برگن

Coordinates: 60°23′22″N 5°19′48″E / 60.38944°N 5.33000°E / 60.38944; 5.33000
(تم التحويل من برجن)
هذا المقال عن المدينة في النرويج. إذا كنت تبحث عن البلدة الهولندية، انظر برگن، شمال هولندا. من أجل المقاطعة الأمريكية، انظر مقاطعة برگن، نيوجرزي. من أجل الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر برگن (توضيح).
Bergen
City and municipality
Bergen panorama at night - panoramio (1).jpg
BergenCityHallMay17.jpg
Old town, Bergen (50) (36347867051).jpg
Bergen 2013 06 15 2590.jpg
Bergen Sandviken, Norway at night.jpg
Fjordsteam 2018 (141836).jpg
علم Bergen
Flag
درع Bergen
Coat of arms
Bergen is located in Norway
Bergen
Bergen
Location of Bergen
Bergen is located in Vestland
Bergen
Bergen
Bergen (Vestland)
Bergen is located in أوروپا
Bergen
Bergen
Bergen (أوروپا)
الإحداثيات: 60°23′22″N 5°19′48″E / 60.38944°N 5.33000°E / 60.38944; 5.33000
Country النرويج
RegionWestern Norway
CountyVestland
DistrictMidhordland
MunicipalityBergen
Establishedbefore 1070
الحكومة
 • MayorMarit Warncke (H)
 • Governing mayorChristine B. Meyer (H)
المساحة
 • City and municipality464٫71 كم² (179٫43 ميل²)
 • البر444٫99 كم² (171٫81 ميل²)
 • الماء19٫72 كم² (7٫61 ميل²)  4.2%
 • الحضر
94٫03 كم² (36٫31 ميل²)
 • العمران
2٬755 كم² (1٬064 ميل²)
أعلى منسوب
987 m (3٬238 ft)
أوطى منسوب
0 m (0 ft)
التعداد
 (30 September 2023)
 • City and municipality291٬189 ▲
 • العمرانية
469٬238 ▲
صفة المواطنBergenser/Bergensar
GDP
[1]
 • Total€32.086 billion (2020)
Postal code
5003–5268 (P.O.box 5802–5899)
مفتاح الهاتف(+47) 5556
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.bergen.kommune.no
بلدية
Bergen kommune
درع Bergen Municipality Municipality
Coat of arms
البلدالنرويج
المقاطعةVestland
الناحيةMidhordland
تأسست1 January 1838
 • أنشئت كـFormannskapsdistrikt
مركز إداريBergen
اللغة الرسمية
[2]
 • صيغة النرويجيةمحايدة
ISO 3166 codeNO-4601
Data from Statistics Norway

برگن (Bergen ؛ no) هي مدينة وميناء يقع في جنوب غرب النرويج، على أحد الخلجان الصغيرة لبحر الشمال. تعد المدينة ثاني أكبر مدن النرويج وأحد أهم الموانئ بها. تأسست في حدود العام 1070 بواسطة أولاف الثالث من النرويج، وهي من أهم مدن النرويج منذ القرون الوسطى، كما كانت عاصمة النرويج بين القرنين 12 و 13 حتى عام 1299. في القرن الرابع عشر، سيطر تجار الرابطة الهانزية الألمان على تجارتها، واستمر ذلك حتى القرن السادس عشر. دمرت المدينة بواسطة الحريق في عدة مناسبات، أبرزها في عامي 1702 و 1916، ولكن سرعان ما تم إعادة إعمارها. يعتمد اقتصاد المدينة على صيد السمك وصناعة السفن و السياحة (( يوجد بها الكثير من المناطق السياحية وأهمها الميناء Bryggen و FLØIBANEN )). تشتهر برگن بوجود مباني قديمة جداً، ولا يسمح القانون بهدم أو تجديد أي مبنى يزيد عمره عن 100 عام.

عدد سكانها 250000 نسمة تقريباً. برجن هي مسقط رأس كل من إدڤارد گريگ وعازف الكمان أولي بل. حصلت على لقب أجمل مدينة من حيث نقاء هواءها

Trading in Bergen may have started as early as the 1020s. According to tradition, the city was founded in 1070 by King Olav Kyrre and was named Bjørgvin, 'the green meadow among the mountains'. It served as Norway's capital in the 13th century, and from the end of the 13th century became a bureau city of the Hanseatic League. Until 1789, Bergen enjoyed exclusive rights to mediate trade between Northern Norway and abroad, and it was the largest city in Norway until the 1830s when it was overtaken by the capital, Christiania (now known as Oslo). What remains of the quays, Bryggen, is a World Heritage Site. The city was hit by numerous fires over the years. The Bergen School of Meteorology was developed at the Geophysical Institute starting in 1917, the Norwegian School of Economics was founded in 1936, and the University of Bergen in 1946. From 1831 to 1972, Bergen was its own county. In 1972 the municipality absorbed four surrounding municipalities and became a part of Hordaland county.

The city is an international centre for aquaculture, shipping, the offshore petroleum industry and subsea technology, and a national centre for higher education, media, tourism and finance. Bergen Port is Norway's busiest in terms of both freight and passengers, with over 300 cruise ship calls a year bringing nearly a half a million passengers to Bergen,[3] a number that has doubled in 10 years.[4] Almost half of the passengers are German or British.[4] The city's main football team is SK Brann and a unique tradition of the city is the buekorps, which are traditional marching neighbourhood youth organisations. Natives speak a distinct dialect, known as Bergensk. The city features Bergen Airport, Flesland and Bergen Light Rail, and is the terminus of the Bergen Line. Four large bridges connect Bergen to its suburban municipalities.

Bergen has a mild winter climate, though with significant precipitation. From December to March, Bergen can, in rare cases, be up to 20 °C (36 °F) warmer than Oslo, even though both cities are at about 60° North. In summer however, Bergen is several degrees cooler than Oslo due to the same maritime effects. The Gulf Stream keeps the sea relatively warm, considering the latitude, and the mountains protect the city from cold winds from the north, north-east and east.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

التاريخ

For دليل زمني, see خط زمني لبرگن.
Hieronymus Scholeus's impression of Bergen. The drawing was made in about 1580 and was published in an atlas with drawings of many different cities (Civitaes orbis terrarum).[5]

The city of Bergen was traditionally thought to have been founded by king Olav Kyrre, son of Harald Hardråde in 1070 AD,[6] four years after the Viking Age in England ended with the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Modern research has, however, discovered that a trading settlement had already been established in the 1020s or 1030s.[7]

Bergen gradually assumed the function of capital of Norway in the early 13th century, as the first city where a rudimentary central administration was established. The city's cathedral was the site of the first royal coronation in Norway in the 1150s, and continued to host royal coronations throughout the 13th century. Bergenhus fortress dates from the 1240s and guards the entrance to the harbour in Bergen. The functions of the capital city were lost to Oslo during the reign of King Haakon V (1299–1319).

In the middle of the 14th century, North German merchants, who had already been present in substantial numbers since the 13th century, founded one of the four Kontore of the Hanseatic League at Bryggen in Bergen. The principal export traded from Bergen was dried cod from the northern Norwegian coast,[8] which started around 1100. The city was granted a monopoly for trade from the north of Norway by King Håkon Håkonsson (1217–1263).[9] Stockfish was the main reason that the city became one of North Europe's largest centres for trade.[9] By the late 14th century, Bergen had established itself as the centre of the trade in Norway.[10] The Hanseatic merchants lived in their own separate quarter of the town, where Middle Low German was used, enjoying exclusive rights to trade with the northern fishermen who each summer sailed to Bergen.[11] The Hansa community resented Scottish merchants who settled in Bergen, and on 9 November 1523 several Scottish households were targeted by German residents.[12] Today, Bergen's old quayside, Bryggen, is on UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites.[13]

A historic photochrom of Bergen near the end of the 19th century. Visible are Bergen Cathedral (Domkirken) in the bottom left corner, Holy Cross Church in the middle, the bay (Vågen) with its many boats and the Bergenhus Fortress to the right of the opening of Vågen.

In 1349, the Black Death was brought to Norway by an English ship arriving in Bergen.[14] Later outbreaks occurred in 1618, 1629 and 1637, on each occasion taking about 3,000 lives.[15] In the 15th century, the city was attacked several times by the Victual Brothers,[16] and in 1429 they succeeded in burning the royal castle and much of the city. In 1665, the city's harbour was the site of the Battle of Vågen, when an English naval flotilla attacked a Dutch merchant and treasure fleet supported by the city's garrison. Accidental fires sometimes got out of control, and one in 1702 reduced most of the town to ashes.[17]

Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, Bergen remained one of the largest cities in Scandinavia, and it was Norway's biggest city until the 1830s,[18] being overtaken by the capital city of Oslo. From around 1600, the Hanseatic dominance of the city's trade gradually declined in favour of Norwegian merchants (often of Hanseatic ancestry), and in the 1750s, the Kontor, or major trading post of the Hanseatic League, finally closed. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Bergen was involved in the Atlantic slave trade. Bergen-based slave trader Jørgen Thormøhlen, the largest shipowner in Norway, was the main owner of the slave ship Cornelia, which made two slave-trading voyages in 1673 and 1674 respectively; he also developed the city's industrial sector, particularly in the neighbourhood of Møhlenpris, which is named after him.[19] Bergen retained its monopoly of trade with northern Norway until 1789.[20] The Bergen stock exchange, the Bergen børs, was established in 1813.


التاريخ الحديث

Bergen was separated from Hordaland as a county of its own in 1831.[21] It was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). The rural municipality of Bergen landdistrikt was merged with Bergen on 1 January 1877. The rural municipality of Årstad was merged with Bergen on 1 July 1915.[22]

During World War II, Bergen was occupied on the first day of the German invasion on 9 April 1940, after a brief fight between German ships and the Norwegian coastal artillery. The Norwegian resistance movement groups in Bergen were Saborg, Milorg, "Theta-gruppen", Sivorg, Stein-organisasjonen and the Communist Party.[23] On 20 April 1944, during the German occupation, the Dutch cargo ship Voorbode anchored off the Bergenhus Fortress, loaded with over 120 tons of explosives, and blew up, killing at least 150 people and damaging historic buildings. The city was subject to some Allied bombing raids, aimed at German naval installations in the harbour. Some of these caused Norwegian civilian casualties numbering about 100.

Bergen is also well known in Norway for the Isdal Woman (نرويجية: Isdalskvinnen), an unidentified person who was found dead at Isdalen ("Ice Valley") on 29 November 1970.[24] The unsolved case encouraged international speculation over the years and it remains one of the most profound mysteries in recent Norwegian history.[25][26]

The rural municipalities of Arna, Fana, Laksevåg, and Åsane were merged with Bergen on 1 January 1972. The city lost its status as a separate county on the same date,[27] and Bergen is now a municipality, in the county of Vestland.

الحرائق

The city's history is marked by numerous great fires. In 1198, the Bagler faction set fire to the city in connection with a battle against the Birkebeiner faction during the civil war. In 1248, Holmen and Sverresborg burned, and 11 churches were destroyed. In 1413 another fire struck the city, and 14 churches were destroyed. In 1428 the city was plundered by the Victual Brothers, and in 1455, Hanseatic merchants were responsible for burning down Munkeliv Abbey. In 1476, Bryggen burned down in a fire started by a drunk trader. In 1582, another fire hit the city centre and Strandsiden. In 1675, 105 buildings burned down in Øvregaten. In 1686 another great fire hit Strandsiden, destroying 231 city blocks and 218 boathouses. The greatest fire in history was in 1702, when 90% of the city was burned to ashes. In 1751, there was a great fire at Vågsbunnen. In 1756, yet another fire at Strandsiden burned down 1,500 buildings, and further great fires hit Strandsiden in 1771 and 1901. In 1916, 300 buildings burned down in the city centre including the Swan pharmacy, the oldest pharmacy in Norway, and in 1955 parts of Bryggen burned down.

اسم المكان

Bergen is pronounced in English /ˈbɜːrɡən/ or /ˈbɛərɡən/ and in Norwegian [ˈbæ̀rɡn̩] ( استمع) (in the local dialect [ˈbæ̂ʁɡɛn]). The Old Norse forms of the name were Bergvin [ˈberɡˌwin] and Bjǫrgvin [ˈbjɔrɡˌwin] (and in Icelandic and Faroese the city is still called Björgvin). The first element is berg (n.) or bjǫrg (n.), which translates as 'mountain(s)'. The last element is vin (f.), which means a new settlement where there used to be a pasture or meadow. The full meaning is then "the meadow among the mountains".[28] This is a suitable name: Bergen is often called "the city among the seven mountains". It was the playwright Ludvig Holberg who felt so inspired by the seven hills of Rome, that he decided that his home town must be blessed with a corresponding seven mountains – and locals still argue which seven they are.

In 1918, there was a campaign to reintroduce the Norse form Bjørgvin as the name of the city. This was turned down – but as a compromise, the name of the diocese was changed to Bjørgvin bispedømme.[29]

الجغرافيا

Lyderhorn, one of de syv fjell.
Nordåsvannet, a fjord in Bergen.
انظر أيضاً: Geography of Norway
Historical population
YearPop.±%
16006٬454—    
176918٬827+191.7%
1951112٬910+499.7%
1960115٬848+2.6%
1970115٬738−0.1%
1980208٬910+80.5%
1990211٬826+1.4%
2000229٬496+8.3%
2010256٬413+11.7%
2020290٬407+13.3%
2030320٬555+10.4%
Source: Statistics Norway.[30][31] Note: The municipalities of Arna, Fana, Laksevåg and Åsane was merged with Bergen 1 January 1972.

الديمغرافيا

Country Inhabitants[32]
Total 26 489
Poland 2 741
Iraq 1 589
Vietnam 1 247
Chile 1 218
Sri Lanka 1 114
ألمانيا 1 049
Sweden 898
Somalia 893
المملكة المتحدة 877
Bosnia and Herzegovina 799
Denmark 675
Iran 659
تايلند 630
الهند 575
تركيا 569
روسيا 527
الولايات المتحدة 524
Philippines 520
Pakistan 417
China 416


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

أفق المدينة

View of the city centre with Torgallmenningen.
Panorama of the Hanseatic buildings of Bryggen


المناخ

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Avg high °C 3.6 4.0 5.9 9.1 14.0 16.8 17.6 17.4 14.2 11.2 6.9 4.7
Avg low temperature °C -0.4 -0.5 0.9 3.0 7.2 10.2 11.5 11.6 9.1 9.6 2.8 0.6
Mean Total Precipitation (mm) 190 152 170 114 106 132 148 190 283 271 259 235
Mean Number of Precipitation Days 21 17 19 17 17 16 18 19 23 24 22 22
Source: World Weather Information Service[33]

قالب:Climate chart convertible

المدن الشقيقة

Bergen is twinned with:[34]

المصادر

  1. ^ "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions". ec.europa.eu.
  2. ^ "Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  3. ^ Heggemsnes, Nils (26 September 2012). "Bergen Havn". Store norske leksikon (in النرويجية بوكمال). Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  4. ^ أ ب "Cruisestatistikk". Cruise (in النرويجية بوكمال). Port of Bergen. 2016. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  5. ^ Brekke, Nils Georg (1993). Kulturhistorisk vegbok Hordaland (in النرويجية). Bergen: Hordaland Fylkeskommune. ISBN 82-7326-026-7.
  6. ^ Elisabeth Farstad (2007). "Om kommunen" (in النرويجية بوكمال). Bergen kommune. Archived from the original on 5 October 2007. Retrieved 16 September 2007.
  7. ^ Hella, Asle (2004-06-07). "Bergens historie må skrives om". NRK (in النرويجية بوكمال).
  8. ^ Marguerite Ragnow (2007). "Cod". Retrieved 14 August 2007.
  9. ^ أ ب Tom R. Hjertholm (16 December 2013). "- Tørrfisken vender hjem". Bergensavisen.
  10. ^ Alf Ragnar Nielssen (1 January 1950). "Indigenous and Early Fisheries in North-Norway" (PDF). The Sea in European History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  11. ^ Anette Skogseth Clausen. "7. oktober 1754 – fra et hanseatisk kontor til et norsk kontor med hanseater" (in النرويجية بوكمال). Arkivverket. Archived from the original on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
  12. ^ Østby Pedersen, Nina (2005). "Scottish Immigration to Bergen in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". In Grosjean, Alexia; Murdoch, Steve (eds.). Scottish Communities Abroad in the Early Modern Period. Brill. pp. 136–168. doi:10.1163/9789047407157_010. ISBN 978-90-474-0715-7.
  13. ^ UNESCO (2007). "World Heritage List". Retrieved 14 August 2007.
  14. ^ Carl Hecker, Justus Friedrich (1833). The Black Death in the Fourteenth Century.
  15. ^ Knight, Charles, ed. (1847). The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge. Vol. III. London: Charles Knight. p. 211.
  16. ^ Downing Kendrick, Thomas (2004). A History of the Vikings. Courier Corporation. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-486-43396-7.
  17. ^ "The fire of 1702". kulturpunkt.org. Bergen City Museum. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  18. ^ "Innvandring 1600–2000, Arkivenes dag 2002" (in النرويجية بوكمال). Arkivverket. Archived from the original on 6 December 2002. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
  19. ^ Fossen, Anders Bjarne. "Jørgen Thormøhlen". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 21 October 2014.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  20. ^ Ivan Kristoffersen (2003). "Historien om Norge i nord" (in النرويجية). Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 28 March 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
  21. ^ "Distriktsinndeling og navn" (in النرويجية). Fornyings- og administrasjonsdepartementet. Archived from the original on 28 March 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2007.
  22. ^ Jukvam, Dag (1999). Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen (PDF) (in النرويجية). Statistisk sentralbyrå. ISBN 9788253746845.
  23. ^ Jenny Heggsvik; Lars Borgersrud; August Rathke; Egil Christophersen; Ole-Jacob Abraham. "Prosjektbeskrivelse for det historiske forskningsprosjektet SABORG I BERGEN". Archived from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  24. ^ NRK (21 November 2017). "The Isdalen Mystery". NRK (in النرويجية بوكمال). Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  25. ^ McCarthy, Marit Higraff and Neil (25 June 2019). "Death in Ice Valley: New clues in a Norwegian mystery" (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  26. ^ Tønder, Finn Bjørn (26 November 2002). "Viktig nyhet om Isdalskvinnen" [Important news about Isdal Woman]. Bergens Tidende (in النرويجية). Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  27. ^ Bergen Kommune (2007). "Styringssystemet i Bergen kommune" (PDF) (in النرويجية). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 14 August 2007.
  28. ^ Brekke, Nils Georg (1993). Kulturhistorisk vegbok Hordaland (in النرويجية). Bergen: Hordaland Fylkeskommune. p. 252. ISBN 82-7326-026-7.
  29. ^ "Bjørgvin bispedøme" (in النرويجية). Scandion.no. 2004. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2007.
  30. ^ "Microsoft Word - FOB-Hefte.doc" (PDF) (in (Norwegian)). Retrieved 2009-07-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  31. ^ "Tabell 6 Folkemengde per 1. januar, etter fylke og kommune. Registrert 2009. Framskrevet 2010-2030, alternativ MMMM" (in (Norwegian)). Ssb.no. Retrieved 2009-07-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  32. ^ "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents by country of birth1,(the 20 largest groups).Selected municipalities.1 January 2009". Statistics Norway. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
  33. ^ "World Weather Information Service - Bergen<!- Bot generated title ->". Worldweather.org. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
  34. ^ "International relations". Bergen kommune. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-12-04. Retrieved 11 September 2007.

وصلات خارجية

مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع [[commons: Category:Bergen

| Bergen

]].

قالب:Bergen قالب:Neighbourhoods of Bergen قالب:Vestland

قالب:Most populous metropolitan areas in Norway

الكلمات الدالة:
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=برگن&oldid=3976803"