مقاطعات النرويج
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الحكومة
البرلمان
الحكومات المحلية
السياسة الخارجية
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دول أخرى • أطلس بوابة السياسة |
تنقسك النرويج إلى 18 مقاطعة إدارية، تسمى counties (المفرد نرويجية: fylke، الجمع نرويجية: fylker (Bokmål) / fylke (Nynorsk) from Old Norse: fylki from the word "folk"); until 1918, they were known as amter. تشكل المقاطعات the first-level subdivisions of Norway and are further divided into 422 municipalities (kommune, pl. kommuner / kommunar). The island territories of Svalbard and Jan Mayen are outside the county division and ruled directly at the national level. العاصمة أوسلو تعتبر مقاطعة وبلدية في آنٍ واحد.
In 2017 the government decided to abolish the current counties and to replace them with fewer, larger administrative regions (regioner).[1]
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قائمة المقاطعات
Below is a list of the Norwegian counties, with their current administrative centres. Note that the counties are administered both by appointees of the national government and to a lesser extent by their own elected bodies. The county numbers are from the official numbering system ISO 3166-2:NO, which originally was set up to follow the coastline from the Swedish border in the southeast to the Russian border in the northeast, but with the numbering has changed with county mergers. The number 13, 16 and 17 were dropped, and the number 50 was added to account for changes over the years. The lack of a county number 13 is due to the city of Bergen no longer being its own county, and is unrelated to fear of the number 13.
- ^ Formerly used for Bergen county, merged into Hordaland on 1 January 1972
- ^ أ ب Formerly used for Nord-Trøndelag (#17) and Sør-Trøndelag (#16) counties, merged as Trøndelag on 1 January 2018
- ^ Steinkjer is the administrative centre, but the county mayor is seated in Trondheim. Steinkjer and Trondheim are sometimes named as co-capitals
الخريطة
Responsibilities and significance
Every county has two main organisations, both with underlying organisations.
- The county municipality (no: Fylkeskommune) has a county council (Norwegian: Fylkesting), whose members are elected by the inhabitants. The county municipality is responsible mainly for some medium level schools, public transport organisation, regional road planning, culture and some more areas.
- The county governor (no: Fylkesmannen) is an authority directly overseen by the Norwegian government. It surveills the municipalities and receive complaints from people over their actions. It also controls areas where the government needs local direct ruling outside the municipalities.
History
Fylke (1st period)
From the consolidation to a single kingdom, Norway was divided into a number of geographic regions that had its own legislative assembly or Thing, such as Gulating (Western Norway) and Frostating (Trøndelag). The second-order subdivision of these regions was into fylker, such as Egdafylke and Hordafylke. In 1914, the historical term fylke was brought into use again to replace the term amt introduced during the union with Denmark. Current day counties (fylker) often, but not necessarily, correspond to the historical areas.
Fylke in the 10th-13th centuries
| Counties (folkland) under the Borgarting, located in Viken with the seat at Sarpsborg:[2]
Counties (first three fylke, last two bilandskap) under the Eidsivating, located in Oplandene with the seat at Eidsvoll:[2]
Counties under the Gulating, located in Vestlandet with the seat at Gulen:[3]
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Counties under the Frostating, located in Trøndelag with the seat at Frosta:
Counties not attached to a thing: |
Finnmark (including northern Troms), the Faroe Islands, the Orkney Islands, Shetland, the Hebrides, Isle of Man, Iceland and Greenland were Norwegian skattland ("tax countries"), and did not belong to any known counties or assembly areas.
Syssel
Syssel in 1300
From the end of the 12th century, Norway was divided into several syssel. The head of the various syssel was the syslemann, who represented the king locally. The following shows a reconstruction of the different syssel in Norway c. 1300, including sub-syssel where these seem established.[4]
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Len
From 1308, the term len (plural len) in Norway signified an administrative region roughly equivalent to today's counties. The historic len was an important administrative entity during the period of Dano-Norwegian unification after their amalgamation as one state, which lasted for the period 1536[5]–1814.
At the beginning of the 16th century the political divisions were variable, but consistently included four main len and approximately 30 smaller sub-regions with varying connections to a main len. Up to 1660 the four principal len were headquartered at the major fortresses Bohus Fortress, Akershus Fortress, Bergenhus Fortress and the fortified city of Trondheim.[6] The sub-regions corresponded to the church districts for the Lutheran church in Norway.
Len in 1536
- Båhus len (later termed Bohuslän after Denmark-Norway ceded it to Sweden by the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658)
- Akershus len
- Trondheim len
- Bergenhus len (which included Northern Norway)
These four principal len were in the 1530s divided into approximately 30 smaller regions. From that point forward through the beginning of the 17th century the number of subsidiary len was reduced, while the composition of the principal len became more stable.[7]
Len in 1660
From 1660 Norway had nine principal len comprising 17 subsidiary len:
Len written as län continues to be used as the administrative equivalent of county in Sweden to this day. Each len was governed by a lenman.[8]
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Amt
With the royal decree of February 19, 1662, each len was designated an amt (plural amt) and the lenmann was titled amtmann, from German Amt (office), reflecting the bias of the Danish court of that period.[9]
Amt in 1671
After 1671 Norway was divided into four principal amt or stiftsamt and there were nine subordinate amt:
Amt in 1730
From 1730 Norway had the following amt:
At this time there were also two counties (grevskap) controlled by actual counts, together forming what is now Vestfold county:
Amt in 1760
In 1760 Norway had the following stiftamt and amt:[10]
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Fylke (2nd period)
From 1919 each amt was renamed a fylke (plural fylke(r)) (county) and the amtmann was now titled fylkesmann (county governor).
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Fylke (3rd period)
In 2017 the Norwegian government announced the merge of the existing 19 fylker into 11 fylkeskommuner (regions) by 2020. As a result, several government tasks will be transferred to the new regions.[12]
- New fylkeskommuner (regions)
- Troms og Finnmark (By merging Finnmark and Troms counties in 2020)
- Nordland (No change, same as Nordland county)
- Trøndelag (No change, same as Trøndelag county)
- Møre og Romsdal (No change, same as Møre og Romsdal county)
- Vestland (By merging Hordaland and Sogn og Fjordane counties in 2020)
- Rogaland (No change, same as Rogaland county)
- Agder (By merging Aust-Agder and Vest-Agder counties in 2020)
- Telemark og Vestfold (By merging Vestfold and Telemark counties in 2020)
- Innlandet (By merging Hedmark and Oppland counties in 2020)
- Viken (By merging Akershus, Buskerud, and Østfold counties in 2020)
- Oslo (No change, same as Oslo county)
انظر أيضاً
- Ranked list of Norwegian counties
- بلديات النرويج
- مناطق النرويج
- Traditional districts of Norway
- Metropolitan regions of Norway
- Subdivisions of the Nordic countries
- Lists of County Governors of Norway
المراجع
الهامش
- ^ "Dette er Norges nye regioner". vg.no. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ أ ب "Lagting og lagsogn frem til 1797". Borgarting lagmannsrett. Archived from the original on 2013-02-14.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Frå lagting til allting". Gulatinget. Archived from the original on 2015-04-09.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Danielsen (et al.), 1991, p. 77
- ^ Christian III, king of Denmark-Norway, carried out the Protestant Reformation in Norway in 1536.
- ^ Kavli, Guthorm (1987). Norges festninger. Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 82-00-18430-7.
- ^ Len on Norwegian Wiki site
- ^ Jesperson, Leon (Ed.) (2000). A Revolution from Above? The Power State of 16th and 17th Century Scandinavia. Odense University Press. ISBN 87-7838-407-9.
- ^ Amt at Norwegian Wiki site
- ^ Danielsen (et al.), 1991, p. 153
- ^ "Fylkespolitikerne sier ja til Trøndelag fylke" (in Norwegian). NRK. Archived from the original on 2016-08-28.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ moderniseringsdepartementet, Kommunal- og (7 July 2017). "Regionreform". Regjeringen.no. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
ببليوگرافيا
- Danielsen, Rolf; Dyrvik, Ståle; Grønlie, Tore; Helle, Knut; Hovland, Edgar (2007) [1991]. Grunntrekk i norsk historie (1 ed.). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 978-82-00-21273-7.
مقاطعات النرويج | ||
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Akershus • Aust-Agder • Buskerud • Finnmark • Hedmark • Hordaland • Møre og Romsdal • Nordland • Nord-Trøndelag • Oppland • أوسلو • Østfold • Rogaland • Sogn og Fjordane • Sør-Trøndelag • Telemark • Troms • Vest-Agder • Vestfold |  | |