يان ماين

Coordinates: 70°59′N 8°32′W / 70.983°N 8.533°W / 70.983; -8.533
(تم التحويل من جان ماين)
لمعلومات عن the fishing trawler and vorpostenboot، انظر German trawler V 401 Jan Mayen.
لمعلومات عن the Off-shore patrol vessel، انظر Jan Mayen-class offshore patrol vessel.
يان ماين
JanMayen.jpg
صورة بالقمر الصناعي من ناسا لجزيرة يان ماين، وتظهر فيها بيرن‌برگ مغطاة بالثلوج.
Location of Jan Mayen in relation to Norway
الجغرافيا
الموقعالمحيط المتجمد الشمالي
الإحداثيات70°59′N 8°32′W / 70.983°N 8.533°W / 70.983; -8.533
المساحة377 km2 (146 sq mi)
الخط الساحلي124,100 m (407٬200 ft)
أعلى منسوب2٬277 m (7٬470 ft)
أعلى نقطةبيرن‌برگ
الإدارة
مقاطعةنوردلاند
Largest settlementاُلـُنكـِن‌بيين (pop. 35)
السكان
التعداد0 (up to 35 non-permanent residents)
معلومات إضافية
Time zone
 • Summer (DST)
Postal code8099
ISO 3166 codeSJ

يان ماين Jan Mayen Island، هي جزيرة بركانية في المحيط المتجمد الشمالي وجزء من مملكة النرويج. طولها 55 كم (34 ميل) (جنوب غرب-شمال شرق)و مساحتها 373 كم² (144 ميل²)، مغطاة جزئياً بالأنهار الجليدية (تبلغ مساحتها 114.2 كم² حول بيرن‌برگ). بها جزئين، شمالي (بشمال شرق الجزيرة) وجنوبي، يربطهما برزخ عرضه 2.5 كم (1.6 ميل). تقع على بعد 600 كم (حوالي 400 ميل) شمال شرق أيسلندا، 500 كم (حوالي 300 ميل) شرق گرينلاند المركزية و 1000 كم (حوالي 600 ميل) غرب الرأس الشمالي، النرويج. الجزيرة جبلية، أعلى قمة هي بركان بيرنبيرگ في الشمال. البرزخ هو موقع أكبر بحيرتين في الجزيرة، سورلاگونا (البحيرة الجنوبية) ونوردلاگونا (البحيرة الشمالية). توجد بحيرة ثالية تدعى اولرنگ‌لاگونا (بحيرة اولرنگ). تشكلت الجزيرة بسبب نقطة جان ماين الساخنة.

The island is mountainous, the highest summit being the Beerenberg volcano in the north. The isthmus is the location of the two largest lakes of the island, Sørlaguna (South Lagoon) and Nordlaguna (North Lagoon). A third lake is called Ullerenglaguna (Ullereng Lagoon). Jan Mayen was formed by the Jan Mayen hotspot and is defined by geologists as a microcontinent.[1]

Although administered separately, in the ISO 3166-1 standard, Jan Mayen and Svalbard are collectively designated as Svalbard and Jan Mayen, with the two-letter country code "SJ". It was also given the web domain of .sj. However, the domain is not in use and Norway's .no is used in its place.

Jan Mayen is home to Beerenberg, which is the northernmost subaerial active volcano in the world.[2][3]

Natural resources

Kármán vortex street created by Beerenberg volcano in the westerly winds

Jan Mayen Island has one exploitable natural resource, gravel, from a site located at Trongskaret. Other than this, economic activity is limited to providing services for employees of Norway's radio communications and meteorological stations located on the island. Jan Mayen has one unpaved airstrip, Jan Mayensfield, which is about 1,585 m (5,200 ft) long. The 124.1 km (77.1 mi) coast has no ports or harbors, only offshore anchorages.

There are important fishing resources, and the existence of Jan Mayen establishes a large exclusive economic zone (EEZ) around it. Norway has asserted a 200-nautical-mile (370-kilometre) EEZ around the island since 1980 encompassing more than a quarter of a million square kilometers. The Norwegian Coast Guard is responsible for conducting fishery and other maritime surveillance and enforcement in these waters.[4]

Norway has found large deposits of minerals along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between Jan Mayen and southern Svalbard/Bear Island,[5] including copper, zinc, cobalt, gold and silver. The expeditions have also discovered high concentrations of lithium and scandium. In total, it is estimated that the amount of copper could amount to 21.7 million tonnes, but other estimates are around 7 million tonnes. License for deep sea mining is now under consideration.[6]

A dispute between Norway and Denmark regarding the fishing exclusion zone between Jan Mayen and Greenland was settled in 1988 granting Denmark the greater area of sovereignty. Geologists suspect significant deposits of petroleum and natural gas lie below Jan Mayen's surrounding seafloors.[7]


Status

The snow-covered Beerenberg volcano beyond the coastal hills

Jan Mayen Island is an integral part of the Kingdom of Norway. Since 1995, Jan Mayen has been administered by the County Governor (statsforvalter) of the northern Norwegian county of Nordland, to which it is closest. However, some authority over Jan Mayen has been assigned to the station commander of the Norwegian Defence Logistics Organisation, a branch of the Norwegian Armed Forces.[3]

Society

Demography

Olonkinbyen in August

The only inhabitants on the island are personnel working for the Norwegian Armed Forces and the Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Eighteen people spend the winter on the island, but the population may roughly double (35) during the summer, when heavy maintenance is performed. Personnel serve either six months or one year and are exchanged twice a year in April and October. The support crew, including mechanics, cooks, and a nurse, are among the military personnel. The military personnel operated a Loran-C base until it closed at the end of 2015.[8][9] Both the LORAN transmitter and the meteorological station are located a few kilometres away from the settlement Olonkinbyen (Olonkin Town), where all personnel live.

Transport

Transport to the island is provided by C-130 Hercules military transport planes operated by the Royal Norwegian Air Force which land at Jan Mayensfield's gravel runway. The planes fly in from Bodø Main Air Station eight times a year. Since the airport does not have any instrument landing capabilities, good visibility is required, and it is not uncommon for the planes to have to return to Bodø Airport, two hours away, without landing. For heavy goods, freight ships visit during the summer, but since there are no harbours, the ships must anchor. Tourists arrive with cruise ships which are allowed to bring passengers onshore if weather permits.[10]

Communication

The island has no indigenous population but is assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code SJ (together with Svalbard). It uses the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) .no (.sj is allocated but not used)[11] and data code JN. Jan Mayen has telephone and internet connection over satellite, using Norwegian telephone numbers (country code 47). Its amateur radio call sign prefix is JX. It has a postal code, NO-8099 JAN MAYEN, but delivery time varies, especially during the winter.

Business

There are no exploitable resources on Jan Mayen, except fish in the surrounding waters of the Island and gravel. The economic activity is limited to the operation of the station that is staffed by the Norwegian Cyberdefence and the Meteorological Agency of Norway. There has also been established a reference station for EGNOS.[12] There is also a reference station for the satellite navigation system Galileo on Jan Mayen.[13] There was also an earlier Jan Mayen LORAN-C Transmitter, but the transmitter is now decommissioned and demolished.

President Donald Trump announced a 10% tariff on Jan Mayen on 2 April 2025.[14]

Jan Mayen Radio

Jan Mayen Radio was a Norwegian coastal radio station on Jan Mayen. The first radiostation was built in 1921 on a part of the island called "Eldsmetten - Norwegian" on the eastern side of the Island. The radiostation consisted of a 3 kW Telefunken spark-gap transmitter and a 55 m (180 ft) wooden radiomast. The station was destroyed by Norwegian forces in September 1940, and the crew was sent to Iceland.

In 1941 a new radiostation was constructed on the western side of the island, it was moved to a plateau above. In 1962 this station was again moved to "Helenesanden - Norwegian" about 3 km (1.9 mi) north from the Norwegian army's LORAN-station.

In 1984 the station was moved to the Norwegian army's station. In 1989 there was an VHF-receiver installed, and later in October 1994 the local control of the radio station was terminated. Before the local control was terminated a MF-Digital-Selcall-receiver was installed and controlled remotely from Bodø-Radio.[15] The station is still (Jan 2024) controlled remotely via satellite, but can be taken in local control by a disconnection against Eik Satellite Earth Station in Rogaland Norway.[16][17][18]

التاريخ

In the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s), Dutch navigators were the first non-natives to undisputedly explore and map many largely unknown isolated areas of the world, including Jan Mayen and the Svalbard archipelago in the Arctic Ocean.

اكتشافات لم يتم التحقق منها

انظر أيضاً: Terra nullius
A beach on Jan Mayen

Between the fifth and ninth centuries (400–900 AD), numerous communities of monks originating in Ireland (Papar) navigated throughout the north Atlantic in leather boats, exploring and sometimes settling in distant islands where their monastic communities could be separated from close contact with others. Strong indicators exist of their presence in the Faroe Islands and Iceland before the arrival of the Vikings, and medieval Gaelic chronicles such as the famous Voyage of Saint Brendan the Abbot testify to the extensive interest in exploration at the time.

A modern-day trans-Atlantic journey proved the ability of the early navigators to reach all lands of the north Atlantic even further from Ireland than Jan Mayen – and, given favourable winds, at a speed roughly equal to that of modern yachts.[19] Though quite feasible, there is nevertheless no direct physical trace of medieval landings or settlement on Jan Mayen.

The land named Svalbarð ("cold coast") by the Vikings in the early medieval book Landnámabók may have been Jan Mayen (instead of Spitsbergen, renamed Svalbard by the Norwegians in modern times); the distance from Iceland to Svalbarð mentioned in this book is two days' sailing (with favorable winds), consistent with the approximate 550 km (340 mi) to Jan Mayen and not with the minimum 1,550 km (960 mi) to Spitsbergen.[20] However much Jan Mayen may have been known in Europe at that time, it was subsequently forgotten for some centuries.

In the 17th century, many claims of the island's rediscovery were made, spurred by the rivalry on the Arctic whaling grounds, and the island received many names. According to Thomas Edge, an early 17th-century whaling captain who was often inaccurate, "William [ك‍] Hudson" discovered the island in 1608 and named it "Hudson's Touches" (or "Tutches"). However, the well-known explorer Henry Hudson could only have come by on his voyage in 1607 (if he had made an illogical detour) and he made no mention of it in his journal.[20]

According to William Scoresby (1820: p. 154), referring to the mistaken belief that the Dutch had discovered the island in 1611, Hull whalers discovered the island "about the same time" and named it "Trinity Island". Muller (1874: pp. 190–191) took this to mean they had come upon Jan Mayen in 1611 or 1612, which was repeated by many subsequent authors. There were, in fact, no Hull whalers in either of these years, the first Hull whaling expedition having been sent to the island only in 1616 (see below). As with the previous claim made by Edge, there is no cartographical or written proof for this supposed discovery.[21]


During the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s)

انظر أيضاً: Dutch Republic in the Age of Discovery, Dutch mapping of Jan Mayen, and Early modern Netherlandish cartography

اكتشافات 1614 والتسمية النهائية

شارع دوامات ڤون كارمان خلقتها بيرنبرگ في الرياح الغربية

يان ماين كقاعدة صيد حيتان هولندية

القرن 19 و 20

لافتة تقليدية بإتجاهات إلى العمران في محطة يان ماين
محطة يان ماين في 2007
موقع المحطات في يان ماين


الجغرافيا والجيولوجيا

خريطة طبوغرافية

المحمية الطبيعية

المناخ

أخفClimate data for يان ماين
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9) 		6.8
(44.2) 		4.8
(40.6) 		7.0
(44.6) 		9.4
(48.9) 		18.1
(64.6) 		16.2
(61.2) 		15.7
(60.3) 		13.4
(56.1) 		11.6
(52.9) 		10.0
(50.0) 		6.8
(44.2) 		18.1
(64.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −1.4
(29.5) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		1.9
(35.4) 		4.8
(40.6) 		7.3
(45.1) 		7.7
(45.9) 		5.9
(42.6) 		3.7
(38.7) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		2.2
(36.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −6.3
(20.7) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−7.4
(18.7) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		0.6
(33.1) 		3.5
(38.3) 		3.9
(39.0) 		2.1
(35.8) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−2.5
(27.5)
Record low °C (°F) −26.6
(−15.9) 		−27.9
(−18.2) 		−24.8
(−12.6) 		−21.4
(−6.5) 		−11.6
(11.1) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−13.4
(7.9) 		−15.2
(4.6) 		−22.5
(−8.5) 		−27.9
(−18.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 66
(2.6) 		47
(1.9) 		48
(1.9) 		44
(1.7) 		25
(1.0) 		27
(1.1) 		36
(1.4) 		54
(2.1) 		74
(2.9) 		75
(3.0) 		67
(2.6) 		65
(2.6) 		628
(24.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 13 11 12 9 8 8 8 11 13 15 13 13 134
Average relative humidity (%) 83 83 84 83 85 87 89 87 83 83 81 82 84
Mean monthly sunshine hours 0 28 62 120 155 150 124 93 60 31 0 0 823
[بحاجة لمصدر]
الشاطئ الشمالي الغربي ليان ماين.


الاقتصاد

المجتمع

بيرن‌برگ، المغطاة بالثلوج، وراء الهضاب الساحلية

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ "Jan Mayen er et bitte lite kontinent". September 2022. Archived from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  2. ^ Quinn, Joyce A. (2015). Earth's Landscape: An Encyclopedia of the World's Geographic Features. ABC-CLIO. Page 362. ISBN 9781610694469.
  3. ^ أ ب Central Intelligence Agency (2016). The World Factbook 2009. U.S. Executive Office of the President. Page 323. ISBN 9781597974141.
  4. ^ "KYSTVAKTEN – NORWEGIAN COAST GUARD". Research Gate. January 2019. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
  5. ^ "Analysis reveals extensive seabed minerals". Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  6. ^ "Norway eyes sea change in deep dive for metals instead of oil". Reuters. 12 January 2021. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  7. ^ "Oil majors eye oil, gas off Arctic Jan Mayen island". reuters. 21 August 2013. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  8. ^ "Loran Station Jan Mayer". Archived from the original on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
  9. ^ "Loran C er historie" (in النرويجية). Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.
  10. ^ "17 Days Extensive Arctic Ocean - North Spitsbergen Explorer". Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  11. ^ "The .bv and .sj top level domains". Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  12. ^ "Tildelingsbrev 2022 Samfunnet Jan Mayen - Cyberforsvaret" (PDF). Regjeringen.no. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  13. ^ "Regjeringen sier ja til Galileo på Jan Mayen". www.aftenposten.no (in النرويجية بوكمال). 2011-01-13. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  14. ^ Lendon, Brad (3 April 2025). "An uninhabited island, a military base and a 'desolate' former whaling station. Trump's tariffs include unlikely targets | CNN Business". CNN (in الإنجليزية).
  15. ^ "JAN MAYEN HOMESITE, EDITED BY THE JAN MAYEN CREW". 2005-10-24. Archived from the original on 24 October 2005. Retrieved 2024-01-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  16. ^ (in nb)Jan Mayen radio, 2022-05-05, https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Mayen_radio&oldid=22556605, retrieved on 2023-03-13 
  17. ^ "Telenor Kystradio". www.kystradio.no. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  18. ^ Nyheter, Jan Mayen. "Nordlys og navigasjonssystem på Jan Mayen « Jan Mayen" (in النرويجية بوكمال). Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  19. ^ Severin, Tim (2000), The Brendan Voyage, Random House 
  20. ^ أ ب J. M. Wordie (1922), "Jan Mayen Island", The Geographical Journal Vol 59 (3), pp. 180–194
  21. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Hacq
  22. ^ "NORWAY - JAN MAYEN". Retrieved 5 December 2011. قالب:Linknote
  23. ^ "Statistics: Jan Mayen, Norway". The Weather Network. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
  24. ^ "Jan Mayen Climate Guide". Retrieved 2012-07-11.

قائمة المراجع

  • Umbreit, Andreas (2005) Spitsbergen : Svalbard - Franz Josef Land - Jan Mayen, 3rd ed., Chalfont St. Peter : Bradt Travel Guides, ISBN 1-84162-092-0

وصلات خارجية

الكلمات الدالة:
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