cowboy".

 كرگورا

The more deep sounding style of throat singing is known as Kargyraa (in Cyrillic: Каргыраа). Kargyraa has a deep, almost growling sound to it and is technically related to Sardinian bass singing in Canto a Tenore choirs, and also to Tibetan Buddhist chant and has some similarities with the way Popeye's cartoon voice was created. It uses both the vocal and the vestibular folds (also known as "false vocal cords") simultaneously, creating two connected sources of sound.

By constricting the larynx, the vestibular folds can be brought together (adducted) and, under certain conditions, vibrate. It can produce an undertone exactly half the frequency of the fundamental produced by the vocal folds. Therefore, for each second vibration of the vocal folds, the vestibular fold completes a whole vibration cycle. While the larynx generates such rich sound, the mouth cavity may be shaped, just like in the manipulation of vowels, to select some particular harmonics, resulting in a sound that may be perceived as having different pitches simultaneously.

This vocal mechanism has been recently elucidated and shown to be identical to "sardinian bassu", which is one of the four voices of Sardinian "canto a tenore" choirs. It is also similar to the chant practiced in Tibet by the Gyuto monastery and other Buddhist orders.

There are two types of Kargyraa: Dag (mountain) and Xovu (steppe). The Dag style is deeper, while Xovu is raspier and sung at a higher pitch with more throat tension and less chest resonance. There are also the distinctive kargyraa styles of Vladimir Oidupaa and Albert Kuvezin, the latter also bearing the name kanzat. This is sometimes described as the howling winds of winter or the plaintive cries of a mother camel after losing her calf.

 المؤثرات والأنماط الأخرى

Of the following list, two effects that commonly employed in the khomeii, sygyt and kargyraa styles: Borbangnadyr and Ezengileer.

• Borbangnadyr (Борбаңнадыр) is a trill reminiscent of birds and traveling brooks, made by rapid movements of the tongue. Another effect that is usually added to this style is the light quivering of the lips,called "byrlang".
• Ezenggileer (Эзеңгилээр) is a pulsating style, attempting to mimic the rhythms of horseback riding. It is named after the Tuvan word for stirrup, ezengi.
• Chylandyk (Чыландык) is simultaneous Sygyt and Kargyraa. This creates an unusual sound of low undertones mixed with the high Sygyt whistle. It has also been described as the "chirping of crickets." A careful listener can further break down this style into Dag Chylandyk and Xovu Chylandyk.
• Dumchuktaar (Думчуктаар) could be best described as "throat humming". The singer creates a sound similar to sygyt using only the nasal passage. The word means to sing through the nose (dumchuk). The mouth does not need to be closed, but of course it demonstrates the point better.

 النساء في غناء توڤا الحلقي

فرقة توڤا كوزي

There were a few female throat singers in Tuva's history, though it was believed a woman performing throat singing could hurt her male relatives and cause her difficulties during childbirth. Choldak-Kara Oyun, the mother of the famous throat singer Soruktu Kyrgys and grandmother of the husband of famous Tuvan actress Kara-Kys Namzatovna Munzuk, throat sang throughout her life while milking her cows, singing lullabies to her children and sometimes while she was drinking Tuvan araga (fermented milk alcohol). Close relatives of famous singers, like Khunashtaar-ool's niece (in the 1960s) and Kombu's daughter (in the 1940s or 1950s), performed khoomei (throat singing) in public more than once. The wife of the throat singing shaman Bilek-ool from Manchurek, Aldinsova Tortoyavna, said that she has always sung khoomei "because it was innate to [her] from birth." She could not resist singing khoomei after she got married and had children, and sang khoomei in public in the 1950s and 1960s. But her sister, who also sang khoomei as a girl, gave up when others repeatedly reminded her of the supposed dangers.

In the Soviet era it was rare for women to perform on stage, except during Republican festivals. Valentina Salchak performed throat singing in public in 1979. Valentina Chuldum from Mongun-Taiga (1960- Autumn 2002) toured European countries as a throat singer in the early 1990s. With the start of the International Symposium of Khoomei women could sing publicly there.

توڤا كوزي (Тыва Кызы، تُنطق tyv) (بنات توڤا، باللغة التركية التوڤية)، تأسست في 1998، هي فرقة غناء شعبية نسائية تؤدي غناء توڤا الحلقي، وتديرها Choduraa Tumat. It is the first and only women's group in Tuva that performs all styles of Tuvan throat singing.

 في الثقافة الشعبية

David Lee Roth occasionally showcases a vocal style similar to Tuvan throat singing in the Van Halen II song "Somebody Get Me a Doctor", evidenced by his screams in the opening riff and second stanza, as well as a vocal train-whistle imitation in the bridge before Eddie Van Halen's guitar solo. This was a vocal technique which had rarely been used in popular rock music. An earlier instance occurred in the Canned Heat Hallelujah song "Get Off My Back," in which Bob Hite's voice is overlaid onto Alan Wilson's on the last line, "I'm Going."

In 2016, a band called The Hu was formed. Hailing from Mongolia, the band bled rock and heavy metal with traditional Mongolian instrumentation, including Mongolian throat singing and the Morin khuur (also known as the horsehead fiddle). The Hu calls their style of music "hunnu rock", hu being a Mongolian root word for "human".

In 2018, the band made its debut at Download Festival in Donington.

 انظر أيضاً

• Tyva Kyzy, a women's throat singing group in Tuva
• List of overtone musicians - chapter "Tuva"
• Tuvan artists on Tyvawiki
• Genghis Blues, a documentary about an American musician's trip to Tuva to compete in a throat singing contest.
• Inuit throat singing

 المراجع

ببليوگرافيا وللاستزادة

• Emory, Michael. Khomeii-How To's and Why's. 7 March 2007. http://www.fotuva.org/music/emory.html
• Fuks L., Hammarberg B. and Sundberg J. "A self-sustained vocal-ventricular phonation mode: acoustical, aerodynamic and glottographic evidences", KTH TMH-QPSR 3/1998, 49-59, Stockholm.
• Lindestad PA, Sodersten M, Merker B and Granqvist S. "Voice source characteristics in Mongolian throat singing studied with high-speed imaging technique, acoustic spectra, and inverse filtering". Journal of Voice, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 78–85, 2001
• Levin, Theodore C. and Michael Edgerton. The Throat Singers of Tuva. Scientific American. September 1999 Vol 81 Issue 3 P. 80
• Khoomei.com 7 March 2007. http://khoomei.com

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 وصلات خارجية

• Khoomei.com
• Michael Emory—tutorial on beginning throat singing.
• The Friends of Tuva—general information as well as links to artists and recordings
• A demonstration of throat singing (YouTube video)
• The Art of Tuva Throat Singing, On Point Radio, aired January 13, 2006
• Audio and video samples of Tuvan throat singing styles

1. تحويل قالب:موضوعات منغوليا