اللغة السنسكريتية

Sanskrit
संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam
النطق	[sə̃skɹ̩t̪əm]
المنطقة	Greater India
الناطقون الأصليون	14,000 (2001)
عائلة اللغات	الهندو-اوروپية Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Sanskrit
نظام الكتابة	No native script. Written in Devanāgarī, various Brāhmī-based alphabets, and Latin script
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في	الهند, Uttarakhand one of the 22 scheduled languages of India
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-2	san
ISO 639-2	san
ISO 639-3	san

السنسكريتية (संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam [sə̃skɹ̩t̪əm], originally संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, "refined speech") هي لغة قديمة في الهند وهي لغة طقوسية للهندوسية، والبوذية، واليانية. لها موقع في الهند وجنوب شرق آسيا مشابه للغة اللاتينية واليونانية في أوروبا في القرون الوسطى، ولها جزء مركزي في التقليد الهندوسي. السنسكريتية هي إحدى الاثنتين وعشرين لغة رسمية للهند. تدرس في الهند كلغة ثانية. كما ان بعض البراهمنيين -وهم الوعاظ من الطبقة العالية- يعتبرونها لغتهم الأم.

اللغة السنسكريتية Sanskrit هي إحدى أقدم اللغات التي أنتجت تراثاً دينياً وأدبياً وعلمياً مدوناً، وكلمة سنسكريت المشتقة من Samskrta تعني ما قُعِّد وصُقِل. تنتمي السنسكريتية إلى المجموعة الهندية ـ الآرية Indo-Aryan المتفرعة عن المجموعة الهندية ـ الإيرانية Indo-Iranian المنتمية إلى الأسرة اللغوية الهندية ـ الأوربية Indo-European، وقد ظهرت أصلاً في المنطقة الشمالية الغربية من شبه القارة الهندية ثم انتشرت جنوباً وشرقاً، ووصلت إلى ذروتها في الألف الأولى بعد الميلاد، إذ صارت لغة الثقافة والشعائر الدينية في معظم جنوبي وجنوب شرقي القارة الآسيوية، كونها لغة الديانة الهندوسية [ر].

تمتلك اللغة السنسكريتية، كسائر اللغات الهندية الأوربية القديمة، صيغة المثنى إلى جانب المفرد والجمع، وكذلك صيغة المحايد إلى جانب المذكر والمؤنث. كما تمتلك ثماني حالات إعرابية هي: الرفع، النصب، المفعول به الثاني، المفعول فيه، المضاف إليه، الظرفية، المنادى، الأدوات المساعدة. أما حروف الكتابة فيفوق عددها المئة، وهي بالغة التعقيد بحيث تصعب ترجمتها نطقاً بحروف لغات أخرى، بسبب تعدد أشكال لفظ الصوامت والصوائت والإدغام بين قصير ومتوسط وطويل. وتسمى هذه الأبجدية «ديفاناغاري» Devanagari، أي كتابة مدينة الآلهة.

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 التاريخ

Devimahatmya manuscript on palm-leaf, in an early Bhujimol script, Bihar or Nepal, 11th century

 Vedic Sanskrit

Rigveda (padapatha) manuscript in Devanagari, early 19th century

المقالة الرئيسية: Vedic Sanskrit

 الصوائت

Letter	प्	Pronunciation	Pronunciation with /p/	IAST equiv.	English equivalent (GA unless stated otherwise)
अ	प	/ɐ/ or /ə/	/pɐ/ or /pə/	a	short near-open central vowel or schwa: u in bunny or a in about
आ	पा	/ɑː/	/pɑː/	ā	long open back unrounded vowel: a in father (RP)
इ	पि	/i/	/pi/	i	short close front unrounded vowel: e in england
ई	पी	/iː/	/piː/	ī	long close front unrounded vowel: ee in feet
उ	पु	/u/	/pu/	u	short close back rounded vowel: oo in foot
ऊ	पू	/uː/	/puː/	ū	long close back rounded vowel: oo in cool
ऋ	पृ	/rɨ/	/prɨ/	ṛ	alveolar trill followed by short close central unrounded vowel: (no English equivalent)
ॠ	पॄ	/rɨː/	/prɨː/	ṝ	alveolar trill followed by long close central unrounded vowel (no English equivalent)
ऌ	पॢ	/ɭ/	/pɭ/	ḷ	dental lateral approximant followed by short close central unrounded vowel (no English equivalent)
ॡ	पॣ	/ɭː/	/pɭː/	ḹ	dental lateral approximant followed by long close central unrounded vowel (no English equivalent)
ए	पे	/eː/	/peː/	e	long close-mid front unrounded vowel: a in bane (some speakers)
ऐ	पै	/əi/	/pəi/	ai	a long diphthong: i in ice, i in kite (Canadian and Scottish English)
ओ	पो	/oː/	/poː/	o	long close-mid back rounded vowel: o in bone (some speakers)
औ	पौ	/əu/	/pəu/	au	a long diphthong: Similar to the ou in house (Canadian English)

 الصوامت

IAST and Devanagari notations are given, with approximate IPA values in square brackets.

		Labial Ōshtya		Labiodental Dantōshtya	Dental Dantya		Retroflex Mūrdhanya		Palatal Tālavya		Velar Kanthya		Glottal
Stop Sparśa	Unaspirated Alpaprāna	p प [p]	b ब [b]		t त [t̪]	d द [d̪]	ṭ ट [ʈ]	ḍ ड [ɖ]	c च [c͡ç]	j ज [ɟ͡ʝ]	k क [k]	g ग [ɡ]
	Aspirated Mahāprāna	ph फ [pʰ]	bh भ [bʱ]		th थ [t̪ʰ]	dh ध [d̪ʱ]	ṭh ठ [ʈʰ]	ḍh ढ [ɖʱ]	ch छ [c͡çʰ]	jh झ [ɟ͡ʝʱ]	kh ख [kʰ]	gh घ [ɡʱ]
Nasal Anunāsika		m म [m]			n न [n̪]		ṇ ण [ɳ]		ñ ञ [ɲ]		ṅ ङ [ŋ]
Semivowel Antastha				v व [ʋ]					y य [j]
Liquid Drava					l ल [l]		r र [r]
Fricative Ūshman					s स [s̪]		ṣ ष [ʂ]		ś श [ɕ]				ḥ ः [h]	h ह [ɦ]

The table below shows the traditional listing of the Sanskrit consonants with the (nearest) equivalents in English (as pronounced in General American and Received Pronunciation) and Spanish. Each consonant shown below is deemed to be followed by the neutral vowel schwa (/ə/), and is named in the table as such.

Plosives—Sprshta

	Unaspirated Voiceless Alpaprāna Śvāsa	Aspirated Voiceless Mahāprāna Śvāsa	Unaspirated Voiced Alpaprāna Nāda	Aspirated Voiced Mahāprāna Nāda	Nasal Anunāsika Nāda
Velar Kanthya	क /kə/; English: skip	ख /kʰə/; English: cat	ग /ɡə/; English: game	घ /ɡʱə/; somewhat similar to English: doghouse	ङ /ŋə/; English: ring
Palatal Tālavya	च /cə/; English: exchange	छ /cʰə/; English: church	ज /ɟə/; ≈English: jam	झ /ɟʱə/; somewhat similar to English: hedgehog	ञ /ɲə/; English: bench
Retroflex Mūrdhanya	ट /ʈə/; No English equivalent	ठ /ʈʰə/; No English equivalent	ड /ɖə/; No English equivalent	ढ /ɖʱə/; No English equivalent	ण /ɳə/; No English equivalent
Apico-Dental Dantya	त /t̪ə/; Spanish: tomate	थ /t̪ʰə/; Aspirated /t̪/	द /d̪ə/; Spanish: donde	ध /d̪ʱə/; Aspirated /d̪/	न /n̪ə/; English: name
Labial Ōshtya	प /pə/; English: spin	फ /pʰə/; English: pit	ब /bə/; English: bone	भ /bʱə/; somewhat similar to English: clubhouse	म /mə/; English: mine

Non-Plosives/Sonorants

	Palatal Tālavya	Retroflex Mūrdhanya	Dental Dantya	Labial/ Glottal Ōshtya
Approximant Antastha	य /jə/; English: you	र /rə/; English: trip	ल /l̪ə/; English: love	व (labio-dental) /ʋə/; English: vase
Sibilant/ Fricative Ūshman	श /ɕə/; English: ship	ष /ʂə/; Retroflex form of /ʃ/	स /s̪ə/; English: same	ह (glottal) /ɦə/; English behind

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 Writing system

Kashmiri Shaivaite manuscript in the Sharada script (c. 17th century)

هذا المقال هو عن how Sanskrit came to be written using various systems. إذا كنت تريد details of Sanskrit as written using devanāgari، انظر Devanagari.

Sanskrit in modern Indian and other Brahmi scripts. May Śiva bless those who take delight in the language of the gods. (Kalidasa)

 Numerals

The numbers from one to ten:

1. éka-
2. dva-
3. tri-
4. catúr-
5. páñcan-
6. ṣáṣ-
7. saptán-
8. aṣṭá-
9. návan-
10. dáśan-

The numbers one through four are declined. Éka is declined like a pronominal adjective, though the dual form does not occur. Dvá appears only in the dual. Trí and catúr are declined irregularly:

	Three			Four
	Masculine	Neuter	Feminine	Masculine	Neuter	Feminine
Nominative	tráyas	trī́ṇi	tisrás	catvā́ras	catvā́ri	cátasras
Accusative	trīn	trī́ṇi	tisrás	catúras	catvā́ri	cátasras
Instrumental	tribhís		tisṛ́bhis	catúrbhis		catasṛ́bhis
Dative	tribhyás		tisṛ́bhyas	catúrbhyas		catasṛ́bhyas
Ablative	tribhyás		tisṛ́bhyas	catúrbhyas		catasṛ́bhyas
Genitive	triyāṇā́m		tisṛṇā́m	caturṇā́m		catasṛṇā́m
Locative	triṣú		tisṛ́ṣu	catúrṣu		catasṛ́ṣu

 Computational linguistics

There have been suggestions to use Sanskrit as a metalanguage for knowledge representation in e.g. machine translation, and other areas of natural language processing because of its relatively high regular structure. This is due to Classical Sanskrit being a regularized, prescriptivist form abstracted from the much more complex and richer Vedic Sanskrit. This leveling of the grammar of Classical Sanskrit began during the Brahmana phase, and had not yet completed by the time of Pāṇini, when the language had fallen out of popular use.

 انظر أيضاً

• Avestan
• Devanagari
• Grantha Script
• Indo-European languages
• International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration
• Languages of India
• Sanskrit literature
• Sanskrit numerals

 الهامش

• Abhyankar, Kashinath V. (1986), A dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar,, Gaekwad's Oriental Series, 134, Baroda: Oriental Institute 
• Briggs, Rick (1985), "Knowledge Representation in Sanskrit and Artificial Intelligence (PDF)", AI Magazine 6 (1), http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewArticle/466 
• Burrow, T. (2001), Sanskrit language, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 8120817672 
• Chatterji, Suniti Kumar (1960), Indo-Aryan and Hindi, Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay 
• Edgerton, F. (1953), Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit grammar and dictionary, New Haven: Yale University Press 
• van Gulik, Robert (1956), Siddham; an essay on the history of Sanskrit studies in China and Japan, Nagpur: International Academy of Indian Culture, ISBN 8177420380 
• Hanneder, J. (2002), "On "The Death of Sanskrit"", Indo-Iranian Journal 45 (4): 293–310(18), doi:10.1023/A:1021366131934, http://www.springerlink.com/content/n5380t62066168r7/ 
• Hanneder, J. (2009), "Modernes Sanskrit: eine vergessene Literatur", in Straube, Martin, Pāsādikadānaṃ : Festschrift für Bhikkhu Pāsādika, Indica et Tibetica Verlag, pp. 205–228, http://indologica.de/drupal/?q=node/749 
• Hatcher, Brian A. (2007), "Sanskrit and the morning after", Indian Economic & Social History Review 44 (3): 333–361, doi:10.1177/001946460704400303, http://ier.sagepub.com/content/44/3/333.abstract, retrieved on 2010-09-15 
• MacDonell, Arthur Anthony (1900), A History of Sanskrit Literature, Kessinger Publishing (2004), ISBN 1417906197 
• Mahadevan, I (2003), Early Tamil epigraphy from the earliest times to the sixth century Common Era, Chennai/Cambridge 
• Masica, Colin (1991), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521299442, http://books.google.com/?id=J3RSHWePhXwC 
• Minkowski, Christopher (2004), "Nīlakaṇṭha's instruments of war: Modern, vernacular, barbarous", The Indian Economic and Social History Review 41 (4): 365–385, doi:10.1177/001946460404100402 
• Monier-Williams, Monier (1898), A Sanskrit-English Dictionary 
• Oberlies, Thomas (2003), A Grammar of Epic Sanskrit, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 3110144484 
• Pollock, Sheldon (2001), "The Death of Sanskrit", Comparative Studies in Society and History 43 (2): 392–426, doi:10.1017/S001041750100353X, http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pollock/sks/papers/death_of_sanskrit.pdf 
• Pollock, Sheldon I. (2006), The language of the gods in the world of men: Sanskrit, culture, and power in premodern India, University of California Press, ISBN 9780520245006 
• Staal, J.F. (1963), "Sanskrit and Sanskritization", The Journal of Asian Studies (Association for Asian Studies) 22 (3): 261–275, doi:10.2307/2050186 
• Tiwari, Bholanath (1955), भाषा विज्ञान (Bhasha Vijnan), ISBN 0-7007-1382-4 
• Warder, A.K. (1972), Indian kāvya Literature, Literary Criticism, 1, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 
• Whitney, William Dwight (1889), Sanskrit Grammar: Including both the Classical Language and the Older Dialects, Breitkopf & Härtel, http://books.google.com/?id=VHYKAAAAIAAJ 
• Zoetmulder, Petrus Josephus (1982), Old Javanese-English dictionary, The Hague: Nijhoff 
• Salomon, Richard (1998), Indian epigraphy: a guide to the study of inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan languages, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195099842, http://books.google.com/?id=XYrG07qQDxkC 

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 للاستزادة

 Introductions

• Cameron, Bruce (1992), Sanskrit Pronunciation, S.l.: Theosophical Univ Press, ISBN 1-55700-021-2 
• Coulson, M. (2003), Teach Yourself Sanskrit, London: Teach Yourself, ISBN 0-340-85990-3 
• Goldman, Robert P. (1999), Devavāṇīpraveśikā: An Introduction to the Sanskrit Language, Berkeley: Center for South Asia Studies, University of California, ISBN 0-944613-40-3 
• Kale, M. R. (Moreshwar Ramchandra) (1988) [1894], A Higher Sanskrit Grammar, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 8120801784, http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/KALEScan/disp1/index1.php?sfx=png 
• Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1997), A Sanskrit Grammar for Students, New Delhi: D.K. Printworld, ISBN 81-246-0094-5 
• Maurer, Walter Harding (2000), The Sanskrit Language: An Introductory Grammar and Reader, Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, ISBN 0-7007-1382-4 
• Seth, Sanjay (2007), Subject Lessons: The Western Education of Colonial India, Duke University Press, http://books.google.co.in/books?id=QU9glkC4ceMC 
• Shastri, Vagish (2000), Conversational Sanskrit, Varanasi: Vāgyoga Chetanāpitham, ISBN 81-85570-12-4 
• Monier-Williams, Monier (1846), A Practical Grammar Of The Sanskrit Language Arranged With Reference To The Classical Languages Of Europe For The Use Of English Students, W. H. Allen & co., http://books.google.com/?id=REQhAAAAMAAJ 

 Grammars

• Whitney, William Dwight The Roots, Verb-Forms and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language: (A Supplement to His Sanskrit Grammar)
• Wackernagel, Debrunner, Altindische Grammatik, Göttingen.
  • vol. I. Phonology Jacob Wackernagel (1896)
  • vol. II.1. Introduction to morphology, nominal composition, Wackernagel (1905)
  • vol. II.2. nominal suffixes, J. Wackernagel and Albert Debrunner (1954)
  • vol. III. nominal inflection, numerals, pronouns, Wackernagel and Debrunner (1930)
• Delbrück, B. Altindische Tempuslehre (1876)

 Dictionaries

• Otto Böhtlingk, Rudolph Roth, Petersburger Wörterbuch, 7 vols., 1855–75
• Otto Böhtlingk, Sanskrit Wörterbuch in kürzerer Fassung 1883–86 (1998 reprint, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi)
• Manfred Mayrhofer, Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen, 1956–76
• Manfred Mayrhofer, Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen, 3 vols., 2742 pages, 2001, ISBN 3-8253-1477-4

 وصلات خارجية

• Sanskrit Central is where you can read Sanskrit Blogs, do discussions about Sanskrit, watch Sanskrit Videos, look at Sanskrit Dictionary and do many more things.
• Academic Courses on Sanskrit Around The World
• Samskrita Bharati, organization promoting Sanskrit
• Sanskrit Alphabet in Devanagari, Gujarati, Bengali, and Thai scripts with an extensive list of Devanagari, Gujarati, and Bengali conjuncts
• Free Sanskrit Books, Sanskrit PDF books collection for download

 Software

الصفحة الرئيسية: Help:Multilingual support (Indic)

• Romanized Nepali Unicode Keyboard developed by OOPSLite Technologies
• Sanskrit transliteration software with font conversion to Latin and other Indian Languages

 Sanskrit documents

• Sanskrit Documents — Documents in ITX format of Upanishads, Stotras etc. and a metasite with links to translations, dictionaries, tutorials, tools and other Sanskrit resources.
• Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon
• Gretil: Göttingen Register of Electronic Texts in Indian Languages — a cumulative register of the numerous download sites for electronic texts in Indian languages.
• Gaudiya Grantha Mandira — A Sanskrit Text Repository. This site also provides encoding converter.
• Sanskrit texts at Sacred Text Archive
• Digital Library of India at Ernet.in and IIIT.in — scanned/OCRed copies of public-domain books

 Primers

• A Practical Sanskrit Introductory by Charles Wikner
• Sanskrit Self Study by Chitrapur Math
• An Analytical Cross Referenced Sanskrit Grammar By Lennart Warnemyr