خط أودر-نايسه

Coordinates: 53°55′34.70″N 14°13′26.50″E / 53.9263056°N 14.2240278°E / 53.9263056; 14.2240278
The Oder–Neisse line
The Oder and Neisse rivers
The Oder–Neisse line at Usedom (2008)

The Oder–Neisse line (ألمانية: Oder-Neiße-Grenze, پولندية: granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej) is the basis of most of the international border between Germany and Poland. It runs mainly along the Oder and Lusatian Neisse rivers and meets the Baltic Sea in the north, just west of the ports of Szczecin and Świnoujście (German: Stettin and Swinemünde).[1]

All prewar German territories east of the line and within the 1937 German boundaries—comprising nearly one quarter (23.8 percent) of the Weimar Republic—were ceded under the changes decided at the postwar Potsdam Conference, with the greatest part becoming part of Poland. The remainder, consisting of northern East Prussia with the German city of Königsberg (renamed Kaliningrad), was allocated to the Soviet Union, as the Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian SFSR (today Russia). A part of the German population in these territories—estimated at approximately 12 million in autumn 1944—had fled the advance of the Red Army.

The Oder–Neisse line marked the border between East Germany and Poland from 1950 to 1990. The two Communist governments agreed to the border in 1950, while West Germany, after a period of refusal, adhered to the border, with reservations, in 1970.[2]

After the revolutions of 1989, newly reunified Germany and Poland accepted the line as their border in the 1990 German–Polish Border Treaty.

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التاريخ

اعتبارات أثناء الحرب

خلفية

مؤتمر طهران

مؤتمر يالطا

المطالب البولندية والسوفيتية

Dominant ethnicities in and around Poland, 1931, according to Polish historian Henryk Zieliński.


Westward shift of Poland after World War II. Blue line: Curzon Line of 8 December 1919. Pink areas: prewar German territory transferred to Poland after the war. Grey area: prewar Polish territory transferred to the Soviet Union after the war.


مؤتمر پوتسدام


التنازلات

Marking the new Polish-German Border in 1945
Polish authorities issued an order to the population of Bad Salzbrunn (Szczawno-Zdrój) to force them to immediately leave Poland on 14 July 1945, issued at 6 a.m. to be executed until 10 am


'Recovered territories'

Edward Henry Lewinski Corwin's map of Polish-German borders in the 12th century (published in 1917, US)


World War II aftermath

Oder Lagoon area with border on western bank of the Oder, city of Szczecin to the south.


US Department of State Demographics map from 10 January 1945 Germany – Poland Proposed Territorial Changes, based in part on German prewar population census. Was used for border discussions at the Potsdam conference later in 1945.


German recognition of the border

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East Germany

1951 East German stamp commemorative of the Treaty of Zgorzelec establishing the Oder–Neisse line as a "border of peace", featuring the presidents Wilhelm Pieck (GDR) and Bolesław Bierut (Poland)


West Germany

  Territory lost after World War I
  Territory lost after World War II
  Present-day Germany


CDU's election poster (1947): "Never Oder-Neisse line – vote CDU"

Other developments

Division of cities

The Lusatian Neisse dividing German Görlitz (right) from Polish Zgorzelec (left); formerly both constituted the city of Görlitz.

The border divided several cities into two parts – Görlitz/Zgorzelec, Guben/Gubin, Frankfurt/Słubice and Bad Muskau/Łęknica.[3]

Partially open border 1971–1980

Millions visited the neighbouring country (either Poland or East Germany) during the years 1971–1980.[4][5] The East German economy was threatened by overconsumption of Polish tourists, who came to East Germany to buy cheaper products that the socialist economy could not provide in abundance on either side of the border; and the Poles also became politically dangerous for the GDR government by the time of the 1980 Solidarity strikes.[6]

See also

World War II-related events

ملاحظات

مراجع

  1. ^ Eberhardt, Piotr (2015). "The Oder-Neisse Line as Poland's western border: As postulated and made a reality". Geographia Polonica. 88 (1): 77–105. doi:10.7163/GPol.0007.
  2. ^ Jessup, John E. (1998). An encyclopedic dictionary of conflict and conflict resolution, 1945-1996. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 543. ISBN 978-0313281129.
  3. ^ Kimmo Katajala; Maria Lähteenmäki (2012). Imagined, Negotiated, Remembered: Constructing European Borders and Borderlands. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 204. ISBN 978-3-643-90257-3.
  4. ^ Paul Ganster (1 يناير 1997). Borders and Border Regions in Europe and North America. SCERP and IRSC publications. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-925613-23-3.
  5. ^ Sven Tägil (1 يناير 1999). Regions in Central Europe: The Legacy of History. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-85065-552-7.
  6. ^ Paulina Bren; Mary Neuburger (8 أغسطس 2012). Communism Unwrapped: Consumption in Cold War Eastern Europe. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 377–385. ISBN 978-0-19-982766-4.

ببليوجرافيا


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وصلات خارجية

53°55′34.70″N 14°13′26.50″E / 53.9263056°N 14.2240278°E / 53.9263056; 14.2240278

قالب:Poland borders قالب:Germany borders