دارمشتات
دارمشتات | |
|---|---|
 Central Darmstadt in January 2005 | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
موقع دارمشتات ضمن Hessen  | |
  دارمشتات  دارمشتات | |
| الإحداثيات: 49°52′20″N 8°39′10″E / 49.87222°N 8.65278°E | |
| البلد | ألمانيا |
| الولاية | هسه |
| Admin. region | Darmstadt |
| District | Urban district |
| التقسيمات | 9 boroughs |
| الحكومة | |
| • Lord Mayor | Jochen Partsch (Alliance '90/The Greens) |
| المساحة | |
| • الإجمالي | 122٫23 كم² (47٫19 ميل²) |
| المنسوب | 144 m (472 ft) |
| التعداد (2015-09-30) | |
| • الإجمالي | 153٬166 |
| • الكثافة | 1٬300/km2 (3٬200/sq mi) |
| منطقة التوقيت | CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) |
| Postal codes | 64283–64297 |
| Dialling codes | 06151, 06150 |
| لوحة السيارة | DA |
| الموقع الإلكتروني | www.darmstadt.de |
دارمشتات (Darmstadt ؛ /ˈdɑːrmstæt/, also UK /ʔʃtæt/, الأمريكي /ʔstɑːt,_ʔʃtɑːt/,[2][3][4] ألمانية: [ˈdaʁmʃtat] (
listen)) هي مدينة تقع في ولاية هسن الألمانية. بلغ عدد سكانها في نهاية 2016 ما يناهز 157,437 نسمة.[1] The Darmstadt Larger Urban Zone has 430,993 inhabitants.[5]
_Panorama.jpg)
Darmstadt holds the official title "City of Science" (ألمانية: Wissenschaftsstadt) as it is a major centre of scientific institutions, universities, and high-technology companies. The European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) and the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) are located in Darmstadt, as well as GSI Centre for Heavy Ion Research, where several chemical elements such as bohrium (1981), meitnerium (1982), hassium (1984), darmstadtium (1994), roentgenium (1994), and copernicium (1996) were discovered.[6] The existence of the following elements were also confirmed at GSI Centre for Heavy Ion Research: nihonium (2012), flerovium (2009), moscovium (2012), livermorium (2010), and tennessine (2012).[7] The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) is an international accelerator facility under construction. Darmstadt is also the seat of the world's oldest pharmaceutical company, Merck, which is the city's largest employer.
Darmstadt was formerly the capital of a sovereign country, the Grand Duchy of Hesse and its successor, the People's State of Hesse, a federal state of Germany. As the capital of an increasingly prosperous duchy, the city gained some international prominence and remains one of the wealthiest cities in Europe.[8] In the 20th century, industry (especially chemicals), as well as large science and electronics (later information technology) sectors became increasingly important, and are still a major part of the city's economy. It is also home to the football club SV Darmstadt 98.
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التاريخ
العصر الصناعي
بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية
| أكبر الجاليات الأجنبية[9] | |
| الجنسية | التعداد (2015) |
|---|---|
 تركيا |
4,796 |
 إيطاليا |
2,123 |
 پولندا |
1,642 |
 الهند |
1,258 |
 الصين |
1,003 |
 المغرب |
954 |
 إسپانيا |
771 |
 الپرتغال |
567 |
المناخ
| Climate data for دارمشتات | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15 (59) |
17 (63) |
24 (75) |
29 (84) |
31 (88) |
35 (95) |
35 (95) |
38 (100) |
30 (86) |
26 (79) |
18 (64) |
15 (59) |
38 (100) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5 (41) |
7 (45) |
11 (52) |
15 (59) |
20 (68) |
23 (73) |
25 (77) |
25 (77) |
20 (68) |
14 (57) |
8 (46) |
5 (41) |
15 (59) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.4 (34.5) |
2.1 (35.8) |
5.9 (42.6) |
9.7 (49.5) |
14.3 (57.7) |
17.3 (63.1) |
19.3 (66.7) |
18.7 (65.7) |
14.5 (58.1) |
10 (50) |
5.3 (41.5) |
2.2 (36.0) |
10.1 (50.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −1 (30) |
1 (34) |
3 (37) |
6 (43) |
11 (52) |
13 (55) |
15 (59) |
15 (59) |
11 (52) |
7 (45) |
4 (39) |
1 (34) |
7 (45) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −14 (7) |
−12 (10) |
−10 (14) |
−4 (25) |
1 (34) |
3 (37) |
6 (43) |
7 (45) |
2 (36) |
−4 (25) |
−8 (18) |
−11 (12) |
−14 (7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 55 (2.2) |
53 (2.1) |
66 (2.6) |
49 (1.9) |
76 (3.0) |
67 (2.6) |
75 (3.0) |
66 (2.6) |
63 (2.5) |
66 (2.6) |
63 (2.5) |
66 (2.6) |
765 (30.1) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 47 | 80 | 120 | 176 | 208 | 214 | 232 | 218 | 158 | 103 | 50 | 37 | 1٬643 |
| Source: Daily mean / Avg. precipitation / Mean sunshine hours (1981 - 2010), DWD[10] | |||||||||||||
أبرز سكانها
- Justus Freiherr von Liebig (1803 – 1873) was born in Darmstadt, a German chemist who made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry, and was considered the founder of organic chemistry
- Christoph Graupner (1683–1760), composer and Hofkapellmeister (chapel master) at the court of Hesse-Darmstadt from 1711 to 1754
- Friedrich von Flotow (1812–1883), opera composer, died in Darmstadt.
- Georg Büchner (1813–1837), 19th-century dramatist, poet and revolutionist
- Carl Amand Mangold (1813–1889), composer and conductor
- Friedrich August Kekulé (1829–1896), prominent 19th-century organic chemist, and the principal founder of the theory of chemical structure
- Eugen Bracht (1842-1921), German artist
- Karl Wolfskehl (1869-1948), poet, editor and translator
- Alexandra Feodorovna (1872–1918), Russian Empress, born as Alix of Hesse, married Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
- Anton Köllisch (1888–1916), German chemist who first synthesized MDMA (known as "ecstasy")
- Beno Gutenberg (1889–1960), German-American seismologist
- Karl-Otto Koch (1897–1945), commandant of the Nazi concentration camps at Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen
- Josef Ganz (1898–1967), automotive engineer and pioneer, studied at the Technical University of Darmstadt
- Heinrich von Brentano (1904–1964), Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1955 to 1961
- Walter Schmiele (1909–1998), author and translator
- Arno Schmidt (1914–1979), author and translator
- Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928–2007), leading 20th-century electronic composer
- Günter Strack (1929-1999), actor
- Gerda Fromel (1931–1975), Czechoslovakian born to German parents. Moved back after the war and studied at the Darmstadt School of Art. Fromel moved on to be an inspiring artist winning awards in Germany and Ireland for outstanding sculpture
- Maciej Łukaszczyk (1934–2014), Polish pianist at the Staatstheater Darmstadt, founder and president of the Chopin organisation, porter of the Polish and German order
- Dirk and Petra Wunderlich, homeschooling parents who were targets of multiple arrests who fled to the الولايات المتحدة in 2010 to seek political sanctuary for homeschooling rights.
- Markus Rühl (born 1972), professional bodybuilder
- Andrea Petkovic (born 1987), professional tennis player
- محمود الجمال (رأفت الهجان) الجاسوس المصري في إسرائيل، وهو مدفون فيها.
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العلاقات الدولية
البلدات التوأم / المدن الشقيقة
Darmstadt is twinned with:[11]
انظر أيضاً
الهامش
- ^ أ ب Hessian Statistical Office. "Area, population and population change" (in German). Archived from the original on 18 نوفمبر 2012. Retrieved 27 أبريل 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Darmstadt". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 5 أبريل 2019.
- ^ "Darmstadt" (US) and قالب:Cite Oxford Dictionaries
- ^ قالب:Cite Merriam-Webster
- ^ European Union, City Audits: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 20 مارس 2012. Retrieved 27 مايو 2012.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Wanted: Suitable name for unstable, heavyweight element". The Guardian. 2009. Retrieved 22 ديسمبر 2014.
- ^ "Discovery of new elements". GSI Darmstadt. 2016. Archived from the original on 29 يناير 2016.
- ^ City of London richest area in Europe, The Guardian, 30 January 2002
- ^ "Ausländerstruktur 2016" (PDF). Retrieved 19 يونيو 2018.
- ^ "Mittelwerte 30-jähriger Perioden, Tabelle A, 1981 - 2010". Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD). Retrieved 3 يوليو 2015.
- ^ "Town Twinnings and international relations". Büro für Städtepartnerschaften und internationale Beziehungen (in German). Retrieved 19 ديسمبر 2014.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Kardeş Şehirler". Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi Basın Koordinasyon Merkez. Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Retrieved 27 يوليو 2013.
- ^ "Chesterfield Twinning Links". Chesterfield Borough Council. Retrieved 27 يوليو 2013.
- ^ "Twin Towns – Graz Online – English Version". www.graz.at. Retrieved 5 يناير 2010.
- ^ Trondheims offisielle nettsted – Vennskapsbyer
وصلات خارجية
- Official website of the city of Darmstadt (German and parts in English)
- Discover Darmstadt - City Tourist Website (إنگليزية)
- Germany Travel - Darmstadt
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (9th ed.). 1878.
| المقاطعات الحضرية |  | |
|---|---|---|
| المقاطعات الريفية | Aachen · Borken · Kleve (Cleves) · Coesfeld · Düren · Ennepe-Ruhr · Euskirchen · Gütersloh · Heinsberg · Herford · Hochsauerland · Höxter · Lippe · Märkischer Kreis · Mettmann · Minden-Lübbecke · Oberbergischer Kreis · Olpe · Paderborn · Recklinghausen · Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis · Rhein-Erft-Kreis · Rhein-Kreis Neuss · Rhein-Sieg-Kreis · Siegen-Wittgenstein · Soest · Steinfurt · Unna · Viersen · Warendorf · Wesel | |
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- دارمشتات
- عواصم أمم سابقة
- Grand Duchy of Hesse
- Merck
- Odenwald
- مدن ألمانيا