قائمة الجائحات

(تم التحويل من List of epidemics)
List of deaths caused by infectious disease
. 1607–1635, Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin
الزمن المستغرقHuman history

This article is a list of deaths caused by an infectious disease. Widespread non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer are not included.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15th century and earlier

Death toll (estimate) Location Date Event Disease Ref.
75,000–100,000 Greece 429–426 BC Plague of Athens Unknown, possibly typhus, typhoid fever or viral hemorrhagic fever [1][2][3]
Unknown Greece (Northern Greece, Roman Republic) 412 BC 412 BC epidemic Unknown, possibly influenza [4]
5–10 million Roman Empire 165–180 (possibly up to 190) Antonine Plague Unknown, possibly smallpox [5]
1 million + (Unknown, but at least) Europe 250–266 Plague of Cyprian Unknown, possibly smallpox [6][7]
25-100 million; 40–50% of population of Europe Europe and West Asia 541–542 Plague of Justinian Plague [8][9][10]
British Isles 664–689 Plague of 664 Plague [11]
2 million (Approx. 1⁄3 of entire Japanese population) Japan 735–737 735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic Smallpox [12][13]
Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa 746–747 Plague of 746–747 Plague [14]
75–200 million (10–60% of European population) Europe, Asia and North Africa 1331–1353 Black Death Plague [15]
10,000 + Britain (England) and later continental Europe 1485–1551 Sweating sickness (multiple outbreaks) Unknown, possibly an unknown species of hantavirus [16]


16th and 17th centuries

Death toll (estimate) Location Date Event Disease Ref.
5–8 million (40% of population) Mexico 1520 1520 Smallpox Epidemic Smallpox [17]
5–15 million (80% of population) Mexico 1545–1548 Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545–1548 Possibly Salmonella enterica [18][19][20][21]
> 20,100 in London London 1563–1564 1563 London plague Plague
2–2.5 million (50% of population) Mexico 1576–1580 Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576 Possibly Salmonella enterica [18][19][20][21]
Seneca nation 1592–1596 Measles [22]
3,000 Malta 1592–1593 1592–93 Malta plague epidemic Plague [23]
> 19,900 in London and outer parishes London 1592–1593 1592–93 London plague Plague
Spain 1596–1602 Plague [24]
South America 1600–1650 Malaria [25]
England 1603 Plague [26]
Egypt 1609 Plague
30–90% of population Southern New England, especially the Wampanoag people 1616–1620 1616 New England epidemic Unknown cause. Latest research suggests epidemic(s) of leptospirosis with Weil syndrome. Classic explanations include yellow fever, bubonic plague, influenza, smallpox, chickenpox, typhus, and syndemic infection of hepatitis B and hepatitis D. [27][28]
280,000 Italy 1629–1631 Italian plague of 1629–1631 Plague [29]
15,000-25,000 Wyandot people 1634 Smallpox [30]
Thirteen Colonies 1633 Massachusetts smallpox epidemic Smallpox
England 1636 Plague [31]
China 1641–1644 Plague [32]
Spain 1647–1652 Great Plague of Seville Plague
Central America 1648 Yellow fever [33]
Italy 1656 Naples Plague Plague [34]
Thirteen Colonies 1657 Measles [35]
24,148[36] Netherlands 1663–1664 Plague
100,000[37] England 1665–1666 Great Plague of London Plague [38]
40,000 France 1668 Plague [39]
11,300 Malta 1675–1676 1675–76 Malta plague epidemic Plague [40]
Spain 1676–1685 Plague [41]
76,000 Austria 1679 Great Plague of Vienna Plague
Thirteen Colonies 1687 Measles [42]
Thirteen Colonies 1690 Yellow fever

18th century

Death toll (estimate) Location Date Event Disease Ref.
Canada, New France 1702–1703 Smallpox [43]
> 18,000 (36% of population) Iceland 1707–1709 Great Smallpox Epidemic Smallpox
Denmark, Sweden 1710–1712 Great Northern War plague outbreak Plague
Thirteen Colonies 1713–1715 Measles [44]
Canada, New France 1714–1715 Measles [45]
>100,000 France 1720–1722 Great Plague of Marseille Plague [46]
Thirteen Colonies 1721–1722 Smallpox [47]
Thirteen Colonies 1729 Measles [48]
Spain 1730 Yellow fever
Thirteen Colonies 1732–1733 Influenza [49]
Canada, New France 1733 Smallpox [50]
> 50,000 Balkans 1738 Great Plague of 1738 Plague
Thirteen Colonies 1738 Smallpox [51]
Thirteen Colonies 1739–1740 Measles
Italy 1743 Plague [52]
Thirteen Colonies 1747 Measles
North America 1755–1756 Smallpox
North America 1759 Measles [53]
North America, West Indies 1761 Influenza
North America, present-day Pittsburgh area. 1763 Smallpox [54]
> 50,000 Russia 1770–1772 Russian plague of 1770–1772 Plague
Pacific Northwest natives 1770s Smallpox [55]
North America 1772 Measles
> 2,000,000 Persia 1772 Persian Plague Plague [56]
England 1775–1776 Influenza [57]
Spain 1778 Dengue fever [58]
Plains Indians 1780–1782 North American smallpox epidemic Smallpox [59]
Pueblo Indians 1788 Smallpox [60]
United States 1788 Measles
New South Wales, Australia 1789–1790 Smallpox [61]
United States 1793 Influenza and epidemic typhus
United States 1793–1798 Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793, resurgences Yellow fever [62]

19th century

Death toll (estimate) Location Date Event Disease Ref.
Spain 1800–1803 Yellow fever [63]
Ottoman Empire, Egypt 1801 Bubonic plague [64]
United States 1803 Yellow fever
Egypt 1812 Plague
Ottoman Empire 1812–19 1812–19 Ottoman plague epidemic Plague [65]
4,500 Malta 1813–1814 1813–14 Malta plague epidemic Plague
60,000 Romania 1813 Caragea's plague Plague
Ireland 1816–1819 Typhus
> 100,000 Asia, Europe 1816–1826 First cholera pandemic Cholera [66]
United States 1820–1823 Yellow fever
Spain 1821 Yellow fever [67]
New South Wales, Australia 1828 Smallpox [68]
Netherlands 1829 Groningen epidemic Malaria
South Australia 1829 Smallpox [69]
Iran 1829–1835 Bubonic plague [70]
> 100,000 Asia, Europe, North America 1829–1851 Second cholera pandemic Cholera [66]
Egypt 1831 Cholera [71][72]
Plains Indians 1831–1834 Smallpox
England, France 1832 Cholera
North America 1832 Cholera [73]
United States 1833 Cholera
United States 1834 Cholera
Egypt 1834–1836 Bubonic plague [71][72]
United States 1837 Typhus
Great Plains 1837–1838 1837–38 smallpox epidemic Smallpox [74]
Dalmatia 1840 Plague
South Africa 1840 Smallpox
United States 1841 Yellow fever
> 20,000 Canada 1847–1848 Typhus epidemic of 1847 Epidemic typhus [75]
United States 1847 Yellow fever
Worldwide 1847–1848 Influenza [76]
Egypt 1848 Cholera [71][72]
North America 1848–1849 Cholera
United States 1850 Yellow fever
North America 1850–1851 Influenza
United States 1851 Cholera [77]
United States 1852 Yellow fever
1,000,000 Russia 1852–1860 Third cholera pandemic Cholera [66]
Ottoman Empire 1853 Plague [78]
4,737 Copenhagen, Denmark 1853 Cholera epidemic of Copenhagen 1853 Cholera [79]
616 England 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak Cholera [80]
United States 1855 Yellow fever
>12 million in India and China Worldwide 1855–1960 Third plague pandemic Bubonic plague [81][82]
Portugal 1857 Yellow fever
Victoria, Australia 1857 Smallpox [83]
Europe, North America, South America 1857–1859 Influenza [84]
> 3,000 Central Coast, British Columbia 1862–1863 Smallpox [85]
Middle East 1863–1879 Fourth cholera pandemic Cholera [66]
Egypt 1865 Cholera [71][72]
Russia, Germany 1866–1867 Cholera
Australia 1867 Measles
Iraq 1867 Plague [86]
Argentina 1852–1871 Yellow fever [87]
Germany 1870–1871 Smallpox
40,000 Fiji 1875 1875 Fiji Measles outbreak Measles [88]
Russian Empire 1877 Plague [89]
Egypt 1881 Cholera [71][72]
> 9,000 India, Germany 1881–1896 Fifth cholera pandemic Cholera [66]
3,164 Montreal 1885 Smallpox timeline
1,000,000 Worldwide 1889–1890 1889–1890 flu pandemic Influenza [90]
West Africa 1900 Yellow fever


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Late 19th and 20th centuries

Death toll (estimate) Location Date Event Disease Ref.
Congo Basin 1896–1906 Trypanosomiasis [91]
> 800,000 Europe, Asia, Africa 1899–1923 Sixth cholera pandemic Cholera [66]
113 San Francisco 1900–1904 Bubonic plague [92]
Uganda 1900–1920 Trypanosomiasis [93]
Egypt 1902 Cholera [71][72]
22 India 1903 Bubonic Plague [94]
4 Fremantle 1903 Bubonic plague [95]
40,000 China 1910–1912 1910 China plague Bubonic plague [96]
1.5 million worldwide 1915–1926 1915 Encephalitis lethargica pandemic Encephalitis lethargica [97]
>7,000 United States of America 1916 Poliomyelitis [98]
17-100 million worldwide 1918–1920 Spanish flu (pandemic) Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 [99][100][101]
Russia 1918–1922 Typhus
30 Los Angeles 1924 1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak Pneumonic plague
43 Croydon, UK 1937 Croydon epidemic of typhoid fever Typhoid fever [102]
Egypt 1942–1944 Malaria [71][72]
China 1946 Bubonic plague
Egypt 1946 Relapsing fever [71][72]
1,845 United States of America 1946 Poliomyelitis [98]
Egypt 1947 Cholera [71][72]
2,720 United States of America 1949 Poliomyelitis [98]
3,145 United States of America 1952 Poliomyelitis [98]
2,000,000 worldwide 1957–1958 Asian flu Influenza A virus subtype H2N2 [103]
worldwide 1961–1975 Seventh cholera pandemic Cholera (El Tor strain) [66]
500 million worldwide 1877–1977 Smallpox [104][105][106][107]
1,000,000 worldwide 1968–1969 Hong Kong flu Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 [103]
5 Netherlands 1971 Poliomyelitis [108]
35 Yugoslavia 1972 1972 outbreak of smallpox in Yugoslavia Smallpox
1,027 United States 1972–1973 London flu Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 [109]
15,000 India 1974 1974 smallpox epidemic of India Smallpox [110]
> 32,000,000 worldwide 1920–present HIV/AIDS pandemic HIV/AIDS [111]
أمريكا الجنوبية 1990s Cholera
52 India 1994 1994 plague epidemic in Surat Plague [112]
231 worldwide 1996–2001 vCJD
West Africa 1996 Meningitis
105 Malaysia 1998–1999 1998–99 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak Nipah virus infection [113]
Central America 2000 Dengue fever [114]

21st century

Death toll (estimate) Location Date Event Disease Ref.
> 400 Nigeria 2001 Cholera [115]
South Africa 2001 Cholera [116]
359 China 2002–2004 2002–2004 SARS outbreak Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) [117]
299 Hong Kong [118]
37 Taiwan [119]
44 Canada [120]
33 Singapore [121]
Algeria 2003 Plague [122]
Afghanistan 2004 Leishmaniasis [123]
بنگلادش 2004 Cholera [124]
Indonesia 2004 Dengue fever [125]
Senegal 2004 Cholera [126]
7 Sudan 2004 Ebola [127]
Mali 2005 Yellow fever [128]
27 Singapore 2005 2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore Dengue fever [129]
Luanda, Angola 2006 Cholera [130]
61 Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2006 Plague [131][132]
17 India 2006 ملاريا [133]
> 50 India 2006 2006 dengue outbreak in India Dengue fever [134]
India 2006 Chikungunya outbreaks Chikungunya virus [135]
> 50 Pakistan 2006 2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan Dengue fever [136]
Philippines 2006 Dengue fever [137]
187 Democratic Republic of the Congo 2007 Mweka ebola epidemic Ebola [138]
Ethiopia 2007 Cholera [139]
49 India 2008 كوليرا [140]
10 العراق 2007 2007 Iraq cholera outbreak Cholera [141]
Nigeria 2007 Poliomyelitis [142]
Puerto Rico; Dominican Republic; Mexico 2007 Dengue fever [143]
الصومال 2007 Cholera [144]
37 أوغندا 2007 إيبولا [127]
Vietnam 2007 كوليرا [145]
البرازيل 2008 Dengue fever [146]
كمبوديا 2008 Dengue fever [147]
Chad 2008 كوليرا [148]
الصين 2008–2017 Hand, foot and mouth disease [149]
Madagascar 2008 Bubonic plague [150]
Philippines 2008 Dengue fever [151]
Vietnam 2008 Cholera [152]
4,293 زمبابوى 2008–2009 2008–2009 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak Cholera [153]
18 بوليڤيا 2009 2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic Dengue fever [154]
49 الهند 2009 2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak Hepatitis B [155]
كوينزلاند، أستراليا 2009 Dengue fever [156]
جميع أنحاء العالم 2009 Mumps outbreaks in the 2000s Mumps
931 غرب أفريقيا 2009–2010 2009–2010 West African meningitis outbreak Meningitis [157]
18,000+ (deaths confirmed by WHO). Worldwide 2009-2010 2009 flu pandemic (informally called "swine flu") Pandemic H1N1/09 virus [158]
10,075 (May 2017) هسپانيولا 2010–الحاضر Haiti cholera outbreak Cholera (strain serogroup O1, serotype Ogawa) [159][160]
> 4,500 (February 2014) جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية 2011–الحاضر Measles [161][162]
170 ڤيتنام 2011–الحاضر Hand, foot and mouth disease [163][164]
> 350 پاكستان 2011 2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan Dengue fever [165]
171 (اعتبارا من 10 يناير 2013 (2013-01-10)) Darfur Sudan 2012 2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan Yellow fever [166]
862 (اعتبارا من 13 يناير 2020 (2020-01-13)) جميع أنحاء العالم 2012–الحاضر 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) [167][168][169]
142 Vietnam 2013–2014 Measles [170]
>> 11,300 جميع أنحاء العالم، بتركز أساسي في غرب أفريقيا 2013–2016 Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa Ebola virus disease [171][172][173]
183 الأمريكتان 2013–2015 2013–14 chikungunya outbreak Chikungunya [174]
40 مدغشقر 2014–2017 2014 Madagascar plague outbreak Bubonic plague [175]
36 India 2014–2015 2014 Odisha jaundice outbreak Primarily Hepatitis E, but also Hepatitis A [176]
2,035 India 2015 2015 Indian swine flu outbreak Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 [177][178][179]
~53 Worldwide 2015–2016 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic Zika virus [180]
100s (اعتبارا من 1 أبريل 2016 (2016-04-01)) Africa 2016 2016 yellow fever outbreak in Angola Yellow fever [181]
3,886 (اعتبارا من 30 نوفمبر 2019 (2019-11-30)) Yemen 2016–present 2016–20 Yemen cholera outbreak Cholera [182]
64 (اعتبارا من 16 أغسطس 2017 (2017-08-16)) India 2017 2017 Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis outbreak Japanese encephalitis [183]
18 (اعتبارا من فبراير 2020) India 2018 2018 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala Nipah virus infection [184]
2,253 (اعتبارا من 20 فبراير 2020 (2020-02-20)) Democratic Republic of the Congo & Uganda August 2018–present 2018–20 Kivu Ebola epidemic Ebola virus disease [185][186]
>5,000 (by November 2019) Democratic Republic of the Congo 2019–present 2019 measles outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Measles [187]
83 Samoa 2019–present 2019 Samoa measles outbreak Measles [188]
>2,000 (Approx) Asia-Pacific, Latin America 2019–present 2019-20 dengue fever epidemic Dengue fever [189][190][191]
22,000+
(اعتبارا من 26 مارس 2020 (2020-03-26)) 		Worldwide 2019–present 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic Coronavirus disease 2019 [192][193]

[194]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ "Plague of Athens: Another Medical Mystery Solved at University of Maryland". University of Maryland Medical Center. Archived from the original on 2015-12-04. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
  2. ^ Papagrigorakis, Manolis J.; Yapijakis, Christos; Synodinos, Philippos N.; Baziotopoulou-Valavani, Effie (2007). "DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as a probable cause of the Plague of Athens". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 10 (3): 206–214. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2005.09.001. PMID 16412683.
  3. ^ Olson, PE; Hames, CS; Benenson, AS; Genovese, EN (1996). "The Thucydides syndrome: Ebola déjà vu? (or Ebola reemergent?)". Emerging Infect. Dis. 2 (2): 155–156. doi:10.3201/eid0202.960220. PMC 2639821. PMID 8964060.
  4. ^ Potter, C. W. (2002). "Foreword". Influenza. Elsevier Science. p. vii.
  5. ^ "Past pandemics that ravaged Europe" Archived 2017-10-07 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 7 November 2005
  6. ^ D. Ch. Stathakopoulos Famine and Pestilence in the late Roman and early Byzantine Empire (2007) 95
  7. ^ Harper, Kyle (1 November 2017). "Solving the Mystery of an Ancient Roman Plague". The Atlantic. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  8. ^ Rosen, William (2007), Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe Archived 2017-07-24 at the Wayback Machine. Viking Adult; p. 3; ISBN 978-0-670-03855-8.
  9. ^ Andrew Ekonomou. Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes. Lexington Books, 2007
  10. ^ Maugh, Thomas. "An Empire's Epidemic". www.ph.ucla.edu. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  11. ^ Maddicott, J. R. (1 August 1997). "Plague in seventh century England". Past & Present (in الإنجليزية). 156 (1): 7–54. doi:10.1093/past/156.1.7. ISSN 0031-2746.
  12. ^ Suzuki, A. (2011). "Smallpox and the epidemiological heritage of modern Japan: Towards a total history". Medical History. 55 (3): 313–18. doi:10.1017/S0025727300005329. PMC 3143877. PMID 21792253.
  13. ^ Kohn, George C. (2002). Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present. Princeton, New Jersey: Checkmark Books. p. 213. ISBN 978-0816048939.
  14. ^ Turner, David (November 1990). "The Politics of Despair: The Plague of 746–747 and Iconoclasm in the Byzantine Empire1". Annual of the British School at Athens (in الإنجليزية). 85: 419–434. doi:10.1017/S006824540001577X. ISSN 2045-2403.
  15. ^ Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective. University of New Mexico Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8263-2871-7. Archived from the original on 2019-04-01. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
  16. ^ Heyman, Paul; Simons, Leopold; Cochez, Christel (7 January 2014). "Were the English Sweating Sickness and the Picardy Sweat Caused by Hantaviruses?". Viruses. 6 (1): 151–171. doi:10.3390/v6010151. PMC 3917436. PMID 24402305.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  17. ^ "Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico". National Institute of Health. April 8, 2002.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ^ أ ب "American plague". New Scientist. December 19, 2000. Archived from the original on October 17, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  19. ^ أ ب Acuna-Soto, R.; Romero, L. C.; Maguire, J. H. (2000). "Large epidemics of hemorrhagic fevers in Mexico 1545–1815". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 62 (6): 733–739. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.733. PMID 11304065.
  20. ^ أ ب Acuna-Soto, Rodolfo; Stahle, D. W.; Cleaveland, M. K.; Therrell, M. D. (2002). "Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (4): 360–362. doi:10.3201/eid0804.010175. PMC 2730237. PMID 11971767.
  21. ^ أ ب Vågene, Åshild J.; Herbig, Alexander; Campana, Michael G.; Robles García, Nelly M.; Warinner, Christina; Sabin, Susanna; Spyrou, Maria A.; Andrades Valtueña, Aida; Huson, Daniel; Tuross, Noreen; Bos, Kirsten I.; Krause, Johannes (2018). "Salmonella enterica genomes from victims of a major sixteenth-century epidemic in Mexico". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (3): 520–528. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0446-6. PMID 29335577.
  22. ^ "American Indian Epidemics". Archived from the original on February 14, 2015.
  23. ^ "Our Heritage Saved: St Roque Chapel". The Malta Independent. 30 May 2007. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020.
  24. ^ "A History of Spain". Archived from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  25. ^ Griffing, Sean M; Gamboa, Dionicia; Udhayakumar, Venkatachalam (30 August 2013). "The history of 20th century malaria control in Peru". Malaria Journal. 12: 303. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-12-303. PMC 3766208. PMID 24001096.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  26. ^ Bell, Walter George (1951). Belinda Hollyer (ed.). The great Plague in London (folio society ed.). Folio society by arrangement with Random House. Pages 3–5
  27. ^ Marr, John S.; Cathey, John T. (2010). "New Hypothesis for Cause of Epidemic among Native Americans, New England, 1616–1619". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (2): 281–286. doi:10.3201/eid1602.090276. PMC 2957993. PMID 20113559.
  28. ^ Mann, Charles C. (December 2005). "Native intelligence". Archived from the original on 2018-11-23. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
  29. ^ Hays, J. N. (2005). Epidemics and pandemics their impacts on human history. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 103. ISBN 978-1851096589.
  30. ^ Johansen, Bruce E. (2015). American Indian Culture: From Counting Coup to Wampum [2 volumes]: From Counting Coup to Wampum (in الإنجليزية). ABC-CLIO. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-4408-2874-4. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  31. ^ Newman, Kira L. S. (2012). "Shutt up: bubonic plague and quarantine in early modern England". Journal of Social History. 45 (3): 809–834. doi:10.1093/jsh/shr114. ISSN 0022-4529. PMID 22611587. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  32. ^ Timothy Brook (1999). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. University of California Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-520-22154-3. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  33. ^ Rogers, D.J.; Wilson, A.J.; Hay, S.I.; Graham, A.J. (2006). "The Global Distribution of Yellow Fever and Dengue". Advances in Parasitology. 62: 181–220. doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62006-4. ISBN 9780120317622. ISSN 0065-308X. PMC 3164798. PMID 16647971.
  34. ^ Scasciamacchia, Silvia; Serrecchia, Luigina; Giangrossi, Luigi; Garofolo, Giuliano; Balestrucci, Antonio; Sammartino, Gilberto; Fasanella, Antonio (2012). "Plague Epidemic in the Kingdom of Naples, 1656–1658 – Volume 18, Number 1 – January 2012 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC". Emerging Infectious Diseases (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 18 (1): 186–8. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110597. PMC 3310102. PMID 22260781.
  35. ^ Inc, Gideon Informatics; Berger, Dr Stephen (2019). Measles: Global Status: 2019 edition (in الإنجليزية). GIDEON Informatics Inc. p. 514. ISBN 978-1-4988-2461-3. Retrieved 12 February 2020. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  36. ^ nl:Pestepidemie in Amsterdam
  37. ^ Ross, David. "UK travel and heritage – Britain Express UK travel guide". The London Plague of 1665. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  38. ^ Archives, The National. "Great Plague of 1665–1666 – The National Archives". Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  39. ^ Jones, Colin (1996). "Plague and Its Metaphors in Early Modern France". Representations (53): 97–127. doi:10.2307/2928672. ISSN 0734-6018. JSTOR 2928672.
  40. ^ Grima, Noel (19 June 2017). "The 1676 plague in Malta". The Malta Independent. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017.
  41. ^ Casey, James (1999). Early Modern Spain: A Social History (in الإنجليزية). Psychology Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-415-13813-0. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  42. ^ Purvis, Thomas L. (2014). Colonial America To 1763 (in الإنجليزية). Infobase Publishing. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-4381-0799-8. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  43. ^ Desjardins, Bertrand (1996). "Demographic Aspects of the 1702–1703 Smallpox Epidemic in the St. Lawrence Valley". Canadian Studies in Population. 23 (1): 49–67. doi:10.25336/P6459C.
  44. ^ Morens, David M. (2015). "The Past Is Never Dead—Measles Epidemic, Boston, Massachusetts, 1713 – Volume 21, Number 7 – July 2015 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC". Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 21 (7): 1257–60. doi:10.3201/eid2107.150397. PMC 4480406. PMID 26277799.
  45. ^ Mazan, Ryan; Gagnon, Alain; Desjardins, Bertrand (2009). "The Measles Epidemic of 1714–1715 in New France". Canadian Studies in Population. 36 (3–4): 295–323. doi:10.25336/P63P5Q.
  46. ^ Devaux, Christian A. (2013). "Small oversights that led to the Great Plague of Marseille (1720–1723): Lessons from the past". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 14: 169–185. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2012.11.016. PMID 23246639.
  47. ^ "Zabdiel Boylston and inoculation". Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  48. ^ Cook, Noble David; Lovell, William George (2001). Secret Judgments of God: Old World Disease in Colonial Spanish America (in الإنجليزية). University of Oklahoma Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-8061-3377-5. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  49. ^ "Ambrosevideo.com". Archived from the original on 2016-04-17. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
  50. ^ Gagnon, Alain; Mazan, Ryan (2009). "Does exposure to infectious diseases in infancy affect old-age mortality? Evidence from a pre-industrial population". Social Science & Medicine. 68 (9): 1609–1616. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.008. PMID 19269727.
  51. ^ Krebsbach, Suzanne (1996). "The Great Charlestown Smallpox Epidemic of 1760". The South Carolina Historical Magazine. 97 (1): 30–37. ISSN 0038-3082. JSTOR 27570134.
  52. ^ Tognotti, Eugenia (February 2013). "Lessons from the History of Quarantine, from Plague to Influenza A". Emerging Infectious Diseases (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 19 (2): 254–259. doi:10.3201/eid1902.120312. PMC 3559034. PMID 23343512.
  53. ^ LeMay, Michael C. (2016). Global Pandemic Threats: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook (in الإنجليزية). ABC-CLIO. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-4408-4283-2. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  54. ^ Ranlet, Philip (2000). "The British, the Indians, and Smallpox: What Actually Happened at Fort Pitt in 1763?". Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies. 67 (3): 427–441. ISSN 0031-4528. JSTOR 27774278.
  55. ^ Greg Lange,"Smallpox epidemic ravages Native Americans on the northwest coast of North America in the 1770s" Archived 2008-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, 23 Jan 2003, HistoryLink.org, Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, accessed 2 Jun 2008
  56. ^ Shahraki, Abdolrazag Hashemi (2016), Plague in Iran: Its history and current status.
  57. ^ Prichard, Augustin; Fothergill, John (1894). "Influenza in 1775". The Lancet. 143 (3673): 175–176. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)66026-4. Archived from the original on 2020-01-03. Retrieved 2019-07-05.
  58. ^ Rohé, George Henry; Robin, Albert (1908). Text-book of Hygiene: A Comprehensive Treatise on the Principles and Practice of Preventive Medicine from an American Standpoint (in الإنجليزية). Davis. p. 428. Retrieved 12 February 2020. spain 1788 dengue fever.
  59. ^ Houston, C. S.; Houston, S. (2000). "The first smallpox epidemic on the Canadian Plains: In the fur-traders' words". The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 11 (2): 112–5. doi:10.1155/2000/782978. PMC 2094753. PMID 18159275.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  60. ^ Waldman, Carl; Braun, Molly (2009). Atlas of the North American Indian (in الإنجليزية). Infobase Publishing. p. 295. ISBN 978-1-4381-2671-5. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  61. ^ The History of Small-Pox in Australia, 1788–1908, JHL Cumpston, (1914, Government Printer, Melb.)This epidemic is unlikely to have been a natural event. see, Warren (2013) DOI:10.1080/14443058.2013.849750 After Cook and coinciding with Colonisation "With the arrival of the Europeans, the Gadigal population was virtually wiped. In 1789 and 1790 a smallpox epidemic swept through the Aboriginal population around Sydney" Archived 2008-06-25 at the Wayback Machine
  62. ^ "Epidemics". Archived from the original on 2013-07-22. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
  63. ^ "Tiger mosquitoes and the history of yellow fever and dengue in Spain". Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  64. ^ Andrew Davidson (1893). Hygiene & diseases of warm climates. Pentland. p. 337. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  65. ^ Lynch, Lily (5 December 2015). "Odessa, 1812: Plague and Tyranny at the Edge of the Empire". Balkanist. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 13 فبراير 2020 suggested (help)
  66. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. Retrieved 29 March 2011.[صفحة مطلوبة]
  67. ^  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Yellow Fever" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 28 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 910–911. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  68. ^ "Aboriginal Health History". Archived from the original on 27 سبتمبر 2011. Retrieved 16 نوفمبر 2014.
  69. ^ Barry Leadbeater. "South Australian History Timeline (19th Century)". Archived from the original on 28 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  70. ^ A History of the Human Plague in Iran Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine, Mohammad Azizi, Farzaneh Azizi
  71. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ Kuhnke, Laverne. Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. ark.cdlib.org Archived 2008-11-20 at the Wayback Machine, Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990.
  72. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ Gallagher, Nancy. Egypt's Other Wars: Epidemics and the Politics of Public Health. Syracuse University Press, c1990. Published by the American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 977-424-295-5[صفحة مطلوبة]
  73. ^ Wilford, John Noble (15 April 2008). "How Epidemics Helped Shape the Modern Metropolis". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  74. ^ "Smallpox decimates tribes; survivors join together – Timeline – Native Voices". www.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  75. ^ Gallagher, The Reverend John A. (1936). "The Irish Emigration of 1847 and Its Canadian Consequences". Canadian Catholic Historical Association Report, University of Manitoba Web Site. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  76. ^ a s, &NA (1849). "On the Influenza, or Epidemic Catarrhal Fever of 1847–8". The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 18 (35): 148–154. doi:10.1097/00000441-184907000-00018. PMC 5277660.
  77. ^ Daly, Walter J. (2008). "The Black Cholera Comes to the Central Valley of America in the 19th Century – 1832, 1849, and Later". Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. 119: 143–153. ISSN 0065-7778. PMC 2394684. PMID 18596846.
  78. ^ Practitioner. 1877. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  79. ^ [1] Archived 2015-01-03 at the Wayback Machine About Cholera epidemic of Copenhagen 1853
  80. ^ John Snow (1855). On the mode of communication of cholera. John Churchill. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  81. ^ Pryor, E. G. (1975). "The great plague of Hong Kong". Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 15: 61–70. JSTOR 23881624. PMID 11614750.
  82. ^ Infectious Diseases: Plague Through History, sciencemag.org
  83. ^ "Australian Medical Pioneers Index (AMPI) – Colonial Medical Life". Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  84. ^ Beveridge, W.I.B. Influenza, the Last Great Plague (Heinemann, London, 1977)[صفحة مطلوبة]
  85. ^ Swanky, Tom (2016). The Smallpox War in Nuxalk Territory. British Columbia, Canada: Dragon Heart. p. 93. ISBN 978-1365410161.
  86. ^ "1902Encyclopedia.com". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  87. ^ Cited in: Howlin, Diego (2004). "Vómito Negro, Historia de la fiebre amarilla, en Buenos Aires de 1871" Archived 2017-06-07 at the Wayback Machine, Revista Persona.
  88. ^ "Death of Forty Thousand Fijians from Measles". Liverpool Mercury. 29 Sep 1875. Retrieved 9 Nov 2012.
  89. ^  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Plague" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 21 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 693–705. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  90. ^ Great Britain. Local Government Board (1893). Further report and papers on epidemic influenza, 1889–92: with an introduction by the medical officer of the Local Government Board. Eyre. Retrieved 29 March 2011.[صفحة مطلوبة]
  91. ^ African trypanosomiasis Archived 2016-12-04 at the Wayback Machine, World Health Organization
  92. ^ Echenberg, Myron (2007). Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague: 1894–1901. Sacramento: New York University Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-8147-2232-9.
  93. ^ "Reanalyzing the 1900–1920 sleeping sickness epidemic in Uganda". Archived from the original on 2009-09-16. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
  94. ^ "Texas Department of State Health Services, History of Plague". Archived from the original on 2013-06-26. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
  95. ^
  96. ^ "In Memory of the 1910 Harbin Plague". Archived from the original on 2017-10-28. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
  97. ^ Foster, Harold D.; Hoffer, Abram (1 January 2007). "Chapter 16 – Hyperoxidation of the Two Catecholamines, Dopamine and Adrenaline: Implications for the Etiologies and Treatment of Encephalitis Lethargica, Parkinson's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Schizophrenia". Oxidative Stress and Neurodegenerative Disorders (in الإنجليزية). Elsevier Science B.V.: 369–382. doi:10.1016/B978-044452809-4/50157-5. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  98. ^ أ ب ت ث Ochman, Sophie; Roser, Max (9 November 2017). "Polio". OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  99. ^ Patterson, K. D.; Pyle, G. F. (1991). "The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 65 (1): 4–21. PMID 2021692.
  100. ^ P. Spreeuwenberg; et al. (1 December 2018). "Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic". American Journal of Epidemiology. 187 (12): 2561–2567. doi:10.1093/aje/kwy191. PMID 30202996.
  101. ^ Jilani, TN; Jamil, RT; Siddiqui, AH (14 December 2019). "H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu)". PMID 30020613. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  102. ^ Ravenel, Mazÿk P. (May 1938). "The Croydon Epidemic of Typhoid Fever". American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health. 28 (5): 644–646. doi:10.2105/AJPH.28.5.644. PMC 1529192. PMID 18014847.
  103. ^ أ ب William E. Paul (1 May 2008). Fundamental immunology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-6519-0. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  104. ^ "History of Smallpox". CDC (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 25 July 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  105. ^ Microbe hunters, then and now. Medi-Ed Press. 1996. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-936741-11-6.
  106. ^ Henderson, Donald A. (30 December 2011). "The eradication of smallpox – An overview of the past, present, and future". Vaccine. 29: D8. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.080. PMID 22188929.
  107. ^ Henderson, D (2009). Smallpox : the death of a disease. Prometheus Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-61592-230-7.
  108. ^ Geschiedenis 24 – Polio in Staphorst Archived 2013-07-14 at the Wayback Machine. Geschiedenis24.nl (2010-11-17). Retrieved on 2014-05-12.
  109. ^ "New, Deadly Flu Strain Detected in Albany Co". Schenectady Gazette. Associated Press. January 24, 1975. p. 3. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
  110. ^ "The control and eradication of smallpox in South Asia". www.smallpoxhistory.ucl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2008-10-19. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
  111. ^ UNAIDS (2010) report on the global AIDS epidemic'[dead link]
  112. ^ Dutt, Ashok (2006). "Surat Plaque of 1994 re-examined" (PDF). Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 37 (4): 755–60. PMID 17121302. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  113. ^ Lai-Meng Looi; Kaw-Bing Chua (2007). "Lessons from the Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia" (PDF). The Malaysian Journal of Pathology. Department of Pathology, University of Malaya and National Public Health Laboratory of the Ministry of Health, Malaysia. 29 (2): 63–67. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2019.
  114. ^ "Dengue in the Americas: The Epidemics of 2000". Archived from the original on 2017-10-17. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
  115. ^ "Nigeria cholera outbreak kills 400". 2001-11-26. Archived from the original on 19 December 2003. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  116. ^ "Cholera Spreads Through South Africa Townships". Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  117. ^ Xu, R. H.; He, J. F.; Evans, M. R.; Peng, G. W.; Field, H. E.; Yu, D. W.; Lee, C. K.; Luo, H. M.; Lin, W. S.; Lin, P.; Li, L. H.; Liang, W. J.; Lin, J. Y.; Schnur, A. (2004). "Epidemiologic Clues to SARS Origin in China". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 10 (6): 1030–1037. doi:10.3201/eid1006.030852. PMC 3323155. PMID 15207054.
  118. ^ "How Hong Kong Beat SARS: Lessons Learned".
  119. ^ Hsieh, Y. H.; King, C. C.; Chen, C. W.; Ho, M. S.; Lee, J. Y.; Liu, F. C.; Wu, Y. C.; Jiunn-Shyan, Julianwu (2005). "Quarantine for SARS, Taiwan". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11 (2): 278–282. doi:10.3201/eid1102.040190. PMC 3320446. PMID 15752447.
  120. ^ "Post SARS: Key milestones". 2018-01-04.
  121. ^ "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)".
  122. ^ Bertherat, Eric; Bekhoucha, Souad; Chougrani, Saada; Razik, Fathia; Duchemin, Jean B.; Houti, Leila; Deharib, Larbi; Fayolle, Corinne; Makrerougrass, Banaouda; Dali-Yahia, Radia; Bellal, Ramdan; Belhabri, Leila; Chaieb, Amina; Tikhomirov, Evgueni; Carniel, Elisabeth (2007). "Plague Reappearance in Algeria after 50 Years, 2003". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 13 (10): 1459–1462. doi:10.3201/eid1310.070284. PMC 2851531. PMID 18257987.
  123. ^ "World Health Organization action in Afghanistan aims to control debilitating leishmaniasis". Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  124. ^ Faruque, S. M.; Islam, M. J.; Ahmad, Q. S.; Faruque, A. S. G.; Sack, D. A.; Nair, G. B.; Mekalanos, J. J. (2005). "Self-limiting nature of seasonal cholera epidemics: Role of host-mediated amplification of phage". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (17): 6119–6124. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.6119F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502069102. PMC 1087956. PMID 15829587.
  125. ^ Dengue fever in Indonesia – update 4 11 May 2004 www.who.int, accessed 16 February 2020
  126. ^ Staff Reporter. "Cholera epidemic takes hold in Senegal". The M&G Online. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  127. ^ أ ب "Ebola virus disease" (Press release). World Health Organization (WHO). 12 فبراير 2018. Retrieved 26 فبراير 2020.
  128. ^ "Mali: Yellow fever epidemic in Kayes". 2005-11-11. Archived from the original on 2009-01-12. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
  129. ^ Koh, B. K.; Ng, L. C.; Kita, Y.; Tang, C. S.; Ang, L. W.; Wong, K. Y.; James, L.; Goh, K. T. (2008). "The 2005 dengue epidemic in Singapore: Epidemiology, prevention and control" (PDF). Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 37 (7): 538–45. PMID 18695764. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
  130. ^ Worst cholera outbreak in Angola Archived 2017-04-29 at the Wayback Machine, BBC
  131. ^ Plague in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 14 June 2006 www.who.int, accessed 26 February 2020
  132. ^ Plague in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 13 October 2006 www.who.int, accessed 26 February 2020
  133. ^ "Malaria Epidemic Sweeps Northeast India". Archived from the original on 2017-02-03. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
  134. ^ "Dengue epidemic threatens India's capital". News-Medical.net. 2 October 2006. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  135. ^ "WHO – Chikungunya in India". Archived from the original on 23 December 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  136. ^ Khan, E.; Siddiqui, J.; Shakoor, S.; Mehraj, V.; Jamil, B.; Hasan, R. (2007). "Dengue outbreak in Karachi, Pakistan, 2006: Experience at a tertiary care center". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 101 (11): 1114–1119. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.06.016. PMID 17706259.
  137. ^ Epidemiology of Dengue Disease in the Philippines (2000–2011): A Systematic Literature Review November 2014 PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases via www.researchgate.net, accessed 16 February 2020
  138. ^ "Mourners die as fever grips Congo." Archived 2012-07-30 at WebCite Sydney Morning Herald, August 30, 2007
  139. ^ Xan Rice (2007-02-22). "Fatal outbreak not a cholera epidemic, insists Ethiopia". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  140. ^ Cholera death toll in India rises Archived 2017-11-11 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News
  141. ^ Cholera outbreak in Iraq growing Archived 2017-02-04 at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press
  142. ^ Vaccine-linked polio hits Nigeria Archived 2016-08-20 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News
  143. ^ Dengue fever epidemic hits Caribbean, Latin America Archived 2009-08-03 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters
  144. ^ "Somalia cholera death fears grow". 2007-04-28. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  145. ^ Cholera epidemic losing its sting Archived 2008-06-26 at the Wayback Machine
  146. ^ Thousands hit by Brazil outbreak of dengue edition.cnn.com, accessed 16 February 2020
  147. ^ Cambodia suffers worst dengue epidemic, 407 dead Archived 2009-11-11 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters
  148. ^ "Cholera epidemic in western Chad kills 123". 2004-09-02. Archived from the original on 2009-01-12. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
  149. ^ Epidemiology of Recurrent Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease, China, 2008–2015 wwwnc.cdc.gov Emerging Infectious Diseases, Volume 24, Number 3 – March 2018, Accessed 23 February 2020
  150. ^ "Madagascar: eighteen dead from Bubonic Plague, five in hospital since 1 January 2008". Archived from the original on May 9, 2009.
  151. ^ "Dengue cases in Philippines rise by 43 percent: government". Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  152. ^ Vietnam PM urges action against diarrhea outbreak Archived 2008-04-16 at the Wayback Machine, Thanh Nien Daily
  153. ^ "Cholera Country Profile: Zimbabwe" (PDF). World Health Organization – Global Task Force on Cholera Control. 31 October 2009. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  154. ^ The History of Dengue Outbreaks in the Americas www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, accessed 16 February 2020
  155. ^ "NDTV Report". Archived from the original on 2009-02-25. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
  156. ^ McCredie, J. (2009). "Dengue fever epidemic hits northern Australia". BMJ. 338: b967. doi:10.1136/bmj.b967. PMID 19273518.
  157. ^ Odigwe, C. (2009). "West Africa has worst meningitis epidemic for 10 years". BMJ. 338: b1638. doi:10.1136/bmj.b1638. PMID 19383759.
  158. ^ "First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration | CDC". www.cdc.gov (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2019-11-20. Retrieved 2020-03-12.
  159. ^ Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population official cholera report 22 March 2011, www.mspp.gouv.ht Archived 2016-12-28 at the Wayback Machine[استشهاد ناقص]
  160. ^ "Why Cholera Persists in Haiti Despite an Abundance of Aid". www.npr.org. Archived from the original on 2015-04-28. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
  161. ^ "Doctorswithoutborders.org". MSF USA. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  162. ^ "Democratic Republic of Congo: More measles vaccinations needed". Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) International. Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  163. ^ Vietnam on alert as common virus kills 81 children – Yahoo News Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine. News.yahoo.com (2011-08-19). Retrieved on 2014-05-12.
  164. ^ Nguyen, Ngoc TB; Pham, Hau V.; Hoang, Cuong Q.; Nguyen, Tien M.; Nguyen, Long T.; Phan, Hung C.; Phan, Lan T.; Vu, Long N.; Tran Minh, Nguyen N. (2014). "Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children who died from hand, foot and mouth disease in Vietnam, 2011". BMC Infectious Diseases. 14: 341. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-341. PMC 4068316. PMID 24942066.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  165. ^ Surveillance, forecasting and response International conference on dengue control, 27–29 February 2012 www.emro.who.int accessed 16 February 2020
  166. ^ Yuill, Thomas M.; Woodall, John P.; Baekeland, Susan (2013). "Latest outbreak news from ProMED-mail. Yellow fever outbreak—Darfur Sudan and Chad". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 17 (7): e476–e478. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2013.03.009.
  167. ^ Donnelly, Christl A.; Malik, Mamun R.; Elkholy, Amgad; Cauchemez, Simon; Kerkhove, Maria D. Van (2019). "Worldwide Reduction in MERS Cases and Deaths since 2016 – Volume 25, Number 9 – September 2019 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC". Emerging Infectious Diseases (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 25 (9): 1758–1760. doi:10.3201/eid2509.190143. PMC 6711233. PMID 31264567.
  168. ^ "Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Saudi Arabia. World Health Organisation (2015-06-11). Retrieved on 2015-06-20". Archived from the original on 2015-06-16. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  169. ^ "Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – United Arab Emirates". World Health Organization. 31 January 2020.
  170. ^ "Vietnam measles outbreak kills more than 100 people, mostly children". Sydney Morning Herald. 18 April 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  171. ^ "2014–2016 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa (section titled 'Impact')". www.cdc.gov (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2019-08-22. Retrieved 2020-02-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  172. ^ "Situation summary Latest available situation summary, 26 June 2015. World Health Organisation (2015-06-19). Retrieved on 2015-06-20". Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  173. ^ Gignoux, Etienne; Idowu, Rachel; Bawo, Luke; Hurum, Lindis; Sprecher, Armand; Bastard, Mathieu; Porten, Klaudia (2015). "Use of Capture–Recapture to Estimate Underreporting of Ebola Virus Disease, Montserrado County, Liberia". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 21 (12): 2265–2267. doi:10.3201/eid2112.150756. PMC 4672419. PMID 26583831.
  174. ^ "Número de casos informados de artritis epidémica chikungunya en las Américas – SE 5 (February 6, 2015)". Pan American Health Organization. Archived from the original on February 18, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  175. ^ "Plague – Madagascar". WHO. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
  176. ^ "Odisha grapples with jaundice outbreak". Deccan Herald. 17 February 2015. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  177. ^ Press Trust of India (March 21, 2015). "Swine flu deaths at 1895; number of cases near 32K mark". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on October 12, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
  178. ^ "India struggles with deadly swine flu outbreak". BBC News. 20 February 2015. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  179. ^ "Death toll Gujarat". Business Standard. 15 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  180. ^ "WHO | Zika: the origin and spread of a mosquito-borne virus". WHO. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  181. ^ "Yellow fever – countries with dengue: alert 2016-03-28 20:39:56 Archive Number: Archive Number: 20160328.4123983". ProMED-mail. International Society for Infectious Diseases. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  182. ^ WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Cholera Situation in Yemen November 2019". Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  183. ^ Encephalitis outbreak: AES is a perennial issue in eastern Uttar Pradesh, northern Bihar Bihar's AES data summary looks more like a repeat of 2017 when a major JEV outbreak in Uttar Pradesh's Gorakhpur claimed the lives of many children. 17 June 2019 www.indiatvnews.com, accessed 17 February 2020
  184. ^ "Nipah virus contained, last two positive cases have recovered: Kerala Health Min". The News Minute. 2018-06-11. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  185. ^ "Operations Dashboard for ArcGIS". who.maps.arcgis.com. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  186. ^ "Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak Uganda Situation Reports". WHO | Regional Office for Africa (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  187. ^ "DR Congo measles: More than 6,000 dead in world's worst outbreak". BBC News (in الإنجليزية). 2020-01-08. Retrieved 2020-02-28. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  188. ^ "Two more deaths from measles in samoa over new year period". Radio New Zealand. 2020-01-07. Archived from the original on 2020-01-07.
  189. ^ "Dengue and severe dengue". World Health Organization (WHO). 2 March 2020.
  190. ^ "Why Dengue Fever Cases Are Hitting Record Highs In Latin America". NPR. 19 December 2019.
  191. ^ "WHO says 2019 'worse than usual' for dengue in Pacific". Radio New Zealand. 26 August 2019.
  192. ^ "Tracking coronavirus: Map, data and timeline". Bnonews. bnonews.com. 2 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  193. ^ "Operations Dashboard for ArcGIS".
  194. ^ "(Coronavirus Update live): 191,127 Cases and 7,807 Deaths 78,328 Recovered from 2019 – Ncov Virus Outbreak – Worldometer". www.worldometers.info (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2020-03-16.

للاستزادة

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=قائمة_الجائحات&oldid=2161618"