نجمة داود الحمراء

(تم التحويل من Magen David Adom)
Magen David Adom
מגן דוד אדום
Logo of Magen David Adom
Logo of Magen David Adom
تأسست1899 (1899) (first use of name)[note 1][1]
7 يونيو 1930 (1930-06-07) (MDA)
النوعNon-governmental organization, Non-profit organization
التركيزHumanitarian
الموقع
منطقة الخدمة
Worldwide[2]
المنتجEmergency medical services
الطريقةAid
الأعضاءالأعضاء
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
الانتماءاتBen Gurion University of the Negev
الميزانية (2019)
₪685.684 million[3]
الموظفون
1,200
المتطوعون
26,000+
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.mdais.org

The Magen David Adom (بالعبرية: מגן דוד אדום‎, abbr. MDA, pronounced MAH-dah per its Hebrew acronym, מד״א) is Israel's national emergency medical, disaster, ambulance and blood bank service. The literal meaning of name is "Red Shield of David," but the symbol is more frequently called the "Red Star of David" in many languages. Since June 2006, Magen David Adom has been officially recognized by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) as the national aid society of the State of Israel under the Geneva Conventions, and a member of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. MDA has a dedicated medical emergency phone number in Israel, 101.[4] MDA can become an auxiliary arm of the Israel Defense Forces during times of war. In 2022, MDA became academically affiliated with Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.[5]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

History

The Red Magen David headquarters in Jerusalem

The Magen David Adom organization was formed by nurse Dr. Meshulam Levontin in 1930 as a volunteer association with a single branch in Tel Aviv. After opening branches in Jerusalem and Haifa, it was extended nationwide five years later, providing medical support to the public including not only Jews, but also Arabs (Muslim, Druze, and Christian). On 12 July 1950, the Knesset passed a law giving MDA official status as Israel's national emergency service.[6] The objectives of Magen David Adom include maintaining first aid services; maintaining a storage service of blood, plasma and their by-products; instruction in first aid and pre-hospital emergency medicine; operating a volunteer program in which volunteers are trained in first aid, basic and advanced life support including mobile intensive care units; transportation of patients, women in labor, and evacuation of those wounded and killed in road accidents; transportation of doctors, nurses and medical auxiliary forces. In the late 1960s the organization refocused its rapid trauma treatment and transport protocols due to the efforts of Dr. Nancy Caroline. Caroline's work at Magen David Adom was based upon studies she conducted with Dr. Peter Safar and the Freedom House Paramedics of Pittsburgh.[7]

Armored mobile intensive care unit, Jerusalem District 2006
Helicopter of Magen David Adom


Volunteers

An MDA motorcycle used by a community first responder in Jerusalem's Old City
The third protocol emblem, also known as the Red Crystal
The third protocol emblem, also known as the Red Crystal
International emblem for MDA outside Israel
International emblem for MDA outside Israel
Geneva Conventions' "third protocol emblems"

Magen David Adom is mainly staffed by volunteers, and has over 26,000 people volunteering and over one million combined man-hours per year. The minimum age to join Magen David Adom's basic first aid course and become a volunteer is 15.[8]

Since 2001, international volunteers aged 18 and over have the option to come to Israel for a two-month MDA Overseas Program. The program was initially named after its founder and first coordinator Yochai Porat, who was killed by a sniper on 3 March 2002 while serving reserve duty as a combat medic in the Israel Defense Forces. All volunteers pass a 60-hour course that covers a wide range of topics ranging from common medical conditions and trauma situations to mass casualty events. Those who pass the course are then dispatched throughout the country and work with local volunteers in ambulances to provide initial medical care on the regular and Mobile Intensive Care Ambulances.[9][10]

While the program was originally financially supported by the Jewish Agency for Israel, it has recently been taken over by the Israel Experience organization, which also offers programs for Jewish youths on Birthright Israel trips.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Visitors to Israel are also welcome to donate blood through the "Sharing for Life" program. Since its inception in 2001, increasing numbers of people have donated blood, usually through groups such as Christian solidarity missions, or family Bar-Bat Mitzvas, especially during seasonal traditional pilgrimage times, such as Passover and Easter.[11]

Current status

A Magen David Adom ambulance

Although MDA currently staffs approximately 4,000 emergency medical technicians (EMTs), paramedics and emergency physicians, it still relies heavily on over 26,000 volunteers who serve in both operational and administrative capacities. MDA headquarters and its blood bank are located at the Tel HaShomer complex in the center of the country. The organization operates 189 stations over the country, with a fleet of over 2,000 ambulances nationwide. Among them are mobile intensive care units (MICU), special ambulances equipped for mass casualty events, and armored ambulances. Most of the fleet is made up of regular size vans providing Basic Life Support. These are called Lavan (which in Hebrew means "White") due to their external aspect and to differentiate them from the MICU, which have orange stripes on the sides. They are manned by EMTs who generally have ranks equivalent to Basic and Intermediate EMTs in the US. In Israel, they are called ma'ar (first responders), ma'ar bachir (Certified first responder over 18, with some additional training), chovesh (EMT-B), and chovesh bachir (EMT-I). Ambulance drivers are EMTs or higher with a drivers' license for emergency vehicles. MICUs similar to the US Type II units and manned by paramedics and physicians respond only to the most medically serious cases. They are called Natan (if a physician is on board) or Atan (if it is only staffed by paramedics and EMTs). Major stations include special units (called "Taaran") for responding to mass casualty events such as natural disasters or terrorist attacks.[بحاجة لمصدر]

In some cases air ambulance service is provided by Israeli Air Force 669 unit with MEDEVAC helicopters. However, in 2008, MDA started to provide paramedics for three EMS MBB Bo 105s imported from Germany by Lahak Aviation Ltd. These three helicopters (out of four brought by Lahak) are operated by Lahak Aviation's operating company, Shapirit Air Services Ltd., as Ambulance helicopters. Previous attempts by MDA to integrate independent helicopter service in the 1970s were unsuccessful because of high cost.[12]

Unique among civilian emergency medical services due to its role as national aid society according to the Geneva Conventions, MDA can become an auxiliary arm of the Israel Defense Forces during times of war.

Decommissioned MDA ambulances have been donated to a number of kibbutzim, moshavim, factories, and communities on both sides of the Green Line. Crews manning these lifesaving vehicles are trained and certified by Magen David Adom.[13]

MDA has a dedicated medical emergency telephone number in Israel, 101.[4]

The average ambulance response time in Israel is 8.3 minutes (measured from the moment a dispatch request is received to arrival at the scene of an emergency). Calls to 101 are answered within 4 seconds. As of 2021, MDA handles approximately 2.7 million medical emergency phone calls to 101 per year.

Relation to International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

انظر أيضاً: Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

Until 2006, Magen David Adom was denied membership in the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement since it had refused to replace its red Star of David emblem with a pre-approved symbol.

The stated reason for the denial of membership was concerns about symbol proliferation; at the same 1929 conference that granted use of the Red Crescent and Red Lion and Sun, a limitation was placed on acceptance of any further emblems. The "Red Star of David" symbol was not submitted to the ICRC until 1931.

Similar concerns of India, Ceylon, and the former Soviet Union regarding the use of non-Hindu and seemingly religious symbols were also dismissed by the ICRC, but their national bodies chose to adopt the Red Cross as their official emblems in order to gain entry. The Red Cross—the inverse of the Swiss flag, the country of origin of the founder of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement—is not intended as a religious symbol, but is often perceived as such.[14]


In her March 2000 letter to the International Herald Tribune and the New York Times, Dr. Bernadine Healy, then president of the American Red Cross, wrote: "The international committee's feared proliferation of symbols is a pitiful fig leaf, used for decades as the reason for excluding the Magen David Adom—the Shield (or Star) of David."[15] In protest, the American Red Cross withheld millions in administrative funding to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) since May 2000.[16]

Since the mid-1990s, there has also been extensive and growing co-operation between MDA and the ICRC including, among other things, a $2.2 million expenditure on strengthening ties between the two organizations, the signing in 2000 of a two-year co-operation statement, the permanent placement of an ICRC co-operation officer in MDA headquarters, and extensive support of the MDA's blood bank activities. In addition, there are bilateral cooperation agreements between MDA and a number of national Red Cross societies.

On 7 December 2005, a diplomatic conference of states party to the Geneva Conventions adopted a third additional protocol, thereby introducing a new protective emblem, dubbed the "Red Crystal." This third protocol emblem is hailed as a truly universal emblem free of religious, ethnic, or political connotation. The new symbol is a red square frame tilted at a 45-degree angle. According to the rules of the third additional protocol, MDA can continue to use the Red Star of David as its sole emblem for indicative purposes within Israel. For indicative use in missions abroad, MDA can, depending on the specific situation in the host country, either incorporate the Red Star of David inside the Red Crystal or use the Red Crystal alone.

On 22 June 2006, MDA was recognised by the ICRC and admitted as a full member of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent societies,[17] following adoption of the Red Crystal symbol in the statutes of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement on the same level as the Red Cross and Red Crescent symbols.[18]

The MDA's admission to the International Federation was conditioned on agreements signed in 2005 with the Palestine Red Crescent Society.[19] Under these agreements, the red Magen David symbol could not be used in countries other than Israel; moreover the MDA agreed not to operate in the West Bank or in East Jerusalem.[20]

Service in the West Bank

Under the 2005 agreements, the MDA agreed to operate within the international legal framework applicable to the West Bank, and recognized that the Palestine Red Cross Society was the authorized national society in the Palestinian territory. The MDA had therefore to discontinue its operations in the West Bank. In December 2011, the International Conference of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement "noted with regret" that the 2005 agreement had not been fully implemented and decided to continue the monitoring process.[21] A few months earlier, Dani Dayan from the Yesha Council, a settler organization, had accused the MDA of removing the red Magen David from ambulances operating in the West Bank. Dayan asserted that the MDA was doing so under pressure from the International Committee of the Red Cross. An MDA spokesman replied that the MDA continued to use the classic Red Star logo on its ambulances housed in 12 places across the West Bank.[22] In October 2011 Yonatan Yagodovsky, director of MDA's fundraising department, declared that "the MDA will continue to use its emblem and logo, and no one ever asked us to take it off."[23] In January 2012, the ICRC confirmed that MDA had in fact agreed to stop all services within the West Bank. Rescue efforts would "officially" be administered by regional councils instead, and would not use the red Magen David symbol. As a result, many contributors reportedly stopped donating to the MDA; some young settlers, a considerable percentage of the volunteer force, stopped volunteering for the MDA in protest.[24]

In 2016, Palestinian groups said MDA continued to violate the stipulation that its paramedic teams would use a neutral emblem while working outside the country, and called on the ICRC to expel the group.[25]

Tracing service

Magen David Adom's tracing service was established to assist in locating relatives lost in the Holocaust. In 2000–2007, the service handled 5,000 applications.[26]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Donor eligibility

Magen David Adom provides some restrictions on who can donate blood, largely in line with CDC guidelines. For example, donors must be above 18 years old (or 17 years old with parental permission) and below 65 years old.[27] As of January 2018, however, Magen David Adom allows men who have sex with men to donate blood. Restrictions that previously barred Ethiopian immigrants from donating blood were also dropped.[28]

Ranks

Management and senior administration
Rank Rav-Magen Magen Tat-Magen Magen Mishne Sgan-Magen Magen Rishon
Insignia דרגת רמג.svg דרגת מגן.svg דרגת תמג.svg דרגת מגמ.svg דרגת סמג.svg דרגת מגר.svg
Role General Director of the MDA Division director Area director
Deputy division director 		Department director Deputy laboratory director
Assistant department director 		Supervision Section Supervisor
Paramedic educator
Chair of Volunteer Management Serving on the MDA Council
Junior laboratory director
Paramedics
Rank Rav-Mazar Mazar Bakhir Mitkadem Mazar Bakhir Mazar Mitkadem Mazar Sheni Mazar
Insignia דרגת רמז.svg דרגת מבמ.svg דרגת מזב.svg דרגת מזמ.svg דרגת מזש.svg דרגת מזר.svg
Role Chief of station
Coordinator of blood donation operations 		Chief paramedic Paramedic with 14-23 years experience Paramedic with 8-14 years experience Paramedic with 3-8 years experience Paramedic with less than 3 years experience
Medical Assistants and Blood Donation Operators
Rank Rav-Matan Bakhir Rav-Matan Matan Bakhir Mitkadem Matan Bakhir Matan Mitkadem Matan Sheni Matan
Insignia דרגת רמב.svg דרגת רמת.svg דרגת מתק.svg דרגת מתב.svg דרגת מתמ.svg דרגת מתש.svg דרגת מתן.svg
Role Station-Driver supervisor Senior emergency medical assistant
Head of blood donation group 		Emergency medical assistant
Blood donation group supervisor 		Head of shift
Blood donation supervisor 		Senior medical assistant
Senior blood donation operator 		Medical assistant
Blood donation operator


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Gallery

  • Magen David Adom
  • A Magen David Adom paramedic in the Tel Aviv civil defense, 1939

    A Magen David Adom paramedic in the Tel Aviv civil defense, 1939

  • A Magen David Adom ambulance in June 1948, Israel

    A Magen David Adom ambulance in June 1948, Israel

  • Blood bank

    Blood bank

  • Blood donation in a shopping-center in Ramat Gan 2009

    Blood donation in a shopping-center in Ramat Gan 2009

  • Mobile blood donor units

    Mobile blood donor units

  • Standard MDA Basic Life Support Ambulance

    Standard MDA Basic Life Support Ambulance

  • MDA Advance Life Support Ambulance

    MDA Advance Life Support Ambulance

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The first use of the "Magen David Adom" was during the Anglo Boer War in South Africa (1899–1902) when it was used by the Ambulance Corps founded by Ben Zion Aaron in Johannesburg as a first aid corps to assist the Boer forces. Permission was given by President Paul Kruger of the South African Republic for the Star of David to be used as its insignia, rather than the conventional red cross.

References

  1. ^ South African Jewish year Book 1929, The Jews in South Africa: Saron and Hotz
  2. ^ "סרטון פעילות מד"א ברחבי העולם- MDA Activities around the world video". MDA Red Crystal. Archived from the original on 12 ديسمبر 2021. Retrieved 24 يونيو 2018 – via Youtube.
  3. ^ https://www.mdais.org/media/2268/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%95%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%99-2019.pdf
  4. ^ أ ب "מספרי חירום ומידע" [Emergency and Information Numbers] (in العبرية). Bezeq. Retrieved 3 أبريل 2019.
  5. ^ "Magen David Adom, Ben-Gurion University Announce Academic Affiliation". JEMS: EMS, Emergency Medical Services - Training, Paramedic, EMT News (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 11 فبراير 2022. Archived from the original on 13 فبراير 2022. Retrieved 15 فبراير 2022.
  6. ^ Kempinski, Yoni (9 ديسمبر 2008). "Saving Lives at the Dead Sea". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 3 أبريل 2019.
  7. ^ Karns, Jameson (15 أكتوبر 2015). "Paramedics of Freedom House: Empowerment Through Paramedicine". EMS World. Retrieved 3 أبريل 2019.
  8. ^ Volunteers Archived 22 سبتمبر 2013 at the Wayback Machine at MDA Israel. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
  9. ^ Yochai Porat International Volunteers Program Archived 2012-08-03 at archive.today
  10. ^ About the Program: The Yochai Porat Magen David Adom Overseas Program. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
  11. ^ "Holy Land pilgrims donate blood in record numbers". Archived from the original on 22 سبتمبر 2013. Retrieved 18 فبراير 2012.
  12. ^ http://www.shephard.co.uk/Rotorhub/default.aspx?Action=745115149&ID=740a002d-49f9-4da1-99e7-660482976627[dead link]
  13. ^ AFMDA (11 ديسمبر 2011). "MDA Ambulances in Judea and Samaria". The Jerusalem Post - Promotional Content. Retrieved 3 أبريل 2019.
  14. ^ Benthall, Jonathan (نوفمبر 1997). "The Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and Islamic Societies, with Special Reference to Jordan". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 24 (4): 157–177. doi:10.1080/13530199708705644. JSTOR 195770.
  15. ^ قالب:Cite letter
  16. ^ "Red Cross/Magen David Adom Issue Simmers, Even As U.S. Releases Funds". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 18 يوليو 2003. Retrieved 3 أبريل 2019.
  17. ^ Pileggi, Tamar (20 سبتمبر 2015). "Red Cross Asked to Expel MDA over Emblem Violation". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 3 أبريل 2019.
  18. ^ ICRC website — Press Release 06/65, 22-06-2006
  19. ^ "Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem" (PDF). Reports and Documents, Vol. 88, Number 186. International Committee of the Red Cross. مارس 2006. p. 189. Retrieved 25 مارس 2012. The agreements between the two organizations are the Memorandum of Understanding and the Agreement on Operational Arrangements dated 28 November 2005. Switzerland accepted to monitor their implementation.
  20. ^ Karni Eldad (30 أغسطس 2011). "Israel forfeited national pride when it joined the Red Cross". Haaretz. Retrieved 25 مارس 2012.
  21. ^ "Implementation of the Memorandum of Understanding and Agreement on Operational Arrangements dated 28th November 2005 between Palestine Red Crescent Society and the Magen David Adom in Israel". ICRC. 1 ديسمبر 2011. Retrieved 25 مارس 2012.
  22. ^ Tovah Lazaroff (24 أغسطس 2011). "MDA: Red Star of David logo to remain on W. Bank ambulances". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 25 مارس 2012.
  23. ^ "MDA symbol on ambulances in Yesha still unresolved". Jewish Tribune. Canada. 4 أكتوبر 2011. Archived from the original on 22 سبتمبر 2013. Retrieved 23 مارس 2012.
  24. ^ Tzvi Ben Gedalyahu (4 يناير 2012). "Red Cross Admits Red Magen David Agreed to Stop Yesha Service". Israel National News. Retrieved 4 يناير 2012.
  25. ^ Pileggi, Tamar. "Red Cross asked to expel MDA over emblem violation". www.timesofisrael.com.
  26. ^ "Tracing services". Archived from the original on 6 مارس 2016. Retrieved 2 أبريل 2009.
  27. ^ "מי יכול/לא יכול לתרום דם" [Who Can/Cannot Donate Blood]. Magen David Adom (in العبرية). 24 مايو 2018. Retrieved 4 أبريل 2019.
  28. ^ Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy (10 يناير 2018). "Gay Men Allowed to Donate Blood Through Magen David Adom in New Policy". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 4 أبريل 2019.

External links

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=نجمة_داود_الحمراء&oldid=3973645"