شنجن (الصين)

(تم التحويل من شينتشين)
شنجن
مدينة تحت المقاطعة
مع عقارب الساعة من أعلى: أفق مديرية لووهو مع KK100 و Shun Hing Square في الوسط، ناطحات السحاب على امتداد Shennan Road بما فيها China Merchants Bank Tower و East Pacific Center، ووسط مديرية نان‌شان، وأفق فوتيان كما يبدو من Shenzhen Bay Park، ومشهد من Dapeng Fortress ووسط فوتيان كما تظهر من Lianhuashan Park
مع عقارب الساعة من أعلى: أفق مديرية لووهو مع KK100 و Shun Hing Square في الوسط، ناطحات السحاب على امتداد Shennan Road بما فيها China Merchants Bank Tower و East Pacific Center، ووسط مديرية نان‌شان، وأفق فوتيان كما يبدو من Shenzhen Bay Park، ومشهد من Dapeng Fortress ووسط فوتيان كما تظهر من Lianhuashan Park
موقع شن‌ژن في مقاطعة گوانگ‌دونگ في الصين
موقع شن‌ژن في مقاطعة گوانگ‌دونگ في الصين
شنجن (الصين) is located in الصين
شنجن (الصين)
الموقع في الصين
الإحداثيات: 22°33′N 114°06′E / 22.550°N 114.100°E / 22.550; 114.100
البلدFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg الصين
المقاطعةگوانگ‌دونگ
التقسيمات على مستوى الناحية6
تأسيس SEZ1 مايو 1980
الحكومة
 • النوعمدينة تحت مقاطعة
 • أمين لجنة الحزب الشيوعي الصينيما شين‌گروي
 • العمدةشو چين
المساحة
 • مدينة تحت المقاطعة2٬020 كم² (780 ميل²)
 • الحضر
395٫81 كم² (152٫82 ميل²)
المنسوب
25 m (82 ft)
التعداد
 (2014)
 • مدينة تحت المقاطعة10٬778٬900
 • الكثافة5٬300/km2 (14٬000/sq mi)
 • Urban
10٬630٬000
 • الكثافة الحضرية27٬000/km2 (70٬000/sq mi)
 • القوميات الرئيسية
هان
منطقة التوقيتUTC+8 (توقيت الصين القياسي)
مفتاح الهاتف755
GDP2015[1]
 - الإجمالي1.750 تريليون يوان صيني
266.09 بليون دولار
 - للفرد164,664 يوان صيني
25,038 دولار
 - النمو▲ 8.9%
سابقات لوحات السيارات粤B
الموقع الإلكتروني(إنگليزية) sz.gov.cn
هذه المقالة تحتوي نص صيني. بدون دعم عرض مناسب، فقد ترى علامات استفهام، مربعات، أو رموز أخرى بدلاً من الحروف الصينية.
شنجن
Shenzhen in Chinese.png
"Shenzhen"، كما تُكتب بالصينية
الصينية深圳
JyutpingSam1 zan3
Cantonese Yalesāmjan
Hanyu PinyinShēnzhèn
المعنى الحرفيالمصارف العميقة

شن‌ژن أو شنجن (بالصينية: 深圳 = Shēnzhèn) هي مدينة كبرى في مقاطعة گوانگ‌دونگ بجنوب الصين، بالقرب مباشرة شمال هونگ كونگ. وقد أصبحت المنطقة أول وأحد أنجح المناطق الاقتصادية الخاصة في الصين. وتحظى ادارياً بوضع مدينة تحت المقاطعة، بسلطات أقل قليلاً من مقاطعة.[2]

كانت شن‌ژن بلدة سوق بتعداد 30,000 نسمة على جانب سكة حديد كاولون-كانتون. وقد تغير ذلك في 1979 حين تقرر ترقية شن‌ژن إلى وضع مدينة وفي 1980 أُعلِنت أول منطقة اقتصادية خاصة (SEZ) في الصين.[3] وحسب تقرير الحكومة في 2015، فإن شن‌ژن تحولت إلى مدينة بتعداد 10,778,900[4] ويزيد تعداد المنطقة العمرانية عن 18 مليون. وكانت شن‌ژن أسرع مدن العالم نمواً في عقدي 1990 و 2000.[5] ارتفاع تعداد السكان تباطأ إلى أقل من واحد في المائة في عام 2013 مع انتهاء فورة التصنيع ليحل محلها قطاعات اقتصادية أخرى.[6]

خط الأفق المعاصر لشن‌ژن هو نتيجة الاقتصاد النابض بالنشاط والذي لم يكن ممكنا بدون استثمارات أجنبية منذ اعلان سياسة "الاصلاح والانفتاح" التي أسست المناطق الاقتصادية الخاصة في أواخر 1979، وقبل ذلك كانت شن‌ژن مجرد قرية صغيرة. وقد استثمر الصينيون والأجانب أموالاً طائلة فيها، تُقدر بنحو 30 بليون دولار، ذهب معظمها في البداية إلى التصنيع ومؤخراً امتدت إلى صناعة الخدمات كذلك. وتُعتبر شن‌ژن حالياً أحد أسرع المدن نمواً في العالم.[7]

ولكونها المركز المالي لجنوب الصين، فإن شن‌ژن هي مقر بورصة شن‌ژن للأوراق المالية، كما أنها مقر العديد من شركات التكنولوجيا المتقدمة.[8] وتحظى شن‌ژن بالترتيب التاسع عشر في نسخة عام 2016 من مؤشر المراكز المالية العالمية الذي تنشره Z/Yen Group و مركز قطر المالي.[9] كما أن شن‌ژن هي أحد أزحم موانئ الحاويات في الصين.[10]

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أصل الاسم

The earliest known recorded mention of the name chen could date from 1410, during the Ming Dynasty.[11] Locals call the drains in paddy fields "Zhen" (صينية: 圳؛ حرفياً: 'ditch, drain'�). Shenzhen was named after a deep (صينية: 深؛ حرفياً: 'deep'�) drain that was located within the area."[12][13]


التاريخ

انظر أيضاً: Bao'an County and Nantou (historic town)

قبل التاريخ إلى عهد مينگ

The oldest evidence of humans in the area on which Shenzhen was established dates back during the mid-Neolithic period.[14][15] Since then, this area has seen human activity from more than 6,700 years ago, with Shenzhen's historic counties first established 1,700 years ago, and the historic towns of Nantou and Dapeng, which was built on the area that is now Shenzhen, established more than 600 years ago.[16] The Hakka people also have a history in Shenzhen since 300 years ago when they first immigrated.

In 214 BC, when Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified China under the Qin Dynasty, the area went under the jurisdiction of the established Nanhai Commandery, one of the three commanderies that were set up in Lingnan, and was assimilated into Zhongyuan culture.[17] In 331 AD, the Eastern Jin administration split up Nanhai and established a new Dongguan Commandery (zh) (东官郡).[18] The seat of both the commandery and Bao'an County, one of its six counties, was located around the modern town of Nantou. In 590, the Sui administration merged the region back into Nanhai. In 757, the Tang administration renamed the county Dongguan, and moved its seat to what is now Dongguan city, although a military garrison remained.[17]

During the Song Dynasty, Nantou and the surrounding area became an important trade hub for salt and spices in the South China Sea.[17][19] The area then became known for producing pearls during the Yuan Dynasty. In the early Ming era, Chinese sailors of a fleet would go to a Mazu temple in Chiwan (in present-day Nanshan District) to pray as they go to Nanyang (Southeast Asia). The Battle of Tunmen, when the Ming won a naval battle against invading Portuguese, was fought south of Nantou.[20] In 1573, the Ming administration established Xin'an County, based in Nantou, which had authority over regions that would be Shenzhen and Hong Kong. Xin'an County's economy primarily was based on the production and trade of salt, tea, spices, and rice.

عهد تشينگ إلى ع1940

To prevent a rebellion from Ming loyalists under Zheng Chenggong, better known as Koxinga, on the Chinese coast, the recently established Qing administration resettled coastal residents inland and re-organized coastal counties.[17] As a result, Xin'an County lost two-thirds of its territory to the neighboring Dongguan County and was later incorporated into Dongguan in 1669, though Xin'an was restored about 15 years later, in 1684. After the Qing dynasty was defeated by the United Kingdom in the First and Second Opium Wars, Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula were separated from Xin'an and ceded to the British in the Treaty of Nanking and the Convention of Peking. On 21 April 1898, the Qing government signed a "Special Article for the Exhibition of Hong Kong's Borders" with the United Kingdom, and leased the New Territories from Xin'an to the United Kingdom for 99 years. Xin'an was briefly occupied by a British force under the command of Henry Arthur Blake, the governor of Hong Kong, for half a year in 1899.[21] From the 3,076 square kilometres (1,188 sq mi) of territory that Xin'an held before the treaties, 1,055.61 square kilometres (407.57 sq mi) of the county was ceded to the British.[18]

The opening of Shenzhen railway station, October 1911

In response to the Wuchang Uprising in 1911, Xin'an residents rebelled against the local Qing administration and successfully overthrew them.[22] In the same year the Chinese section of the Kowloon–Canton Railway (KCR) was opened to the public, and the last stop of the Chinese side, Shenzhen Railway Station, had opened in Shenzhen, helping the town's economy and opened Shenzhen up to the world.[21][23] In 1913, the Republic of China administration renamed Xin'an County back to Bao'an County to prevent confusion from another county of the same name in Henan Province.[17] During the Canton–Hong Kong strike, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions set up a reception station for strike workers in Hong Kong in Shenzhen.[24] Strike workers were also given pickets and armored vehicles by the strike committee to create a blockade around Hong Kong. In 1931, Chen Jitang and his family established several casinos in Shenzhen, the largest of which being Shumchun Casino.[25] While only in operation until 1936, they significantly increased KCR's passenger traffic to and from Shenzhen.

During World War II, the Japanese occupied Shenzhen and Nantou,[17] forcing the Bao'an County government to relocate to the neighboring Dongguan County.[26][27] In 1941, the Japanese army tried to cross into Hong Kong through the Lo Wu Bridge in Shenzhen, though this was detonated by the British, preventing the Japanese from entering Hong Kong.[28] When Japan surrendered in September 1945, the Bao'an County government moved back to Nantou.

ع1950 إلى 1975

In 1953, four years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Bao'an County government decided to move to Shenzhen, since the town was closer to the KCR and had a larger economy than Nantou.[17] From the 1950s to the end of the 1970s, Shenzhen and the rest of Bao'an County oversaw a huge influx of refugees trying to escape to Hong Kong from the upheavals that were occurring in mainland China, and a range from 100,000[29] to 560,000[30] refugees resided in the county.

In January 1978, a Central Inspection Team sent by the State Council investigated and established the issue of creating a foreign trade port in Bao'an County.[31] In May, the investigation team wrote the "Hong Kong and Macao Economic Investigation Report" and proposed to turn Bao'an County and Zhuhai into commodity export bases. In August 1978, the Huiyang District Committee reported to the Provincial Committee on the "Report on the Request for the Change of Bao'an County to Shenzhen". On 18 October, the Standing Committee of the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee decided to change Bao'an County into Bao'an City and to turn it into a medium-level prefecture-level city with a foreign trade base. The Huiyang District Committee and the Bao'an County Committee, however, defended the change to rename Bao'an County to Shenzhen, claiming that people in the world know more about Shenzhen and its port than they know about Bao'an County.

On 23 January 1979, the Guangdong provincial administration and the district of Huiyang announced their proposal to rename Bao'an County to Shenzhen and was approved and put into effect by the State Council on March 5 of that year.[31] Also, the city would establish six districts: Luohu, Nantou, Songgang, Longhua, Longgang and Kuiyong. On 31 January 1979, the Central Committee of the Communist Party approved a plan to establish the Shekou Industrial Zone in Shenzhen with the purpose "to lead domestic, overseas, and diversified operations, industrial and commercial integration, and trading" based on the systems of that of Hong Kong and Macau.[32] The Shekou Industrial Zone project was led by Hong Kong-based China Merchants Group under Yuan Geng's leadership and was to become the first export processing industrial zone in mainland China.

At the beginning of April 1979, the Standing Committee of Guangdong Province discussed and proposed to the Central Committee to set up a "trade cooperation zone" in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, and Shantou.[31] In the same month, the Central Working Conference decided on the "Regulations on Vigorously Developing Foreign Trade to Increase Foreign Exchange Income" and agreed to pilot the first special economic zones (SEZ) in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, and Xiamen.[33] In November, Shenzhen was elevated to the status of prefecture-level city at the regional level by the Guangdong provincial administration.[22]

المنطقة الاقتصادية الخاصة (ع1980–الحاضر)

Billboards of high-rise construction in Shenzhen, 1982

In May 1980, the Central Committee designated Shenzhen as the first SEZ in China,[17][34] which was promoted by then-paramount leader Deng Xiaoping as part of China's "reform and opening-up" reforms which were set up a year previously.[35] Its objective is to be an experimental ground for the practice of market capitalism within a community guided by the ideals of "socialism with Chinese characteristics".[36][37][38] On 26 August, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC) approved the "Regulations of the Guangdong Special Economic Zone."[39] Under these regulations, Shenzhen formulated a series of preferential policies to attract foreign investment, including business autonomy, taxation, land use, foreign exchange management, product sales, and entry and exit management. Through the processing of incoming materials, compensation trade, joint ventures, cooperative operations, sole proprietorship, and leasing, the city has attracted a large amount of foreign investment and helped popularize and enable rapid development of the SEZ concept.

In March 1981, Shenzhen was promoted to a sub-provincial city.[14][17] There were plans for Shenzhen to develop its currency, but the plans were shelved due to the risk and the disagreement that a country should not be operating with two currencies.[40] To enforce law and order in the city, the Shenzhen government erected barbed wire and checkpoints between the land borders of the main sections of the SEZ and the SEZ outskirts, as well as the rest of China, in 1983, which was known as the second line border (صينية: 二线关�).[41][42] In November 1988, Shenzhen became a city under separate state planning (zh) (计划单列市�), meaning that the city can implement policies that are different from those in the national plan, and was given the right of provincial-level economic administration.

Futian CBD in the spring of 1998 from Lianhuashan Park
Futian CBD from Lianhuashan Park in 2018. After 20 years of growth.

In December 1990, under the authority of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the Shenzhen Stock Exchange was established to provide a platform for centralized securities trading.[43] In February 1992, the Standing Committee of the NPC granted the government of Shenzhen the power to make local laws and regulations.[13] In 1996 and early 1997, the Shenzhen Guesthouse Hotel in Shenzhen was home to the Provisional Legislative Council and Provisional Executive Council of Hong Kong in preparation for the handover of Hong Kong in 1997.[44][45] By 2001, as a result of Shenzhen's increasing economic prospects, increasing numbers of migrants from mainland China chose to go to Shenzhen and stay there instead of trying to illegally cross into Hong Kong.[46] There were 9,000 captured border-crossers in 2000, while the same figure was 16,000 in 1991. Around the same time, Shenzhen hosted the second Senior Officials' Meeting of APEC China 2001 on 26 May 2001 in its southern manufacturing center and port.[47] In May 2008, the State Council approved the Shenzhen SEZ to promote Shenzhen's administrative management system, economic system, social field, independent innovation system and mechanism, system and mechanism for opening up and regional cooperation, and resource conservation and environmental friendliness.[48]

On 1 July 2010, the State Council dissolved the "second line," and expanded the Shenzhen SEZ to include all districts, a five-fold increase over its pre-expansion size.[49] On 26 August 2010, on the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the Shenzhen SEZ, the State Council approved the "Overall Development Plan for Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone."[50] In August 2011, the city hosted the 26th Universiade, an international multi-sport event organized for university athletes.[51] In April 2015, the Shekou Industrial Zone and the Qianhai Zone were integrated within the newly established Guangdong Free-Trade Zone.[52]

On 18 August 2019, the central government in Beijing unveiled reform plans covering economical, social, and political sectors of Shenzhen, intending to have the SEZ be a model city for cities in China and the world to follow.[53]


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الجغرافيا

The urban area of Shenzhen in 2005, with the New Territories of Hong Kong can be seen in the bottom. Notice the land reclamation in the western parts of the city left of Shenzhen Bay. The land in the future would result in the rise of the Nanshan District's cityscape for the next ten years.

Shenzhen is located within the Pearl River Delta, bordering Hong Kong to the south, Huizhou to the north and northeast, Dongguan to the north and northwest. Lingdingyang and Pearl River to the west and Mirs Bay to the east and roughly 100 kilometres (62 mi) southeast of the provincial capital of Guangzhou. As of the end of 2017, the resident population of Shenzhen was 12,528,300, of which the registered population was 4,472,200, the actual administrative population was over 20 million.[54] It makes up part of the Pearl River Delta built-up area with 44,738,513 inhabitants, spread over 9 municipalities (including Macau). The city is elongated measuring 81.4 kilometers from east to west while the shortest section from north to south is 10.8 kilometers.

Over 160 rivers or channels flow through Shenzhen. There are 24 reservoirs within the city limits with a total capacity of 525 million tonnes.[55] Notable rivers in Shenzhen include the Shenzhen River, Maozhou River and Longgang River.[56]

Shenzhen is surrounded by many islands. Most of them fall under the territory of neighbouring areas such as Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Huiyang District, Huizhou. But there are several islands under Shenzhen's jurisdiction, such as Nei Lingding Island, Dachan Island (Tai Shan Island), Xiaochan Island, Mazhou, Laishizhou, Zhouzai and Zhouzaitou. (See List of islands in Shenzhen)

المناخ

Although Shenzhen is situated about a degree south of the Tropic of Cancer, due to the Siberian anticyclone it has a warm, monsoon-influenced, humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) though it is fairly close to a Tropical one. Winters are mild and relatively dry, due in part to the influence of the South China Sea, and frost is very rare; it begins dry but becomes progressively more humid and overcast. However, fog is most frequent in winter and spring, with 106 days per year reporting some fog. Early spring is the cloudiest time of year, and rainfall begins to dramatically increase in April; the rainy season lasts until late September to early October. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 27 percent in March to 53 percent in October, the city receives 1,853 hours of bright sunshine annually.

شن‌ژن
جدول طقس (التفسير)
يفمأمييأسأند
 
 
26
 
20
13
 
 
48
 
20
14
 
 
70
 
23
17
 
 
154
 
26
20
 
 
237
 
30
24
 
 
347
 
31
26
 
 
320
 
32
26
 
 
354
 
32
26
 
 
254
 
31
25
 
 
63
 
29
23
 
 
35
 
25
18
 
 
27
 
22
14
متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °س
إجمالي الهطل - مم
المصدر: Shenzhen Meteorological Bureau 1981–2010 normals



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تطورها

قبل 1980 كانت المدينة تسمي "باو آن"، لم يتجاور عدد سكانها الـ20 ألفا وكان نشاطها مقتصرا على الصيد. تحولت المدينة بعدها وشكلت امتدادا لجزيرة "هونگ كونگ". منذ أن أصبحت منطقة إقتصادية خاصية أخذت في التوسع كل يوم. تحظى بموقع استراتيجي، في الوسط الجغرافي بين "هونگ كونگ" و"گوانگ‌ژو" (عاصمة المقاطعة)، المكان الأمثل لإنشاء صناعات حديثة. تزدهر فيها الصناعات الخفيفة كإنتاج التحف الفنية والصناعات التقليدية، المنسوجات، الأدوية ومواد لبناء. كما تمد "شين‌تشين" "هونگ كونگ" بحاجياتها من مياه الشرب والمواد الغذائية.

أفق المدينة

أعلى مبنى في شن‌ژن، ميدان شون هينگ.

المنطقة الاقتصادية

تقع على الحدود مع "هونگ كونگ"، يمر عبرها خط السكة الحديدية الواصل بين "گوانگ‌ژو" و"هونگ كونگ". أصبحت المدينة وضواحيها عام 1981 أول منطقة إقتصادية خاصة في جمهورية الصين الشعبية. قامت الحكومة الصينية بإنشاء هذه المناطق لفتح إقتصاد البلاد على الإستثمارات الخارجية. تقترح هذ المناطق على المستثمرين مزايا ضريبية هامة، والضرائب فيها أقل من تلك المعمول فيها في باقي أرجاء الصين، كما تتوافد إليها اليد العاملة الرخيصة.

نموذج البيت الأبيض مصغر بمقياس 1:15 في متنزه تسلية في شن‌ژن.


الأقسام الإدارية

شن ژن هي مدينة تحت المقاطعة. ولها سلطة إدارية مباشرة على ست مديريات.

الاسم الحروف الصينية (هان‌زي) هانيو پن‌ين
المديريات
لووهو 罗湖区 Luóhú Qū
فوتيان 福田区 Fútián Qū
نان‌شان 南山区 Nánshān Qū
يان‌تيان 盐田区 Yántián Qū
باوآن 宝安区 Bǎo'ān Qū
لونگ‌گانگ 龙岗区 لونگ‌گانگ تشو


الطقس

متوسطات الطقس لشن‌ژن
شهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر
متوسط العظمى °م (°ف) 20 (68) 20 (68) 22 (72) 26 (79) 29 (84) 31 (88) 32 (90) 32 (90) 31 (88) 29 (84) 25 (77) 21 (70)
متوسط الصغرى °م (°ف) 13 (55) 13 (55) 16 (61) 20 (68) 24 (75) 26 (79) 26 (79) 26 (79) 25 (77) 22 (72) 18 (64) 14 (57)
هطول الأمطار mm (بوصة) 21 (0.8) 33 (1.3) 45 (1.8) 113 (4.4) 159 (6.3) 238 (9.4) 252 (9.9) 282 (11.1) 166 (6.5) 41 (1.6) 22 (0.9) 21 (0.8)
المصدر: per MSN 2008


مدن شقيقة

شن‌ژن متوأمة مع:[57][58][59]

تشريعات قانونية

‏‏بدأ الصينيون يدركون مخاطر تناول أي حيوان يرونه، ففي قرار تاريخي أقرت ‏مدينة شن‌ژن الصينية فرض حظراً على اكل الكلاب و القطط بدءاً من 1 مايو عام 2020 المقبل . قانونا يمنع تناول لحوم الكلاب والقطط، وسط محاولات علمية حثيثة للتوصل إلى المصدر الذي نقل فيروس كورونا من الحيوانات البرية إلى البشر.[64]

المصادر

  1. ^ "Shenzhen's GDP per capita reached 149.5 thousand Yuan in 2014 which ranked the first among all sub-provincial cities" (in Chinese). China Economics.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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