قائمة مدن الشرق الأدنى القديم
هذه المقالة تحتوي على حروف خاصة. بدون دعم العرض المناصب، فقد ترى علامات استفهام، مربعات، أو رموز أخرى. |
الشرق الأدنى القديم |
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المناطق والدول |
بلاد الرافدين • سومر • الامبراطورية الأكادية • بلاد بابل • آشور • الامبراطورية الآشورية الحديثة • الامبراطورية البابلية الحديثة مصر • مصر القديمة |
الفترات الأثرية |
تأريخ • العصر البرونزي • انهيار العصر البرونزي • العصر الحديدي |
اللغات |
علم الآشوريات • الكتابة المسمارية السومرية • العيلامية • الأكادية • الحيثية • الحورية • الاورارتية |
الأدب |
الأدب السومري • الأدب البابلي • النصوص الحيثية |
الأساطير |
أساطير بلاد الرافدين • الأساطير البابلية (الدين) • الأساطير الحيثية |
مواضيع أخرى |
القانون المسماري • القانون البابلي • القانون الآشوري |
The earliest cities in history were in the ancient Near East, an area covering roughly that of the modern Middle East: its history began in the 4th millennium BC and ended, depending on the interpretation of the term, either with the conquest by the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BC or with that by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC.
The largest cities of the Bronze Age Near East housed several tens of thousands of people. Memphis in the Early Bronze Age, with some 30,000 inhabitants, was the largest city of the time by far. Ur in the Middle Bronze Age is estimated to have had some 65,000 inhabitants; Babylon in the Late Bronze Age similarly had a population of some 50,000–60,000. Niniveh had some 20,000–30,000, reaching 100,000 only in the Iron Age (around 700 BC).
The KI 𒆠 determinative was the Sumerian term for a city or city state.[1] In Akkadian and Hittite orthography, URU𒌷 became a determinative sign denoting a city, or combined with KUR𒆳 "land" the kingdom or territory controlled by a city, e.g. 𒄡𒆳𒌷𒄩𒀜𒌅𒊭 LUGAL KUR URUHa-at-ti "the king of the country of (the city of) Hatti".
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بلاد الرافدين
أسفل الرافدين
(ordered from north to south)
- Eshnunna (تل أسمر)
- Tutub (Khafajah)
- Der (Tell Aqar, Durum?)
- Sippar (Tell Abu Habbah)
- Sippar-Amnanum (Tell ed-Der)
- Urum (Tell Uqair)
- Kutha (Tell Ibrahim)
- Jemdet Nasr (NI.RU)
- Kish (Tell Uheimir & Ingharra)
- Babilim (Babylon)
- Borsippa (Birs Nimrud)
- Mashkan-shapir (Tell Abu Duwari)
- Dilbat (تل الدليم)
- Nippur (Afak)
- Marad (Tell Wannat es-Sadum)
- Adab (Tell Bismaya)
- Isin (Ishan al-Bahriyat)
- Kisurra (Tell Abu Hatab)
- Shuruppak (Tell Fara)
- Bad-tibira (Tell al-Madineh?)
- Zabalam (Tell Ibzeikh)
- Umma (Umm al-Aqarib, Tell Jokha)
- Girsu (Tello or Telloh)
- Lagash (Tell al-Hiba)
- Tell Zurghul (Nigin)
- Uruk (Warka)
- Larsa (Tell as-Senkereh)
- Tell Khaiber
- Tulul al-Baqarat (Kesh?)
- Ur (Tell al-Muqayyar)
- Kuara (Tell al-Lahm)
- Eridu (Tell Abu Shahrain)
- Ubaid (Tell al-'Ubaid)
- Akshak
- Akkad
أعالي الرافدين
(ordered from north to south)
- Urfa
- Shanidar cave
- Urkesh (Urkish) (Tell Mozan)
- Tell Leilan (Shekhna, Shubat-Enlil)
- Tell Arbid
- Harran
- Chagar Bazar
- Mardaman (Bassetki)
- Kahat (Tell Barri)
- Tell el Fakhariya (Washukanni?)
- Hadatu (Arslan Tash)
- Carchemish (Djerabis)
- Til Barsip (Tell Ahmar)
- Tell Chuera
- Mumbaqat (Tall Munbāqa, Ekalte)
- Al-Rawda
- Nabada (Tell Beydar)
- Nagar (Tell Brak)
- Telul eth-Thalathat
- Tepe Gawra
- Tell Arpachiyah (Tepe Reshwa)
- Shibaniba (Tell Billa)
- Tarbisu (Sherif Khan)
- Nineveh (Ninua)
- Qatara or Karana (Tell al-Rimah)
- Tell Hamoukar
- Dur Sharrukin (Khorsabad)
- Tell Shemshara (Shusharra)
- Erbil (Urbilim, Arba-Ilu)
- Tell Taya
- Tell Hassuna
- Balawat (Imgur-Enlil)
- Tell es-Sweyhat
- Nimrud
- Emar (Tell Meskene)
- Tall Bazi (Armanum?)
- Qal'at Jarmo
- Arrapha
- Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta
- Assur
- Ekallatum
- Nuzi (Yorghan Tepe, Gasur)
- Tell al-Fakhar (Kurruhanni?)
- Tell Taban (Ṭābetu, Ṭābatum)
- Terqa (Tell Ashara)
- Doura Europos
- Mari (Tell Hariri)
- Haradum (Khirbet ed-Diniyeh)
- Tell es Sawwan
- Nerebtum or Kiti (Tell Ishchali)
- Tell Agrab
- Dur-Kurigalzu (Aqar Quf)
- Shaduppum (Tell Harmal)
- Tell al-Dhiba'i
- Seleucia
- Ctesiphon (Taq Kisra)
- Zenobia (Halabiye)
- Hatra
- Idu
إيران
- Ecbatana (Hamadan?)
- Behistun
- Godin Tepe
- Rey (Rhages, Europos, Shahr-e-Ray, Arsacia)
- Chogha Mish
- Tepe Sialk
- Susa (Shush, Shushan)
- Kabnak (Haft Tepe)
- Dur Untash (Chogha Zanbil)
- Shahr-e-Sukhteh
- Pasargadae (Pasargad, Pasargadai)
- Naqsh-e Rustam
- Estakhr (Istakhr)
- Persepolis (Parsa)
- Tall-i Bakun
- Anshan (Tall-i Malyan or Tepe Malyan)
- Konar Sandal
- Tepe Yahya
- Teppe Hasanlu
- Khorramabad
- Kermanshah
- Isfahan (Aspadana)
- Tabriz
- Shahdad
- Marlik
- Chogha Bonut
- Ganj Dareh
- Ali Kosh
- Geoy Tepe
- Baba Jan Tepe
- Shah Tepe
- Hajji Firuz Tepe
- Kul Tepe
- Shir Ashian Tepe
- Tepe Hissar
- Tureng Tepe
- Yarim Tepe
- Vahrkana (Gorgan)
- Narezzash (Neyriz)
- Zranka (Dahan-e Gholaman)
- Shushtar
- Shiraz
- Urmia
- Nahavand
- Bushehr
- Hormirzad (Bandar Abbas)
- Mahallat
- Hashtgerd
- Bastam
- Ganzak
الأناضول (تركيا)
(ordered from north to south)
- İnandıktepe
- Miletus
- Sfard (Sardis)
- Nicaea
- Sapinuwa
- Yazilikaya
- Alaca Höyük
- Maşat Höyük
- Alishar Hüyük
- Hattusa
- Ilios (Wilusa, Ilion, Troas, Troy)
- Kanesh (Nesa, Kültepe)
- Arslantepe (Malatya)
- Çayönü (Amed, Diyarbakir)
- Sam'al (Zincirli Höyük)
- Çatalhöyük
- Beycesultan
- Karatepe
- Tushhan (Ziyaret Tepe)
- Adana
- Tarsus
- Zephyrion (Mersin)
- Gözlükule
- Sultantepe
- Attalia (Antalya)
المشرق
- Abel-beth-maachah
- Acre
- Adoraim (Adora, Dura)
- Afqa (Afeka)
- Alalakh (Alakhtum, Tell Atchana)
- Aleppo (Halab, Ha-Lam, Yamhad)
- Al-Rastan (Arethusa)
- Antioch (Antakiya)
- Apamea (Afamiya)
- Aphek (Antipatris, Tell Afik)
- Arad (Arad Rabbah?; Tel Arad)
- Arpad (Tell Rifaat)
- Arqa (Arkat, Irqata)
- Arwad (Aradus, Arvad, Arphad, Ruad Island)
- Ashdod
- Ashkelon
- Azekah
- Baalbek (Heliopolis)
- Batroun (Botrys)
- Banias
- Beersheba
- Beth Shean
- Bet Shemesh
- Bethel
- Bethsaida
- Bethlehem
- Bosra
- Byblos (Gubla, Kepen)
- Carchemish
- Dan, former Laish (Tel Dan, Tell el-Qadi)
- Damascus (Dimasqu)
- Deir Alla (Pethor?)
- Dhiban (Dibon)
- Dura-Europos (Dur)
- Dor (D-jr, Dora)
- Ebla (Tell Mardikh)
- Edessa (Ar-Ruha, Urfa)
- Ein Gedi (Hazazon-tamar, Tel Goren)
- Emar (Tell Meskene)
- En Esur
- Enfeh (Ampi)
- Ekron (Tel Miqne, Khirbet el-Muqanna)
- Et-Tell (Ai?)
- Gath (Tell es-Safi)
- Gaza
- Gezer
- Gibeah (Tell el-Ful?)
- Hama (Hamath, Epiphania)
- Harran (Carrhae, Hellenopolis)
- Hazor
- Homs (Emesa)
- Hebron
- Hermel
- Jabiyah (Gbitha)
- Jawa
- Jericho (Ariha)
- Jerusalem (Jebus, City of David)
- Jezreel
- Tel Kabri (one of several cities called Rehob)
- Qadesh (Tell al-Nabi Mando)
- Tulul adh-Dhahab (Mahanaim? Penuel?)
- Kedesh (Qadesh in Galilee)
- Khirbet Kerak (Al-Sinnabra)
- Khirbet el-Qom (Makkedah/Maqqedah)
- Khirbet Qeiyafa (Sha'arayim? / Neta'im?)
- Tell Tayinat (Kinalua?)
- Kinneret (Tel Kinrot, Tell el-Oreimeh)
- Kumidi (Kamid el-Loz)
- Lachish (Tel Lachish, Tell ed-Duweir)
- Manbij (Manbug, Mabog, Bambyce, Hierapolis)
- Mari (Tell Hariri)
- Megiddo (Tel Megiddo, Tell el-Mutesellim)
- Nagar (Tell Brak)
- Nabatieh
- Petra (Raqmu)
- Qatna (Tell Mishrifeh)
- Rashaya
- Rabbath Ammon (Philadelphia)
- Rehov (Jordan Valley) (Tel Rehov)
- Samaria (Shomron, Sebastie)
- Sam'al
- Sarepta (Sarafand)
- Sharuhen (Tell el-Far'ah South?, Tell el-'Ajjul?, Tel Haror?)
- Shiloh
- Saida (Sidon)
- Sumur (Sumuru, Simirra)
- Tadmor (Palmyra)
- Tall Zira'a
- Tell Abu al-Kharaz (Jabesh-Gilead?)
- Tell Ashtara (Ashteroth Karnaim)
- Tell Balata (Shechem)
- Tell Beit Mirsim
- Tell el-Burak
- Tell el-Hesi (Eglon?)
- Tell en-Nasbeh (Mizpah in Benjamin?)
- Tell Kazel
- Tell Qaramel
- Tell Qarqur (Qarqar)
- Tell Tweini (Gibala?)
- Tirzah (Tell el-Farah North)
- Tripoli (Tripolis)
- Tyre (Tylos)
- Ugarit (Ras Shamra)
- Umm el-Marra
- Tel Yokneam (Yokneam, "'En-qn'mu")
- Zoara (Zoar, Bela)
- Zif (Ziph)
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الجزيرة العربية
- Al Ain
- Al-Ashoosh
- Awwam
- Barran
- Bakkah (Mecca)
- Barbar Temple
- Bidaa Bint Saud
- Al Bithnah
- Dalma
- Al Da'asa
- Dedan (Al-'Ula)
- Dibba
- Dumat Al-Jandal (Adummatu)
- Ed-Dur
- Failaka
- Gerrha
- Ḥaram
- Hili Archaeological Park
- Hofuf
- Ibb
- Ibri
- Izki
- Ubar (Aram, Iram, Irum, Irem, Erum)
- Jeddah
- Jubbah
- Julfar
- Jubail
- Kalba
- Al-Kharj
- Khaybar
- Khor Rori (Sumhuram)
- Kaminahu (Kamna)
- Lihyan
- Mada'in Saleh (Al-Hijr, el Hijr, and Hegra)
- Al Madam
- Al-Magar
- Ma'rib
- Maṣna'at Māriya
- Mleiha
- Muweilah
- Najran
- Nashan
- Nashaq
- Nizwa
- Petra
- Qatif
- Qarnawu
- Qaryat al-Faw (Dhat al-Jnan)
- Qal'at al-Bahrain
- Sakakah
- Sanaa
- Ṣirwāḥ
- Shabwa
- Shimal
- Sohar
- As-Subiya
- Tarim, Yemen
- Tayma (Tema)
- Tell Abraq
- Thula
- Tarout
- Umm Al Nar
- Yathrib (Medina)
النوبة
القرن الأفريقي
مصر
انظر أيضاً
- City-state
- Sumerian King List
- Historical urban community sizes
- Short chronology timeline
- List of oldest continuously inhabited cities
- Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia
- List of Ancient Settlements in the UAE
- List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East