اللغات الإيرانية

هذا المقال هو عن the language family. إذا كنت تريد languages spoken in the modern country of Iran، انظر Languages of Iran. إذا كنت تريد the official language of Iran، انظر اللغة الفارسية.

Iranian
Iranic
Ethnicity	الشعوب الإيرانية
Geographic distribution	Western Asia, Eastern Europe, القوقاز, Central Asia, and South Asia
Linguistic classification	الهندو-اوروپية Indo-Iranian Iranian
Proto-language	Proto-Iranian
Subdivisions	Western Avestan† Eastern
ISO 639-2 / 5	ira
Linguasphere	58= (phylozone)
Glottolog	iran1269
Areas where an Iranian language is either the majority spoken language or has official recognition

The Iranian languages or Iranic languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau.

The Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (400 BCE–900 CE) and New Iranian (since 900 CE). The two directly-attested Old Iranian languages are Old Persian (from the Achaemenid Empire) and Old Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Of the Middle Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Middle Persian (from the Sasanian Empire), Parthian (from the Parthian Empire), and Bactrian (from the Kushan and Hephthalite empires).

اعتبارا من 2008, there were an estimated 150–200 million native speakers of the Iranian languages. Ethnologue estimates that there are 86 languages in the group, with the largest among them being Persian (Farsi, Dari, and Tajik dialects), Pashto, Kurdish, Luri, and Balochi.

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 الأسم

The Iranian language branch is so named because its principal member languages, including Persian, have been spoken in the area of the Iranian plateau since ancient times. However, as a linguistic classification 'Iranian' implies no specific or special relation with the modern country of Iran. To avoid this confusion, the term Iranic is sometimes also used for this branch. Iranian languages are spoken by many ethnic groups including Persians, Tajiks, Hazara, Aimaq), Kurds (Kurmanji, Sorani), Pashtuns (Abdali, Ghilzai), Baluchis, Goranis, Talishis, Mazandaris, Sangesaris, Tati, and Zazas.

 التصنيف

•  مقالة مفصلة: قائمة اللغات الإيرانية

شجرة عائلة اللغات الهندوأوروبية

تنقسم اللغات الإيرانية إلى فرعين شرقية وغربية، بمجموع نحو 84 لغة (تقدير SIL ). وبين اللغات الإيرانية الأكثر استعمالاً، الكردية، الفارسية، والبلوچية جميعهم لغات إيرانية غربية، بينما الپشتو هي لغة إيرانية شرقية.

 اللغات البروتو إيرانية والإيرانية القديمة

Historical distribution in 100 BC: shown is Sarmatia, Scythia, Bactria and the Parthian Empire

Together with the other Indo-Iranian languages, the Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC.

It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day روسيا (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was relatively proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others according to the reconstructed linguistic relationships of common Indo-European and its original homeland (more precisely, the steppes of southern Russia to the north of the Caucasus).

Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BC, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia.

Avestan, mainly attested through the Avesta, a collection of sacred texts connected to the Zoroastrian religion, is considered to belong to a central Iranian group , where only peripheral groups such as southwestern (represented by Old Persian) and northeastern Sogdian and Sakan language (Scythian) had developed. Among the less known Old Iranian languages is Median, spoken in western and central Iran, which may have had an “official” status during the Median era (ca. 700-559 BC). Apart from place and personal names, some report from Herodotus' Histories and some preserved forms in Achaemenid inscriptions; there are numerous non-Persian words in the Old Persian texts that are commonly considered Median. Also some of the modern Western and Central Iranian dialects are likely to be descended from Median.

Others are Carduchi (predecessor to Kurdish) and Parthian (evolving into the language of the later empire).

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 الإيرانية ضد الإيرانوية

The term Iranian is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language.

Some scholars such as John R. Perry prefer the term Iranic as the anthropological name for the linguistic family and ethnic groups of this category, and Iranian for anything about the modern country of Iran. He uses the same analogue as in differentiating German from Germanic or differentiating Turkish and Turkic.

This use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention.

 التجميع

The Iranian languages are divided into the following branches:

• The Western Iranian languages, subdivided into:
  • Southwestern, of which Persian (including the Dari and Tajik dialects) and Luri are the dominant members;
  • Northwestern, of which the Kurdish languages are the dominant members.
• The Eastern Iranian languages, subdivided into:
  • Southeastern, of which Pashto is the dominant member;
  • Northeastern, by far the smallest branch, of which Ossetian is the dominant member.

According to modern scholarship, the Avestan languages are not considered to fall under these categories, and are instead sometimes classified as Central Iranian, since they diverged from Proto-Iranian before the east-west division rose to prominence. It has traditionally been viewed as Eastern Iranian; however, it lacks a large number of Eastern Iranian features and thus is only "Eastern Iranian" in the sense that it is not Western.

 الإيرانية الأولية

Historical distribution circa 170 BCE: Sarmatia, Scythia, Bactria (Eastern Iranian, in orange); and the Parthian Empire (Western Iranian, in red)

The Iranian languages all descend from a common ancestor: Proto-Iranian, which itself evolved from Proto-Indo-Iranian. This ancestor language is speculated to have origins in Central Asia, and the Andronovo culture of the Bronze Age is suggested as a candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture around 2000 BCE.

The language was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia and Kazakhstan. It was thus in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, such as Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more precisely, the Eurasian Steppe to the north of the Caucasus), according to the reconstructed linguistic relationships of common Indo-European.

Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after the Proto-Indo-Iranian breakup, or the early-2nd millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian Plateau, and Central Asia.

Proto-Iranian innovations compared to Proto-Indo-Iranian include: the turning of sibilant fricative *s into non-sibilant fricative glottal *h; the voiced aspirated plosives *bʰ, *dʰ, *gʰ yielding to the voiced unaspirated plosives *b, *d, *g resp.; the voiceless unaspirated stops *p, *t, *k before another consonant changing into fricatives *f, *θ, *x resp.; voiceless aspirated stops *pʰ, *tʰ, *kʰ turning into fricatives *f, *θ, *x, resp.

 الإيرانية القديمة

The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are:

• Avestan, the two languages/dialects of the Avesta (the liturgical texts of Zoroastrianism).
• Old Persian, the native language of a southwestern Iranian people known as Persians.

Indirectly attested Old Iranian languages are discussed below.

Old Persian was an Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in southwestern Iran (the modern-day province of Fars) by the inhabitants of Parsa, Persia or Persis who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BCE, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BCE the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an "old" quality for official proclamations.

The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes).

In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Carduchian (the hypothetical predecessor to Kurdish) and Old Parthian. Additionally, the existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages. Such transfer is known to have occurred for Old Persian, which has (what is called) a "Median" substrate in some of its vocabulary. Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary, as Herodotus did for what he called "Scythian" and in one instance, Median (σπάκα "dog").

 Isoglosses

Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it isn't known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is "western", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to "eastern". Further confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media).

Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź:

• Avestan and most other Iranian languages have deaffricated and depalatalized these consonants, and have *ć > s, *dź > z.
• Old Persian, however, has fronted these consonants further: *ć > θ, *dź > *ð > d.

As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw:

• Avestan and most other Iranian languages have shifted these clusters to sp, zb.
• In Old Persian, these clusters yield s, z, with loss of the glide *w, but without further fronting.
• The Saka language, attested in the Middle Iranian period, and its modern relative Wakhi fail to fit into either group: in these, palatalization remains, and similar glide loss as in Old Persian occurs: *ćw > š, *dźw > ž.

A division of Iranian languages in at least three groups during the Old Iranian period is thus implied:

• Persid (Old Persian and its descendants)
• Sakan (Saka, Wakhi, and their Old Iranian ancestor)
• Central Iranian (all other Iranian languages)

It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothetical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *ćw).

 الإيرانية الوسيطة

What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern.

The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script.

Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the Manichaeans, whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages, from Latin to Chinese. Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the Syriac script.

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 الإيرانية الجديدة

انظر أيضاً: Persian literature, Pashto literature, Ossetian literature, Kurdish literature, and Tajik literature

Dark green: countries where Iranian languages are official.
Teal: countries where Iranian languages are official in a subdivision

Following the Arab conquest of Persia, there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darbâr (دربار), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term "Dari" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term "Pahlavi" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and "Pârsi" ("Persian" proper) to describe the dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, "Khuzi", associated with the western province of Khuzestan.

The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of the Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Persian script began dwindling in usage. The Arabic script remains in use in contemporary modern Persian. Tajik script, used to write the Tajik language, was first Latinised in the 1920s under the then Soviet nationality policy. The script was however subsequently Cyrillicized in the 1930s by the Soviet government.

The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century CE. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus. Various small Iranian languages in the Pamir Mountains survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian.

 جدول مقارنة

English	Zaza	Sorani Kurdish	Kurmanji Kurdish	Pashto	Tati	Talyshi	Balochi	Gilaki	Mazanderani	Tat	Luri	Persian	Middle Persian	Parthian	Old Persian	Avestan	Ossetian
beautiful	rınd, xasek	ciwan, nayab	rind, delal, bedew, xweşik	x̌kūlay, x̌āista	xojir	ghašang	dorr, soherâ, mah rang, sharr, juwān	xujir, xojir	xoşgel, xojir	güzəl, qəşəng	qəşaŋ, xoşgel	zibā/xuš-čehr(e)/xoşgel(ak)/ghashanq/najib	hučihr, hužihr	hužihr	naiba	vahu-, srîra	ræsughd
blood	goni	xwên	xwîn, xûn	wīna	xevn	xun	hon	Xun	xun	xun	xī(n)	xūn	xōn	gōxan		vohuni-	tug
bread	nan, non	nan	nan	ḍoḍəi, məṛəi	nun	nun	nān, nagan	nown	nun	nun	nu(n)	nān	nān	nān			dzul
bring	ardene	/anîn, hawerdin, hênan	anîn	(rā)wṛəl	vârden, biyordon	varde	âurten, yārag, ārag	havardən, hardən, avardən	biyârden	avardən	o(v)erden,	āwurdan, biyār ("(you) bring!")	āwurdan, āwāy-, āwar-, bar-	āwāy-, āwar-, bar-	bara-	bara, bar-	xæssyn
brother	bıra	bira	bira	wror	bərâr	bira, boli	brāt, brās	berær, barâr	birâr	birar	berar	barādar	brād, brâdar	brād, brādar	brātar	brātar-	æfsymær
come	ameyene	hatin, were, bew (Pehlewanî)	hatin, were,	rā tləl	biyâmiyan	ome	āhag, āyag, hatin	hamæn, amown	biyamona, enen, biyâmuen	amarən	umae(n)	āmadan	āmadan, awar	awar, čām	āy-, āgam	āgam-	cæwyn
cry	bermayene	giryan, girîn, gîristin (Pehlewanî)	girîn	žəṛəl	bərma	berame, bame	greewag, grehten	burme	birme	girəstən	gerevesen, gereva	gerīstan/gerīye	griy-, bram-	barmâdan			kæwyn
dark	tari	tarî/tarîk	tarî	skəṇ, skaṇ, tyara	ul, gur, târica, târek	toki	tār			tariki	tārīk	tārīk, tār	tārīg/k	tārīg, tārēn	tārīk	sâmahe, sâma	tar
daughter	keyne, çêne/çêneke	kîj, kiç, kenîşk, düêt (Pehlewanî), dwêt (Pehlewanî)	dot, keç	lūr	titiye, dətar	kinə, kila	dohtir, duttag	lâku, kowr, kijâ( (girl) dətər (daughter)	kîjâ(girl), deter (daughter)	duxtər	doxter	doxtar	duxtar	duxt, duxtar		duxδar	čyzg (Iron), kizgæ (Digor)
day	roce, roje, roze	řoj, rûj (Pehlewanî)	roj	wrəd͡z (rwəd͡z)	revj, ruz	ruj	roç	ruj	ruz, ruj	ruz	ru	rūz	rōz		raucah-	raocah-	bon
do	kerdene	kirdin	kirin	kawəl	kardan, kordan	karde	kanag, kurtin	gudən, kudən	hâkerden	saxtən	kerde	kardan	kardan	kartan	kạrta-	kәrәta-	kænyn
door	ber, keyber, çêber	derge/derke, derga, qapî (Kelhorî)	derî	wər	darvâca	bə	dar, gelo, darwāzag	bər	dar, loş	dər	dər, dar	dar	dar	dar, bar	duvara-	dvara-	dwar
die	merdene	mirdin	mirin	mrəl	bamarden	marde	mireg, murten	murdən	bamerden	mürdən	morde	mordan	murdan		mạriya-	mar-	mælyn
donkey	her	ker, gwêdirêj, xer (Pehlewanî)	ker	xər	astar, xar	hə, hər	har, her, kar	xar	xar	xər	xər	xar	xar				xæræg
eat	werdene	xwardin	xwarin	xwāṛə, xurāk / xwaṛəl	harden	harde	warag, warâk, wārten	xowrdən	xerâk / baxârden	xardən	harde	xordan / xurāk	parwarz / xwâr, xwardīg	parwarz / xwâr		hareθra / CE-, at-	xærinag
egg	hak, akk	hêk/hêlke, tum, xaye (Pehlewanî), xa (Kelhorî)	hêk	hagəi	merqâna, karxâ	morqana, uyə	heyg, heyk, ā morg		merqâne, tîm, balî	xaykərg	xā'a	toxm, xāya ("testicle")	toxmag, xâyag	taoxmag, xâyag		taoxma-	ajk
earth	erd	zemîn, zewî, ʿerz, erd	erd, zevî	d͡zməka (md͡zəka)	zemin	zamin	zemin, degār	zəmi, gel	zamîn, bene	xari	zemi	zamīn	zamīg	zamīg	zam-	zãm, zam, zem	zæxx
evening	şan	êware, îware (Pehlewanî)	êvar	māx̌ām (māš̥ām)	nomâzyar, nomâšon	shav	begáh		nemâşun	şangum	evāra	begáh	ēvārag	êbêrag			izær
eye	çım	çaw/çaş	çav	stərga	coš	čaş,gelgan	cham, chem	çum	çəş, bəj	çüm	tīya, çaş	čashm	čašm	čašm	čaša-	čašman-	cæst
father	pi, pêr	bawk, bab, babe, bawg (Pehlewanî)	bav, bab	plār	piyar, piya, dada	piya, lala, po	pet, pes	piyer, per	pîyer, per	piyər	bua	pedar, bābā	pidar	pid	pitar	pitar	fyd
fear	ters	tirs	tirs	wēra (yara), bēra	târs	tars	turs, terseg	barmas	taşe-vaşe, tars	tərsi	ters	tars, harās	tars	tars	tạrsa-	tares-	tas
fiancé	waşti	desgîran,xwşavest	dergistî	čənghol [masculine], čənghəla [feminine]	numzâ	nomja	nāmzād	nowmzəd	numze	nükürdə		nāmzād	-	-			usag
fine	weş, hewl	xoş	xweş	x̌a (š̥a), səm	xojir, xar	xoş	wash, hosh	xujir, xojir, xorum	xâr, xeş, xojir	xuş, xas, xub	xu	xoš, xūb, beh	dārmag			srîra	xorz, dzæbæx
finger	engışte/gışte, bêçıke	engust, pence,angus, pênce	tilî, pêçî	gwəta	anquš	anqiştə	changol, mordâneg, lenkutk		angus	əngüşt	kelek	angošt	angust			dišti-	ængwyldz
fire	adır	agir/awir, ahir,ayer	agir	wōr (ōr)	taš	otaş	âch, atesh, âs	taş	taş	ataş	taş, gor	ātaš, āzar	âdur, âtaxsh	ādur	âç-	âtre-/aêsma-	art
fish	mase	masî	masî	kəb	mâyi	moy	māhi, māhig	mæii	mâhî	mahi	māhi	māhi	māhig	māsyāg		masya	kæsag
go	şiayene	çûn, řoştin, řoyiştin, çün (Pehlewanî)	çûn	tləl	šiyen, bišiyan	şe	shoten	şown	şunen / burden	raftən	ro	ro/şo	şow/row	ay-	ai-	ay-, fra-vaz	cæwyn
God	Homa/Huma/Oma	Yezdan, Xwedê, Xuda, Xodê, Xwa(y)	Xwedê, Xweda, Xudê	Xwədāi	Xədâ	Xıdo	Xoda, Hwdâ	Xuda	Xedâ	Xuda	xodā	Xodā, Izad, Yazdān, Baq	Xudā/Yazdān		baga-	baya-	xwycaw
good	hewl, rınd, weş	baş, çak, xas	baş, rind	x̌ə (š̥ə)	xâr, xojir	çok	zabr, sharr, jowain	xujir, xojir, xorum	xâr, xeş, xojir	xub, xas	xu	xub, nīkū, beh	xūb, nêkog, beh		vahu-	vohu, vaŋhu-	xorz
grass	vaş	giya/gya	giya, çêre	wāx̌ə (wāš̥ə)	vâš	alaf	rem, sabzag	vaş	vâş	güyo	sozi, çame	sabzeh, giyāh	giyâ	giya	viş	urvarâ	kærdæg
great	gırd/gırs, pil	gewre,mezin	mezin, gir	lōy, stər	pilla	yol, yal, vaz, dıjd	mastar, mazan,tuh	pila, pile	gat, pilla	kələ	gap	bozorg	wuzurg, pīl, yal		vazraka-	uta-, avañt	styr
hand	dest	dest, des	dest	lās	bâl	dast	dast	das, bâl	das, bāl	dəs	das	dast	dast	dast	dasta-	zasta-	k'ux / arm
head	ser	ser	ser	sər	kalla	sə, sər	sar, sarag, saghar	kalle, sər	kalle, sar	sər	sar	sar	sar		kalli	sairi	sær
heart	zerri/zerre	dil/dił/dir(Erbil)/zil	dil	zṛə	dəl	dıl	dil, hatyr	dil	del, zel, zil	dül	del	del	dil	dil		aηhuš	zærdæ
horse	estor/ostor/astor	asp/hesp/esp, hês(t)ir	hesp	ās [male], aspa [female]	asb, astar	asp	asp	asb, asp	asp, as	əs	asb	asb	asp, stōr	asp, stōr	aspa	aspa-	bæx
house	key/çê	mał, xanû, xanig, ghat	xanî, mal	kor	kiya	ka	ges, dawâr, log	sere, xowne	sere, xene	xunə	huna	xāne	xânag			demâna-, nmâna-	xædzar
hungry	vêşan/veyşan	birsî, wirsî (Pehlewanî)	birçî, birsî (behdînî)	lwəga	vašnâ, vešir, gesnâ	vahşian	shudig, shud	vəşna, vişta	veşnâ	gisnə	gosna	gorosne, goşne	gursag, shuy	veşnâg
language (also tongue)	zıwan, zon, zuan, zuon, juan, jüan	ziman, zuwan	ziman	žəba	zobun, zəvân	zivon	zewān, zobān	zəvon, zəvân	zivun, zebun	zuhun	zevu	zabān	zuwān	izβān	hazâna-	hizvā-	ævzag
laugh	huyayene	kenîn/pêkenîn, kenîn,xende,xene	kenîn	xandəl/xənda	xurəsen, xandastan	sıre	hendag, xandag	purxe, xənde	rîk, baxendesten	xəndə	xana	xande	xande, xand		karta	Syaoθnâvareza-	xudyn
life	cuye, weşiye	jiyan, jîn	jiyan	žwəndūn, žwənd	zindәgi	jimon	zendegih, zind	ziviş, zindegi	zindegî, jan	həyat	zeŋei	zendegi, jan	zīndagīh, zīwišnīh	žīwahr, žīw-		gaêm, gaya-	card
man	mêrdek, camêrd/cüamêrd	mêrd, pîyaw, cuwamêr	mêr, camêr	səṛay, mēṛə	mardak, miarda	merd	merd	mərd	mard(î)	mərd	piyā	mard	mard	mard	martiya-	mašîm, mašya	adæjmag
moon	aşme, menge (for month)	mang, heyv	meh, heyv	spūgməi (spōẓ̌məi)	mâng	mang, owşum	máh	alâtiti, mâ , ,âma	ma, munek	ma	māh	mâh, mâng, mânk	māh	māh	mâh-	måŋha-	mæj
mother	may, mar	dayik, dayig	dayik, dê	mōr	mâr, mâya, nana	moa, ma, ina	mât, mâs	mâr, mær	mâr	may	dā(ya), dāle(ka)	mâdar	mâdar	dayek	mâtar	mâtar-	mad
mouth	fek	dem	dev	xūla (xʷəla)	duxun, dâ:ân	gəv	dap	dəhən	dâhun, lâmîze	duhun	dam	dahân	dahân, rumb			åŋhânô, âh, åñh	dzyx
name	name	naw, nêw	nav	nūm	num	nom	nâm	nowm	num	num	num	nâm	nâm		nâman	nãman	nom
night	şew	şew	şev	špa	šö, šav	şav	šap, shaw	şow	şow	şöü	şo	shab	shab		xšap-	xšap-	æxsæv
open (v)	akerdene	kirdinewe, wazkirdin (Kelhorî)	vekirin	prānistəl	vâz-kardan	okarde	pāch, pabozag	va-gudən/kudən	vâ-hekârden	vakardən	vākerde(n)	bâz-kardan, va-kardan	abâz-kardan, višādag		būxtaka-	būxta-	gom kænyn
peace	haşti/aşti	aştî, aramî	aştî, aramî	rōɣa, t͡sōkāləi	dinj	aşiş	ârâm	aşt	âştî	salaməti, dinci	āş(t)i	âshti, ârâmeš, ârâmî, sâzish	âštih, râmīšn	râm, râmīšn	šiyâti-	râma-	fidyddzinad
pig	xoz/xonz, xınzır	beraz,goraz	beraz	soḍər, xənd͡zir (Arabic), xug	xu, xuyi, xug	xug	khug, huk	xi	xî	xug	xuk	xūk	xūk			hū	xwy
place	ca	cê(cêga), ga, şwên, şwîn (Pehlewanî)	cih, geh	d͡zāi	yâga	vira	ja, jaygah, hend	jiga, jige	jâ	cigə, cə	jā	jâh/gâh	gâh	gâh	gâθu-	gâtu-, gâtav-	ran
read	wendene	xwendin/xwêndin, xwenistin	xwendin	lwastəl, kōtəl	baxânden	hande, xwande	wánag, wānten	xowndən	baxinden, baxundesten	xundən	vane(n)	xândan	xwândan				kæsyn
say	vatene	gutin, witin	gotin	wayəl	vâten, baguten	vote	gushag, guashten	gutən, guftən	baowten	guftirən, gaf saxtən	gute(n)	goftan, gap(-zadan)	guftan, gōw-, wâxtan	gōw-	gaub-	mrû-	dzuryn
sister	waye	xweh, xweşk, xoşk, xuşk, xoyşk	xwîşk	xōr (xʷōr)	xâke, xâv, xâxor, xuâr	hova	gwhâr	xâxur, xâxer	xâxer	xuvar	xuar	xâhar/xwâhar	xwahar			x ̌aŋhar- "sister"	xo
small	qıc/qıyt, wırd/werdi	giçke, qicik, hûr, biçûk, büçik (Kelhorî)	biçûk, hûr	kūčnay, waṛ(ū)kay	qijel, ruk	hırd	gwand, hurd	kuçe, kuçi, kuji	peçik, biçuk, xurd	küçük, küşkin, kişgələ, kəm	koçek	kuchak, kam, xurd, rîz	kam, rangas	kam	kamna-	kamna-	chysyl
son	lac, laj	law/kuř	kur, law	d͡zoy (zoy)	pur, zâ	zoə, zurə	possag, baç	vaçe, rika, rike, pisər	piser/rîkâ	kuk	kor	pesar, pur	pur, pusar	puhr	puça	pūθra-	fyrt
soul	roh, gan	can, giyan, rewan, revan	reh, can	sā	rəvân	con	rawân	jown	ro, jân	can		ravân, jân	rūwân, jyân	rūwân, jyân		urvan-	ud
spring	wesar/usar	behar, wehar	bihar, behar	spərlay	vâ:âr	əvəsor, bahar	bārgāh	vəhâr, bâhâr	vehâr	vasal	behār, vehār	bahâr	wahâr		vâhara-	θūravâhara-
tall	berz	bilind/berz	bilind/berz	lwəṛ, ǰəg	pilla	barz, bılınd	borz, bwrz	bulənd, bələnd	bilen(d)	bülünd	beleŋ	boland / bârz	buland, borz	bârež		barez-	bærzond
عشرة	des	deh/de	deh	ləs	da	da	dah	da	da	də	da	dah	dah		datha	dasa	dæs
ثلاثة	hirê/hiri	sê	sê	drē	so, se	se, he	sey	su, se	se	sə	se	se	sê	hrē	çi-	θri-	ærtæ
قرية	dewe	gund, dêhat, dê, awayî	gund	kəlay	döh, da	di	dehāt, helk, kallag, dê		dih, male, kola	di	de	deh, wis	wiž	dahyu-	vîs-, dahyu-	vîs	qæw
يريد	waştene	xwastin, wîstin, twastin (Pehlewanî)	xwestin	ɣ(ʷ)ux̌təl	begovastan, jovastan	piye	loath, loteten	xæsən, xæstən	bexâsten	xastən, vayistən	hāse	xâstan	xwâstan				fændyn
ماء	awe/awk, owe, ou	aw	av	obə/ūbə	âv, ö	ov, wat(orandian dialect)	âp	ow, âv	ow	ou	ow	âb	âb/aw	aw	âpi	avô-	don
when	key	key, kengî(Hewlêrî)	kengê, kîngê	kəla	key	keyna	kadi, ked	ken	ke	key, çüvəxti	ke	key	kay	ka		čim-	kæd
wind	va	ba, wa (Pehlewanî)	ba	siləi	vâ	vo	gwáth		vâ	var	bād	bâd	wâd	wa		vâta-	dymgæ / wad
wolf	verg	gurg,	gur	lewə, šarmux̌ (šarmuš̥)	varg	varg	gurk	vərg	verg	gürg	gorg	gorg	gurg		varka-	vehrka	birægh
النساء	cıni/ceni	jin, afret, zindage,gyian	jin	x̌əd͡za (š̥əd͡za)	zeyniye, zenak	jen, jiyan	jan, jinik	zan	zan	zən	zena	zan	zan	žan		gǝnā, γnā, ǰaini-,	sylgojmag / us
السنة	serre	sal/sał	sal	kāl	sâl	sor, sal	sâl	sâl	sâl	sal	sāl	sâl	sâl		θard	ýâre, sarәd	az
yes / no	ya, heya, ê / nê, ney, ni	bełê, a, erê / ne, nexêr	erê, belê, a / na	Hao, ao, wō / na, ya	ahan / na	ha / ne, na	ere, hān / na	âhâ,æhæ/na	are / nâ	həri, hə / nə	a, ā / na	baleh, ârē, hā / na, née	ōhāy / ne	hâ / ney	yâ / nay, mâ	yâ / noit, mâ	o / næ
أمس	vızêr	dwênê, dwêke	duho	parūn	azira, zira, diru	zir, zinə	zí	diru	dîruz	deydi	diru	diruz	dêrûž		diya(ka)	zyō	znon
العربية	ظاظا	صوراني	Kurmanji	Pashto	Tati	Talyshi	Balochi	Gilaki	Mazandarani	Tat	Luri	Persian	Middle Persian	Parthian	Old Persian	Avestan	Ossetian

 أنظر أيضاً

• قائمة اللغات
• Iran
• شعوب إيرانية
• تاريخ إيران
• Indo-Iranian Languages

 ببليوگرافيا

• Bailey, H. W. (1979). Dictionary of Khotan Saka. Cambridge University Press. 1979. 1st Paperback edition 2010. ISBN 978-0-521-14250-2.
• Schmitt, Rüdiger, ed. (1989). Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum (in الألمانية). Wiesbaden: Reichert. ISBN 978-3-88226-413-5.
• Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1996). "Iranian languages". Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda. pp. 238–245.
• Yarshater, Ehsan, ed. (1996). "Iran". Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda.
• Frye, Richard N. (1996). "Peoples of Iran". Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda.
• Windfuhr, Gernot L. (1995). "Cases in Iranian languages and dialects". Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. 5. Costa Mesa: Mazda. pp. 25–37.
• Lazard, Gilbert (1996). "Dari". Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda.
• Henning, Walter B. (1954). "The Ancient language of Azarbaijan". Transactions of the Philological Society. 53 (1): 157–177. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1954.tb00282.x.
• Rezakhani, Khodadad (2001). "The Iranian Language Family". Archived from the original on 2004-10-09.
• Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006). "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 13.
• Delshad, Farshid (2010). Georgica et Irano-Semitica (PDF). Ars Poetica. Deutscher Wissenschaftsverlag DWV. ISBN 978-3-86888-004-5.
• Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (2006). The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929668-2.
• Toroghdar, Zia (2018). "From Astara to Fuman: Comparison words from dialects of different languages Talysh and Tatic". Farhang-e Ilia. pp. 38–172.

 للاستزادة

• Sokolova, V. S. "New information on the phonetics of Iranic languages." Trudy Instituta jazykoznanija NN SSR (Moskva) 1 (1952): 178-192.

• Schmitt, Rüdiger (ed.) (1989). Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum. Wiesbaden: Reichert. ISBN 3-88226-413-6. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
• Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1996). "Iranian languages". Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda. pp. 238–245.
• Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.) (1996). "Iran". Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |first= has generic name (help)
• Frye, Richard N. (1996). "Peoples of Iran". Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda.
• Windfuhr, Gernot L. (1995). "Cases in Iranian languages and dialects". Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. 5. Costa Mesa: Mazda. pp. 25–37.
• Lazard, Gilbert (1996). "Dari". Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda.
• Henning, Walter B. (1954). "The Ancient language of Azarbaijan". Transactions of the Philological Society. 53: 157. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1954.tb00282.x.
• Rezakhani, Khodadad (2001). "The Iranian Language Family".
• SKJÆRVØ, Prods Oktor (2006). "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. 13.

 وصلات خارجية

• "Areal developments in the history of Iranic: West vs. East" (PDF). Martin Joachim Kümmel, department of Indo-European linguistics, University of Jena.
• Society for Iranian Linguistics
• Kurdish and other Iranic Languages
• Iranian EFL Journal
• Iranian language tree in Russian, identical with above classification.
• Old Iranian Online by Scott L. Harvey and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the Linguistics Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin

• erani.tk Lists of many similarities between some Iranian languages, in English and Turkish
• Society for Iranian Linguistics
• [1] Iranian EFL Journal
• Persian Language (Persian)