السند

Coordinates: 24°52′N 67°03′E / 24.87°N 67.05°E / 24.87; 67.05
"Sind" redirects here. For other uses, see Sindh (disambiguation).
لا يجب الخلط بين موضوع المقال و نهر السند المغذي الصغير لنهر جانجس في ماديا پرادش، الهند.
Sindh
  • سندھ
  • سنڌ
Province
عكس عقارب الساعة من أعلى اليسار:

مزار قائد، كراتشي، فيض محل - خيرپور، حي الأعمال في كراتشي، موهنجو دارو، جسر لاندزداون - سكور،

جسر كتري على نهر السند.
علم Sindh
Flag
موقع السند في پاكستان
موقع السند في پاكستان
الإحداثيات: 24°52′N 67°03′E / 24.87°N 67.05°E / 24.87; 67.05
البلدFlag of پاكستان پاكستان
تأسست1 يوليو 1970
العاصمةكراتشي
أكبر مدينةكراتشي
الحكومة
 • النوعمقاطعة
 • الكيانمجلس إقليمي
 • الحاكمد. عشرة العباد خان
 • كبير الوزراءسيد قائم علي شاه
المساحة
 • الإجمالي140٬914 كم² (54٬407 ميل²)
التعداد
 (2009 est.)[1]
 • الإجمالي35٬470٬648
 • الكثافة250/km2 (650/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيتUTC+5 (PKT)
اللغة الرئيسية
غيرها: پنجابي, پشتو, بلوچي، Saraiki[2][3][4]
Assembly seats168[5]
الضلوع23
بلدات119
مجالس وحدات1108[6]
الموقع الإلكترونيsindh.gov.pk

السند (بالسندي: سنڌ, بالسنسكريتية: सिंध) هي أحد أقاليم پاكستان علي أطراف نهر السند وهي موطن السنديون. ويوجد في السند ثقافات وجماعات عرقية متعددة منها اللاجئون المسلمون المتحدثون بالأردو، والذين هاجرو من الهند إلى پاكستان عند الإستقلال بالإضافة إلى جامعات أخرى هاجرت إليها من إقاليم أخرى بعد الإستقلال. ويجاور السند بلوچستان من الغرب والشمال، پنجاب من الشمال، گوجرات وراجستان من الجنوب الشرقي والشرق، وبحر العرب من الجنوب. اللغة الرئيسية هي السندي.


The economy of Sindh is the second-largest in Pakistan after the province of Punjab; its provincial capital of Karachi is the most populous city in the country as well as its main financial hub. Sindh is home to a large portion of Pakistan's industrial sector and contains two of the country's busiest commercial seaports: Port Qasim and the Port of Karachi. The remainder of Sindh consists of an agriculture-based economy and produces fruits, consumer items and vegetables for other parts of the country.[7][8][9]

Sindh is sometimes referred to as the Bab-ul Islam (تر. 'Gateway of Islam'), as it was one of the first regions of the Indian subcontinent to fall under Islamic rule. Parts of the modern-day province were intermittently subject to raids by the Rashidun army during the early Muslim conquests, but the region did not fall under Muslim rule until the Arab invasion of Sind occurred under the Umayyad Caliphate, headed by Muhammad ibn Qasim in 712 CE.[10][11] Ethnic Sindhi people constitute the largest group in the province; Sindh is also the place of residence for the overwhelming majority of Muhajirs (حرفياً 'migrants'), a multiethnic group of Indian Muslims who migrated to the region after the Partition of British India in 1947. The province is well known for its distinct culture, which is strongly influenced by Sufism, an important marker of Sindhi identity for both Hindus and Muslims.[12] Several important Sindhi Sufi shrines are located throughout the province and attract millions of devotees annually.

Sindh is prominent for its history during the Bronze Age under the Indus Valley civilization, and is home to two UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites: the Makli Necropolis and Mohenjo-daro.[13]

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أصل الاسم

The Greeks who conquered Sindh in 325 BCE under the command of Alexander the Great referred to the Indus River as Indós, hence the modern Indus. The ancient Iranians referred to everything east of the river Indus as hind.[14][15] The word Sindh is a Persian derivative of the Sanskrit term Sindhu, meaning "river" - a reference to Indus River.[16]

Southworth suggests that the name Sindhu is in turn derived from Cintu, a Dravidian word for date palm, a tree commonly found in Sindh.[17][18]

The previous spelling "Sind" (from the Perso-Arabic سند) was discontinued in 1988 by an amendment passed in Sindh Assembly,[19] and is now spelt "Sindh."


التاريخ

إقليم السند ذو تاريخ عريق، فقد سكنه الإنسان منذ أقدم العصور، يدل على ذلك ازدهار الحضارة فيه في منتصف الألف الثالثة قبل الميلاد، دعيت حضارة وادي السند القائمة حول أطراف نهر السند، تدل عليها بقاياها، وأطلال مدنها العديدة، منها مدن: هراپا، موهنجو-دارو، أمري، ثم اندثرت تلك الحضارة عام 1700ق.م تقريباً، وتتابعت على الإقليم شعوب عدة كالفرس واليونان، والپارثيين، والساسانيين، والبراهميين والكاثيين، والعرب المسلمين (711م/93هـ)، والبريطانيين. وأصبح الإقليم جزءاً من جمهورية پاكستان الإسلامية في عام 1947.

التاريخ القديم

Mohenjo-daro
The "Priest King" sculpture is carved from steatite.
The Pashupati seal
The Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-daro
Excavated ruins of the Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro

Sindh and surrounding areas contain the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilization. There are remnants of thousand-year-old cities and structures, with a notable example in Sindh being that of Mohenjo Daro. Built around 2500 BCE, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus civilisation, with features such as standardized bricks, street grids, and covered sewerage systems.[20][21] It was one of the world's earliest major cities, contemporaneous with the civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Minoan Crete, and Caral-Supe. Mohenjo-daro was abandoned in the 19th century BCE as the Indus Valley Civilization declined, and the site was not rediscovered until the 1920s. Significant excavation has since been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980.[22] The site is currently threatened by erosion and improper restoration.[23] A gradual drying of the region during the 3rd millennium BCE may have been the initial stimulus for its urbanisation.[24] Eventually it also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation's demise and to disperse its population to the east.[أ]

During the Bronze Age, the territory of Sindh was known as Sindhu-Sauvīra, covering the lower Indus Valley,[25] with its southern border being the Indian Ocean and its northern border being the Pañjāb around Multān.[26] The capital of Sindhu-Sauvīra was named Roruka and Vītabhaya or Vītībhaya, and corresponds to the mediaeval Arohṛ and the modern-day Rohṛī.[26][27][28] The Achaemenids conquered the region and established the satrapy of Hindush. The territory may have corresponded to the area covering the lower and central Indus basin (present day Sindh and the southern Punjab regions of Pakistan).[29] Alternatively, some authors consider that Hindush may have been located in the Punjab area.[30] These areas remained under Persian control until the invasion by Alexander.[31]

Alexander conquered parts of Sindh after Punjab for few years and appointed his general Peithon as governor. He constructed a harbour at the city of Patala in Sindh.[32][33] Chandragupta Maurya fought Alexander's successor in the east, Seleucus I Nicator, when the latter invaded. In a peace treaty, Seleucus ceded all territories west of the Indus River and offered a marriage, including a portion of Bactria, while Chandragupta granted Seleucus 500 elephants.[34]

Following a century of Mauryan rule which ended by 180 BCE, the region came under the Indo-Greeks, followed by the Indo Scythians, who ruled with their capital at Minnagara.[35] Later on, Sasanian rulers from the reign of Shapur I claimed control of the Sindh area in their inscriptions, known as Hind.[36][37]

The local Rai dynasty emerged from Sindh and reigned for a period of 144 years, concurrent with the Huna invasions of North India.[38] Aror was noted to be the capital.[38][39] The Brahmin dynasty of Sindh succeeded the Rai dynasty.[40][41][42][43] Most of the information about its existence comes from the Chach Nama, a historical account of the Chach-Brahmin dynasty.[44] After the empire's fall in 712, though the empire had ended, its dynasty's members administered parts of Sindh under the Umayyad Caliphate's Caliphal province of Sind.[45]

دخول الاسلام

Rohri Town_Sukkur.

After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the Arab expansion towards the east reached the Sindh region beyond Persia.[46] The connection between the Sindh and Islam was established by the initial Muslim invasions during the Rashidun Caliphate. Al-Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, who attacked Makran in the year 649 CE, was an early partisan of Ali ibn Abu Talib.[47] During the caliphate of Ali, many Jats of Sindh had come under the influence of Shi'ism[48] and some even participated in the Battle of Camel and died fighting for Ali.[47] Under the Umayyads (661–750 CE), many Shias sought asylum in the region of Sindh, to live in relative peace in the remote area. Ziyad Hindi is one of those refugees.[49] The first clash with the Hindu kings of Sindh took place in 636 (15 A.H.) under Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab with the governor of Bahrain, Uthman ibn Abu-al-Aas, dispatching naval expeditions against Thane and Bharuch and Debal.[50] Al-Baladhuri states they were victorious at Debal but doesn't mention the results of other two raids. However, the Chach Nama states that the raid of Debal was defeated and its governor killed the leader of the raids.[51] These raids were thought to be triggered by a later pirate attack on Umayyad ships.[52] Baladhuri adds that this stopped any more incursions until the reign of Uthman.[53]

In 712, Mohammed Bin Qasim defeated the Brahmin dynasty and annexed it to the Umayyad Caliphate. This marked the beginning of Islam in the Indian subcontinent. The Habbari dynasty ruled much of Greater Sindh, as a semi-independent emirate from 854 to 1024. Beginning with the rule of 'Umar bin Abdul Aziz al-Habbari in 854 CE, the region became semi-independent from the Abbasid Caliphate in 861, while continuing to nominally pledge allegiance to the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad.[54][55] The Habbaris ruled Sindh until they were defeated by Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi in 1026, who then went on to destroy the old Habbari capital of Mansura, and annex the region to the Ghaznavid Empire, thereby ending Arab rule of Sindh.[56][57]

The Soomra dynasty was a local Sindhi muslim dynasty that ruled between early 11th century and the 14th century.[58][59][60] Later chroniclers like Ali ibn al-Athir (c. late 12th c.) and Ibn Khaldun (c. late 14th c.) attributed the fall of Habbarids to Mahmud of Ghazni, lending credence to the argument of Hafif being the last Habbarid.[61] The Soomras appear to have established themselves as a regional power in this power vacuum.[61][62] The Ghurids and Ghaznavids continued to rule parts of Sindh, across the eleventh and early twelfth century, alongside Soomrus.[63] The precise delineations are not yet known but Sommrus were probably centered in lower Sindh.[64] Some of them were adherents of Isma'ilism.[65] One of their kings Shimuddin Chamisar had submitted to Iltutmish, the Sultan of Delhi, and was allowed to continue on as a vassal.[66]

Makli Necropolis
The Makli Necropolis at Thatta is one of the largest funerary sites in the world.[67]

The Sammas overthrew the Soomras soon after 1335 and the last Soomra ruler took shelter with the governor of Gujarat, under the protection of Muhammad bin Tughluq, the sultan of Delhi.[68][69][70] Mohammad bin Tughlaq made an expedition against Sindh in 1351 and died at Sondha, possibly in an attempt to restore the Soomras. With this, the Sammas became independent. The next sultan, Firuz Shah Tughlaq attacked Sindh in 1365 and 1367, unsuccessfully, but with reinforcements from Delhi he later obtained Banbhiniyo's surrender. For a period the Sammas were therefore subject to Delhi again. Later, as the Sultanate of Delhi collapsed they became fully independent.[71] Jam Unar was the founder of Samma dynasty mentioned by Ibn Battuta.[72] The Samma civilization contributed significantly to the evolution of the Indo-Islamic architectural style. Thatta is famous for its necropolis, which covers 10 square km on the Makli Hill.[73] It has left its mark in Sindh with magnificent structures including the Makli Necropolis of its royals in Thatta.[74][75] They were later overthrown by the Turkic Arghuns in the late 15th century.[76][77]


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عهد المغول

In the late 16th century, Sindh was brought into the Mughal Empire by Akbar, himself born in the Rajputana kingdom in Umerkot in Sindh.[78][79] Mughal rule from their provincial capital of Thatta was to last in lower Sindh until the early 18th century, while upper Sindh was ruled by the indigenous Kalhora dynasty holding power, consolidating their rule from their capital of Khudabad, before shifting to Hyderabad from 1768 onwards.[80][81][82]

The Talpurs succeeded the Kalhoras and four branches of the dynasty were established.[83] One ruled lower Sindh from the city of Hyderabad, another ruled over upper Sindh from the city of Khairpur, a third ruled around the eastern city of Mirpur Khas, and a fourth was based in Tando Muhammad Khan. They were ethnically Baloch,[84] and for most of their rule, they were subordinate to the Durrani Empire and were forced to pay tribute to them.[85][86]

They ruled from 1783, until 1843, when they were in turn defeated by the British at the Battle of Miani and Battle of Dubbo.[87] The northern Khairpur branch of the Talpur dynasty, however, continued to maintain a degree of sovereignty during British rule as the princely state of Khairpur,[84] whose ruler elected to join the new Dominion of Pakistan in October 1947 as an autonomous region, before being fully amalgamated into West Pakistan in 1955.

الراج البريطاني

انظر أيضاً: Sind Province (1936–55)
Sindh became part of the Bombay Presidency in 1909.

The British conquered Sindh in 1843. General Charles Napier is said to have reported victory to the Governor General with a one-word telegram, namely "Peccavi" – or "I have sinned" (Latin).[88] The British had two objectives in their rule of Sindh: the consolidation of British rule and the use of Sindh as a market for British products and a source of revenue and raw materials. With the appropriate infrastructure in place, the British hoped to utilise Sindh for its economic potential.[89] The British incorporated Sindh, some years later after annexing it, into the Bombay Presidency. Distance from the provincial capital, Bombay, led to grievances that Sindh was neglected in contrast to other parts of the Presidency. The merger of Sindh into Punjab province was considered from time to time but was turned down because of British disagreement and Sindhi opposition, both from Muslims and Hindus, to being annexed to Punjab.[89]

Later, desire for a separate administrative status for Sindh grew. At the annual session of the Indian National Congress in 1913, a Sindhi Hindu put forward the demand for Sindh's separation from the Bombay Presidency on the grounds of Sindh's unique cultural character. This reflected the desire of Sindh's predominantly Hindu commercial class to free itself from competing with the more powerful Bombay's business interests.[89] Meanwhile, Sindhi politics was characterised in the 1920s by the growing importance of Karachi and the Khilafat Movement.[90] A number of Sindhi pirs, descendants of Sufi saints who had proselytised in Sindh, joined the Khilafat Movement, which propagated the protection of the Ottoman Caliphate, and those pirs who did not join the movement found a decline in their following.[91] The pirs generated huge support for the Khilafat cause in Sindh.[92] Sindh came to be at the forefront of the Khilafat Movement.[93]

Although Sindh had a cleaner record of communal harmony than other parts of India, the province's Muslim elite and emerging Muslim middle class demanded separation of Sindh from Bombay Presidency as a safeguard for their own interests. In this campaign, local Sindhi Muslims identified ‘Hindu’ with Bombay instead of Sindh. Sindhi Hindus were seen as representing the interests of Bombay instead of the majority of Sindhi Muslims. Sindhi Hindus, for the most part, opposed the separation of Sindh from Bombay.[89] Although Sindh had a culture of religious syncretism, communal harmony and tolerance due to Sindh's strong Sufi culture in which both Sindhi Muslims and Sindhi Hindus partook,[94] both the Muslim landed elite, waderas, and the Hindu commercial elements, banias, collaborated in oppressing the predominantly Muslim peasantry of Sindh who were economically exploited.[95] Sindhi Muslims eventually demanded the separation of Sindh from the Bombay Presidency, a move opposed by Sindhi Hindus.[92][96][97]

In Sindh's first provincial election after its separation from Bombay in 1936, economic interests were an essential factor of politics informed by religious and cultural issues.[98] Due to British policies, much land in Sindh was transferred from Muslim to Hindu hands over the decades.[99] Religious tensions rose in Sindh over the Sukkur Manzilgah issue where Muslims and Hindus disputed over an abandoned mosque in proximity to an area sacred to Hindus. The Sindh Muslim League exploited the issue and agitated for the return of the mosque to Muslims. Consequentially, a thousand members of the Muslim League were imprisoned. Eventually, due to panic the government restored the mosque to Muslims.[98]The separation of Sindh from Bombay Presidency triggered Sindhi Muslim nationalists to support the Pakistan Movement. Even while the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province were ruled by parties hostile to the Muslim League, Sindh remained loyal to Jinnah.[100] Although the prominent Sindhi Muslim nationalist G.M. Syed left the All India Muslim League in the mid-1940s and his relationship with Jinnah never improved, the overwhelming majority of Sindhi Muslims supported the creation of Pakistan, seeing in it their deliverance.[90] Sindhi support for the Pakistan Movement arose from the desire of the Sindhi Muslim business class to drive out their Hindu competitors.[101] The Muslim League's rise to becoming the party with the strongest support in Sindh was in large part linked to its winning over of the religious pir families.[102] Although the Muslim League had previously fared poorly in the 1937 elections in Sindh, when local Sindhi Muslim parties won more seats,[102] the Muslim League's cultivation of support from local pirs in 1946 helped it gain a foothold in the province,[103] it didn't take long for the overwhelming majority of Sindhi Muslims to campaign for the creation of Pakistan.[104][105]

Partition (1947)

In 1947, violence did not constitute a major part of the Sindhi partition experience, unlike in Punjab. There were very few incidents of violence on Sindh, in part due to the Sufi-influenced culture of religious tolerance and in part that Sindh was not divided and was instead made part of Pakistan in its entirety. Sindhi Hindus who left generally did so out of a fear of persecution, rather than persecution itself, because of the arrival of Muslim refugees from India. Sindhi Hindus differentiated between the local Sindhi Muslims and the migrant Muslims from India. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled to India by sea, to the ports of Bombay, Porbandar, Veraval and Okha.[106]

التاريخ الحديث بعد استقلال پاكستان

قرار پاكستان في برلمان السند

الجغرافيا

تقع السند في الركن الغربي من جنوب آسيا، ويحدها المشهد الإيراني من الغرب. جغرافيا، هي ثالث أكبر أقاليم پاكستان، حيث تشغل مساحة 579 كم من الشمال إلى الجنوب و 442 كم (extreme) أو 281 كم (متوسط) من الشرق إلى الغرب، بمساحة 140.915 كم² (54,407 ميل²) من أراضي پاكستان. ويحدها صحراء ثار من الشرق، وجبال كرثار من الغرب، وبحر العرب من الجنوب. وهي مركز السهل الخصيب المحيط بنهر الإندوس.

يتألف الإقليم من ثلاث وحدات تضريسية تتخذ شكل أحزمة متوازية ممتدة من الشمال إلى الجنوب، وهي:

- سهل فيضي منبسط في الوسط (سهل السند)، شكّله نهر السند بفيضاناته المتكررة في الماضي.

- سلسلة جبال كيرثار Kirthar في الجزء الغربي، بارتفاع متدرج من الجنوب (600م نحو مستوى سطح البحر) نحو الشمال (1500م فوق سطح البحر).

- الصحراء الشرقية وهي امتداد غربي لصحراء ثار الهندية.

وأهم ما في الإقليم السهل الفيضي الأوسط ذو التربة اللحقية الخصبة والمستغل زراعياً بكثافة، والذي لا يزيد ارتفاعه على200م.

ويقسم إلى ثلاث مناطق: الشمال ويعرف باسم سيرو Siro، والوسط ويعرف باسم فيخول Vichole، والجنوب ويعرف باسم لار Larr، كما تتألف سلسلة كيرثار من ثلاثة صفوف متوازية من الحافات الجبلية التي يغلب عليها الجفاف والقحولة. وتكون الصحراء الشرقية أكثر جفافاً في الشمال، حيث تكثر فيها تلال الكثبان الرملية.


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الطقس

المقالة الرئيسية: طقس السند
منظر جوي لمدينة كراتشي

تتميز السند بمناخها شبه الاستوائي بصيف حار وشتاء بارد. وتتراوحد درجات الحرارة ما بين 46 °C (115 °F) في مايو واغسطس، وأقل درجة حرارة 2 °C (36 °F) في فصل الشتاء ما بين ديسمبر ويناير. ومتوسط نسبة سقوط الأمطار تصل حوالي 7 بوصة، وتكون خلال يوليو-أغسطس.

ينتمي الإقليم إلى المناخ شبه المداري الموسمي، لوقوعه بين خطي عرض 40 َ 23 ْ، 30 َ 28 ْ شمالاً. وتسيطر عليه صفة الجفاف، لأن كمية الأمطار السنوية تقل عن 250مم، والشتاء بارد نسبياً وجاف، تسوده الرياح الشمالية الشرقية الباردة الجافة، والصيف ماطر حار، حيث الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية. والحرارة مرتفعة عموماً، فهي تراوح في آخر شهور السنة بين 30 ْم على الساحل و33 ْم في الداخل، وفي الشتاء يراوح متوسطها بين 18 ْم على الساحل و15ْم في الداخل، ومع وصول الحرارة المرتفعة صيفاً في الأجزاء الداخلية الشمالية الشرقية إلى أكثر من 50 ْم. تكون الرطوبة النسبية منخفضة بعيداً عن الساحل، ولكنها مرتفعة عند ساحل البحر. وفي كراتشي، يكون متوسط حرارة شهر كانون الثاني 18.9 ْم وتموز 30 ْم، مع متوسط كمية أمطار سنوية تبلغ 196مم، يهطل 75% منها في أشهر حزيران وتموز وآب وأيلول.

الديموغرافيا والمجتمع

المقالة الرئيسية: شعب السند
مؤشرات ديموغرافيا لاسند
المؤشر الإحصائي
سكان الحضر 49.00%
سكان الريف 51.00%
معدل النمو السكاني 2.80%
نسبة النوع (ذكر لكل 100 أنثى) 112.24
السكان النشطين اقتصاديا 22.75%
تاريخ السكان
التقدير السكان الحضر
1951 6,047,748 29.23%
1961 8,367,065 37.85%
1972 14,155,909 40.44%
1981 19,028,666 43.31%
1998 30,439,893 48.75%
2009 35,470,648


الحكومة الإقليمية

المقالة الرئيسية: حكومة السند


الأضلع

The twenty three districts of Sindh, Pakistan

There are 23 districts in Sindh, Pakistan.[107]

  1. كراتشي
  2. Jamshoro
  3. طهطه
  4. Badin
  5. Tharparkar
  6. Umerkot
  7. Mirpur Khas
  8. Tando Allahyar
  9. Matiari
  10. Tando Muhammad Khan
  11. Hyderabad
  12. Sanghar
  13. Khairpur
  14. نواب شاه
  15. دادو
  16. Qambar Shahdadkot
  17. Larkana
  18. Naushahro Feroze
  19. Ghotki
  20. Shikarpur
  21. Jacobabad
  22. سكر
  23. Kashmore

أهم المدن

المقالة الرئيسية: قائمة المدن في السند

الاقتصاد

منظر لوسط مدينة كراتشي، عاصمة إقليم السند.
GDP by Province

الزراعة أساس الاقتصاد السندي، بل اقتصاد الباكستان عموماً. وعلى الرغم مما تعانيه التربة في بعض المناطق من رطوبة شديدة وملوحة، إلا أن عمليات الاستصلاح، ومشاريع الري العديدة، أسهمت في تطور الزراعة تطوراً كبيراً، ومن أهم تلك المشاريع، مشروع سد غودو Gudu ومشروع سد سوكور. ومن أهم المحاصيل الزراعية: القمح، والقطن، والأرز، وقصب السكر، والذرة، وفول الصويا والفواكه والخضراوات. ويربي المزارعون الأبقار والجاموس وكذلك الأغنام والماعز والدواجن. كما يعتمد سكان ساحل بحر العرب على صيد الأسماك، ويصيدون أنواعاً عديدة منها (الروبيان والسردين والقرش)، والإقليم من الأقاليم الرائدة في الصناعة، فكبرى المصانع تتركز في مدينة كراتشي ومحيطها، وفي مدينة حيدر آباد ومدن الشمال، وعلى رأس الصناعات: نسيج القطن، الإسمنت، السكر، المنتجات النفطية، إضافة إلى الصناعات الإلكترونية والميكانيكية، وصناعة القاطرات وغيرها.

المواصلات

تربط مدن الإقليم وقراه شبكة من الخطوط الحديدية، ممثلة بالخط الحديدي الذي ينطلق من مدينة كراتشي إلى حيدر آباد، ومن حيدر آباد يمتد شرقاً إلى الهند، وخطين باتجاه الشمال أحدهما شرقي نهر السند والآخر غربيه إضافة إلى عدد من الطرق البرية الأسفلتية، كما ويستخدم نهر السند للملاحة في الإقليم. ومطار كراتشي هو المطار الرئيس والأكبر في باكستان. وتضم كراتشي العديد من المؤسسات التعليمية العليا، من أهمها جامعة كراتشي، بجانب جامعة السند في حيدر آباد.

الحياة النباتية والحيوانية

انظر أيضاً: حيوانات السند
انظر أيضاً: نباتات السند
رموز إقليم السند
شعار الإقليم درع السند Sindh Coat of Arms PK.PNG
علم الإقليم علم السند Flag of Sindh.PNG
لغة الإقليم سنڌي (غير رسمي) Nastaliq-proportions.jpg
حيوان الإقليم Sindh Ibex
طائرة الإقليم Sind Sparrow
شجرة الإقليم Capparis decidua Kair.jpg
زهرة الإقليم Water Hyacinth Common Water hyacinth.jpg

السكان

المؤشرات السكانية
تعداد الحضر 52.02%
تعداد الريف 47.98%
معدل النمو السكاني 2.41%
نسبة الجنسين (male per 100 female) 108.58
Economically active population 22.75% (Old Data)

التعداد

تاريخ التعداد
YearPop.±%
18912٬875٬100—    
19013٬210٬910+11.7%
19113٬513٬435+9.4%
19213٬279٬377−6.7%
19313٬887٬070+18.5%
19414٬535٬008+16.7%
19516٬047٬748+33.4%
19618٬367٬065+38.4%
197214٬155٬909+69.2%
198119٬028٬666+34.4%
199829٬991٬161+57.6%
201747٬854٬510+59.6%
المصدر: الإحصاء في پاكستان, Census of India[108]:7

Sindh has the second highest Human Development Index out of all of Pakistan's provinces at 0.628.[109] The 2017 Census of Pakistan indicated a population of 47.9 million.

The major ethnic group of the province is the Sindhis, but there is also a significant presence of other groups. Sindhis of Baloch origin make up about 30% of the total Sindhi population (although they speak Sindhi or Saraiki as their native tongue), while Urdu-speaking Muhajirs make up over 19% of the total population of the province, while Punjabi are 10% and Pashtuns represent 7%.[بحاجة لمصدر]

In August 1947, before the partition of India, the total population of Sindh was 3,887,070 out of which 2,832,000 (around 73%) were Muslims, 1,015,000 (around 26%) were Hindus[110] and the remaining were Sikhs and Jains.

يبلغ عدد سكان الإقليم نحو 30 مليون نسمة، حسب تقديرات عام 2003م، وهم خليط من عدة مجموعات عرقية تغلب عليهم الصفة القبلية، ومن أبرز التجمعات القبلية في الإقليم، الميدس Meds والساماس Sammus، والسهتاس Sahtas والبالوش. ومن اللغات المحلية، السندية السيرايكية Seraiki والبالوشية، ويدين أكثر من 98% من السكان بالدين الإسلامي. ويتركز أكثر من 90% من السكان في سهل السند الذي يضم عدداً من المدن الكبيرة، أهمها المدينة الساحلية كراتشي، أكبر مدن الباكستان وأشهرها، بعدد سكان يبلغ نحو 4 ملايين نسمة، يليها مدينة حيدر آباد الواقعة على الضفة الشرقية من نهر السند، ومن المدن المهمة في الجزء الشمالي من سهل السند، جاكوب آباد وشيكابور ولاركانا وسوكور.

Religion

انظر أيضاً: Sufism in Sindh and Hinduism in Sindh Province
Shrine of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar

Religion in Sindh according to 2017 census

  Islam (90.34%)
  Hinduism (8.73%)
  Christianity (0.85%)
  Ahmaddiya (0.05%)

Islam in Sindh has a long history, starting with the capture of Sindh by Muhammad Bin Qasim in 712 CE. Over time, the majority of the population in Sindh converted to Islam, especially in rural areas. Today, Muslims make up over 90% of the population, and are more dominant in urban than rural areas. Islam in Sindh has a strong Sufi ethos with numerous Muslim saints and mystics, such as the Sufi poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, having lived in Sindh historically. One popular legend which highlights the strong Sufi presence in Sindh is that 125,000 Sufi saints and mystics are buried on Makli Hill near Thatta.[111] The development of Sufism in Sindh was similar to the development of Sufism in other parts of the Muslim world. In the 16th century two Sufi tareeqat (orders) – Qadria and Naqshbandia – were introduced in Sindh.[112] Sufism continues to play an important role in the daily lives of Sindhis.[113]

Devotee at Panchmukhi Hanuman Temple in Karachi

Sindh also has Pakistan's highest percentage of Hindu overall, which accounts 8.7% of the population, roughly around 4.2 million people,[114] and 13.3% of the province's rural population as per 2017 Pakistani census report. These numbers also include the scheduled caste population, which stands at 1.7% of the total in Sindh (or 3.1% in rural areas),[115] and is believed to have been under-reported, with some community members instead counted under the main Hindu category.[116] Although, Pakistan Hindu Council claimed that there are 6,842,526 Hindus living in Sindh Province covering around 14.29% of the region's population.[117] Umerkot district in the Thar Desert is Pakistan's only Hindu-majority district. The Shri Ramapir Temple in Tandoallahyar whose annual festival is the second largest Hindu pilgrimage in Pakistan is in Sindh.[118] Sindh is also the only province in Pakistan to have a separate law for governing Hindu marriages.[119]

Per community estimates, there are approximately 10,000 Sikhs in Sindh.[120]

Religion in Sindh (1941−2017)
Religious
group 		1941[108]:28 1951[121]:22–26[ب] 1998[122] 2017[123][114]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 3,208,325 70.75% 5,535,645 91.53% 27,796,814 91.32% 43,234,107 90.34%
Hinduism Om.svg 1,229,926 27.12% 482,560 7.98% 2,280,842 7.49% 4,176,986 8.73%
Tribal 36,819 0.81% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Sikhism Khanda.svg 31,011 0.68% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Christianity Christian cross.svg 20,209 0.45% 22,601 0.37% 294,885 0.97% 408,301 0.85%
Zoroastrianism Faravahar.svg 3,838 0.08% 5,046 0.08% N/A N/A N/A N/A
Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg 3,687 0.08% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Judaism Star of David.svg 1,082 0.02% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Buddhism Dharma Wheel (2).svg 111 0% 670 0.01% N/A N/A N/A N/A
Ahmadiyya Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya 1-2.svg N/A N/A N/A N/A 43,524 0.14% 21,661 0.05%
Others 0 0% 1,226 0.02% 23,828 0.08% 13,455 0.03%
Total Population 4,535,008 100% 6,047,748 100% 30,439,893 100% 47,854,510 100%

Languages

Languages of Sindh (2017)

  Sindhi (61.60%)
  Urdu (18.20%)
  Pashto (5.46%)
  Punjabi (5.31%)
  Saraiki (2.23%)
  Balochi (2.00%)
  Hindko (1.58%)
  Others (3.62%)

According to the 2017 census, the most widely spoken language in the province is Sindhi, the first language of 62% of the population. It is followed by Urdu (18%), Pashto (5٫5%), Punjabi (5٫3%), Saraiki (2٫2%), Balochi (2%) and Hindko (1٫6).[114][2]

Other minority languages include Kutchi, Gujarati,[124] Aer, Bagri, Bhaya, Brahui, Dhatki, Ghera, Goaria, Gurgula, Jadgali, Jandavra, Jogi, Kabutra, Kachi Koli, Parkari Koli, Wadiyari Koli, Loarki, Marwari, Sansi, and Vaghri.[125]

Karachi city is Sindh's most multiethnic city. Urdu-speakers form a plurality, while Pashtuns are the second-largest group.[126] Sindhis themselves are 10% of the population in Karachi, a number that has increased due to migration of rural Sindhis to the city for work.[114][127]

Geography and nature

Peninsula of Manora
Sindh ibex in Kirthar National Park

Sindh is in the western corner of South Asia, bordering the Iranian plateau in the west. Geographically it is the third largest province of Pakistan, stretching about 579 kilometres (360 mi) from north to south and 442 kilometres (275 mi) (extreme) or 281 kilometres (175 mi) (average) from east to west, with an area of 140,915 square kilometres (54,408 sq mi) of Pakistani territory. Sindh is bounded by the Thar Desert to the east, the Kirthar Mountains to the west and the Arabian Sea and Rann of Kutch to the south. In the centre is a fertile plain along the Indus River.

Sindh is divided into three main geographical regions: Siro ("upper country"), aka Upper Sindh, which is above Sehwan; Vicholo ("middle country"), or Middle Sindh, from Sehwan to Hyderabad; and Lāṟu ("sloping, descending country"), or Lower Sindh, mostly consisting of the Indus Delta below Hyderabad.[128]

Flora

Sindhri mangoes is among top 10 mango varieties in the world
Sindhri is among top 10 mango varieties in the world.[129]

The province is mostly arid with scant vegetation except for the irrigated Indus Valley. The dwarf palm, Acacia Rupestris (kher), and Tecomella undulata (lohirro) trees are typical of the western hill region. In the Indus valley, the Acacia nilotica (babul) (babbur) is the most dominant and occurs in thick forests along the Indus banks. The Azadirachta indica (neem) (nim), Zizyphys vulgaris (bir) (ber), Tamarix orientalis (jujuba lai) and Capparis aphylla (kirir) are among the more common trees.

Mango, date palms and the more recently introduced banana, guava, orange and chiku are the typical fruit-bearing trees. The coastal strip and the creeks abound in semi-aquatic and aquatic plants and the inshore Indus delta islands have forests of Avicennia tomentosa (timmer) and Ceriops candolleana (chaunir) trees. Water lilies grow in abundance in the numerous lake and ponds, particularly in the lower Sindh region.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Fauna

المقالة الرئيسية: Fauna of Sindh
Indus river dolphin

Among the wild animals, the Sindh ibex (sareh), blackbuck, wild sheep (Urial or gadh) and wild bear are found in the western rocky range. The leopard is now rare and the Asiatic cheetah extinct. The Pirrang (large tiger cat or fishing cat) of the eastern desert region is also disappearing. Deer occur in the lower rocky plains and in the eastern region, as do the Striped hyena (charakh), jackal, fox, porcupine, common gray mongoose and hedgehog. The Sindhi phekari, red lynx or Caracal cat, is found in some areas. Phartho (hog deer) and wild bear occur, particularly in the central inundation belt. There are bats, lizards and reptiles, including the cobra, lundi (viper) and the mysterious Sindh krait of the Thar region, which is supposed to suck the victim's breath in his sleep. Some unusual sightings of Asian cheetah occurred in 2003 near the Balochistan border in Kirthar Mountains. The rare houbara bustard find Sindh's warm climate suitable to rest and mate. Unfortunately, it is hunted by locals and foreigners.

Crocodiles are rare and inhabit only the backwaters of the Indus, eastern Nara channel and Karachi backwater. Besides a large variety of marine fish, the plumbeous dolphin, the beaked dolphin, rorqual or blue whale and skates frequent the seas along the Sindh coast. The Pallo (Sable fish), a marine fish, ascends the Indus annually from February to April to spawn. The Indus river dolphin is among the most endangered species in Pakistan and is found in the part of the Indus river in northern Sindh. Hog deer and wild bear occur, particularly in the central inundation belt.

Although Sindh has a semi arid climate, through its coastal and riverine forests, its huge fresh water lakes and mountains and deserts, Sindh supports a large amount of varied wildlife. Due to the semi-arid climate of Sindh the left out forests support an average population of jackals and snakes. The national parks established by the Government of Pakistan in collaboration with many organizations such as World Wide Fund for Nature and Sindh Wildlife Department support a huge variety of animals and birds. The Kirthar National Park in the Kirthar range spreads over more than 3000 km2 of desert, stunted tree forests and a lake. The KNP supports Sindh ibex, wild sheep (urial) and black bear along with the rare leopard. There are also occasional sightings of The Sindhi phekari, ped lynx or Caracal cat. There is a project to introduce tigers and Asian elephants too in KNP near the huge Hub Dam Lake. Between July and November when the monsoon winds blow onshore from the ocean, giant olive ridley turtles lay their eggs along the seaward side. The turtles are protected species. After the mothers lay and leave them buried under the sands the SWD and WWF officials take the eggs and protect them until they are hatched to keep them from predators.

Climate

المقالة الرئيسية: Climate of Sindh
Lansdowne Railway Bridge

Sindh lies in a tropical to subtropical region; it is hot in the summer and mild to warm in winter. Temperatures frequently rise above 46 °C (115 °F) between May and August, and the minimum average temperature of 2 °C (36 °F) occurs during December and January in the northern and higher elevated regions. The annual rainfall averages about seven inches, falling mainly during July and August. The southwest monsoon wind begins in mid-February and continues until the end of September, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from October to January.

Sindh lies between the two monsoons—the southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the northeast or retreating monsoon, deflected towards it by the Himalayan mountains—and escapes the influence of both. The region's scarcity of rainfall is compensated by the inundation of the Indus twice a year, caused by the spring and summer melting of Himalayan snow and by rainfall in the monsoon season.

Sindh is divided into three climatic regions: Siro (the upper region, centred on Jacobabad), Wicholo (the middle region, centred on Hyderabad), and Lar (the lower region, centred on Karachi). The thermal equator passes through upper Sindh, where the air is generally very dry. Central Sindh's temperatures are generally lower than those of upper Sindh but higher than those of lower Sindh. Dry hot days and cool nights are typical during the summer. Central Sindh's maximum temperature typically reaches 43–44 °C (109–111 °F). Lower Sindh has a damper and humid maritime climate affected by the southwestern winds in summer and northeastern winds in winter, with lower rainfall than Central Sindh. Lower Sindh's maximum temperature reaches about 35–38 °C (95–100 °F). In the Kirthar range at 1,800 m (5,900 ft) and higher at Gorakh Hill and other peaks in Dadu District, temperatures near freezing have been recorded and brief snowfall is received in the winters.

المدن الرئيسية

المقالة الرئيسية: List of cities in Pakistan by population and List of cities in Sindh by population
قائمة المدن الكبرى في السند
الترتيب المدينة الأضلع التعداد صورة
1 كراتشي شرق كراتشي
غرب كراتشي
جنوب كراتشي
وسط كراتشي
ملير
كورنگي		 21,910,352 Jinnah Mausoleum (cropped).JPG
2 حيدر آباد حيدر آباد 1,732,693 Mir Karam Ali Khan Talpur Tombs were restored in 2016 1.jpg
3 سكهر سكهر 499,900 Rohri.jpg
4 لاركانه لاركانه 490,508 Larkana Aerial view.jpg
5 نواب‌شاه الشهيدة بي‌نظير 279,689 Tomb of Mian Noor Muhammad Kalhoro.JPG
6 كوتري جامشورو 259,358 Kotri Barrage Indus River.jpg
7 ميرپور خاص ميرپور خاص 233,916 Chitorri Graveyard view4.JPG
المصدر: تعداد پاكستان 2017[130]
هذه هي قائمة تعدادات المدن نفسها ولا تضم تعدادات الامتدادات العمرانية.

Government

Sindh province

Provincial symbols of Sindh[131][132][133]
Provincial animal Sindh ibex
Provincial bird Black partridge
Provincial tree Neem Tree
Neem-Tree.jpg
المقالة الرئيسية: Government of Sindh

The Provincial Assembly of Sindh is a unicameral and consists of 168 seats, of which 5% are reserved for non-Muslims and 17% for women. The provincial capital of Sindh is Karachi. The provincial government is led by Chief Minister who is directly elected by the popular and landslide votes; the Governor serves as a ceremonial representative nominated and appointed by the President of Pakistan. The administrative boss of the province who is in charge of the bureaucracy is the Chief Secretary Sindh, who is appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Most of the influential Sindhi tribes in the province are involved in Pakistan's politics.

In addition, Sindh's politics leans towards the left-wing and its political culture serves as a dominant place for the left-wing spectrum in the country.[134] The province's trend towards the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and away from the Pakistan Muslim League (N) can be seen in nationwide general elections, in which Sindh is a stronghold of the PPP.[134] The PML(N) has a limited support due to its centre-right agenda.[135]

In metropolitan cities such as Karachi and Hyderabad, the MQM (another party of the left with the support of Muhajirs) has a considerable vote bank and support.[134] Minor leftist parties such as the People's Movement also found support in rural areas of the province.[136]

Divisions

المقالة الرئيسية: Divisions of Sindh, Pakistan
Divisions of Sindh

In 2008, after the public elections, the new government decided to restore the structure of Divisions of all provinces.[137] In Sindh after the lapse of the Local Governments Bodies term in 2010 the Divisional Commissioners system was to be restored.[138][139][140]

In July 2011, following excessive violence in the city of Karachi and after the political split between the ruling PPP and the majority party in Sindh, the MQM and after the resignation of the MQM Governor of Sindh, PPP and the Government of Sindh decided to restore the commissionerate system in the province. As a consequence, the five divisions of Sindh were restored – namely Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpurkhas and Larkana with their respective districts. Subsequently, two new divisions have been added in Sindh, Banbore and Nawab Shah/Shaheed Benazirabad division.[141]

Karachi district has been de-merged into its five original constituent districts: Karachi East, Karachi West, Karachi Central, Karachi South and Malir. Recently Korangi has been upgraded to the status of the sixth district of Karachi. These six districts form the Karachi Division now.[142] In 2020, the Kemari District was created after splitting Karachi West District.[143] Currently the Sindh government is planning to divide the Tharparkar district into Tharparkar and Chhachro district.[144]

Districts

المقالة الرئيسية: List of districts of Sindh
Sindh Districts.svg
Sr. No. District Headquarters Area 
(km2) 		Population 
(in 2017) 		Density 
(people/km2) 		Division
1 Badin Badin 6,470 1,804,516 279 Banbhore
2 Dadu Dadu 8,034 1,550,266 193 Hyderabad
3 Ghotki Ghotki 6,506 1,647,239 253 Sukkur
4 Hyderabad Hyderabad 1,022 2,201,079 2,155 Hyderabad
5 Jacobabad Jacobabad 2,771 1,006,297 363 Larkana
6 Jamshoro Jamshoro 11,250 993,142 88 Hyderabad
7 Karachi Central Karachi 62 2,972,639 48,336 Karachi
8 Kashmore (formerly Kandhkot) Kashmore 2,551 1,089,169 427 Larkana
9 Khairpur Khairpur 15,925 2,405,523 151 Sukkur
10 Larkana Larkana 1,906 1,524,391 800 Larkana
11 Matiari Matiari 1,459 769,349 527 Hyderabad
12 Mirpur Khas Mirpur Khas 3,319 1,505,876 454 Mirpur Khas
13 Naushahro Feroze Naushahro Feroze 2,027 1,612,373 369 Shaheed Benazir Abad
14 Shaheed Benazirabad (formerly Nawabshah) Nawabshah 4,618 1,612,847 349 Shaheed Benazir Abad
15 Qambar Shahdadkot Qambar 5,599 1,341,042 240 Larkana
16 Sanghar Sanghar 10,259 2,057,057 200 Shaheed Benazir Abad
17 Shikarpur Shikarpur 2,577 1,231,481 478 Larkana
18 Sukkur Sukkur 5,216 1,487,903 285 Sukkur
19 Tando Allahyar Tando Allahyar 1,573 836,887 532 Hyderabad
20 Tando Muhammad Khan Tando Muhammad Khan 1,814 677,228 373 Hyderabad
21 Tharparkar Mithi 19,808 1,649,661 83 Mirpur Khas
22 Thatta Thatta 7,705 979,817 127 Banbhore
23 Umerkot Umerkot 5,503 1,073,146 195 Mirpur Khas
24 (22) Sujawal Sujawal 8,699 781,967 90 Banbhore
25 (7) Karachi East Karachi 165 2,909,921 17,625 Karachi
26 (7) Karachi South Karachi 85 1,791,751 21,079 Karachi
27 (7) Karachi West Karachi 630 3,914,757 6,212 Karachi
28 (7) Korangi Korangi Town 95 2,457,019 25,918 Karachi
29 (7) Malir Malir Town 2,635 2,008,901 762 Karachi
30 (7) Kemari Karachi N/A Karachi

Lower-level subdivisions

In Sindh, talukas are equivalent to the tehsils used elsewhere in the country, supervisory tapas correspond with the kanungo circles used elsewhere, tapas correspond with the patwar circles used in other provinces, and dehs are equivalent to the mouzas used elsewhere.[145]

Towns and villages

Economy

A view of Karachi downtown, the capital of Sindh province
page-not-found
Qayoom Abad Bridge Karachi
Navalrai Market Clock Tower Hyderabad
Sukkur skyline along the shores of the River Indus

Education

Dayaram Jethmal College (D.J. College), Karachi, in the 19th century
National Academy of Performing Arts, Karachi
Year Literacy rate
1972 60.77
1981 37.5%
1998 45.29%
2017 54.57%[146]

The following is a chart of the education market of Sindh estimated by the government in 1998:[147]

Qualification Urban Rural Total Enrollment ratio (%)
— 14,839,862 15,600,031 30,439,893 —
Below Primary 1,984,089 3,332,166 5,316,255 100.00
Primary 3,503,691 5,687,771 9,191,462 82.53
Middle 3,073,335 2,369,644 5,442,979 52.33
Matriculation 2,847,769 2,227,684 5,075,453 34.45
Intermediate 1,473,598 1,018,682 2,492,280 17.78
Diploma, Certificate... 1,320,747 552,241 1,872,988 9.59
BA, BSc... degrees 440,743 280,800 721,543 9.07
MA, MSc... degrees 106,847 53,040 159,887 2.91
Other qualifications 89,043 78,003 167,046 0.54

Major public and private educational institutes in Sindh include:

Culture

المقالة الرئيسية: Sindhi culture
Children in a rural area of Sindh, 2012
Sant Nenuram Ashram

The rich culture, art and architectural landscape of Sindh have fascinated historians. The culture, folktales, art and music of Sindh form a mosaic of human history.[148]

Cultural heritage

Archaeological ruins at Moenjodaro, Sindh, Pakistan
The ruins of an ancient mosque at Bhambore
Sindhi women collecting water from a reservoir on the way to Mubarak Village

The work of Sindhi artisans was sold in ancient markets of Damascus, Baghdad, Basra, Istanbul, Cairo and Samarkand. Referring to the lacquer work on wood locally known as Jandi, T. Posten (an English traveller who visited Sindh in the early 19th century) asserted that the articles of Hala could be compared with exquisite specimens of China. Technological improvements such as the spinning wheel (charkha) and treadle (pai-chah) in the weaver's loom were gradually introduced and the processes of designing, dyeing and printing by block were refined. The refined, lightweight, colourful, washable fabrics from Hala became a luxury for people used to the woollens and linens of the age.[149]

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as the World Wildlife Fund, Pakistan, play an important role to promote the culture of Sindh. They provide training to women artisans in Sindh so they get a source of income. They promote their products under the name of "Crafts Forever". Many women in rural Sindh are skilled in the production of caps. Sindhi caps are manufactured commercially on a small scale at New Saeedabad and Hala New. Sindhi people began celebrating Sindhi Topi Day on 6 December 2009, to preserve the historical culture of Sindh by wearing Ajrak and Sindhi topi.[150]

Huts in the Thar desert

Tourism

page-not-found

See also

مشاهير السند

أشخاص من التاريخ

Pre-Independence (pre-1947)

التكنوقراط

محامون وقضاة

بعد الإستقلال

علماء

الترفيه

مؤلفون

شعراء

انظر أيضا

الهوامش

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المصادر

وصلات خارجية

يمكنك أن تجد معلومات أكثر عن السند عن طريق البحث في مشاريع المعرفة:

Wiktionary-logo-en.png تعريفات قاموسية في ويكاموس
Wikibooks-logo1.svg كتب من معرفة الكتب
Wikiquote-logo.svg اقتباسات من معرفة الاقتباس
Wikisource-logo.svg نصوص مصدرية من معرفة المصادر
Commons-logo.svg صور و ملفات صوتية من كومونز
Wikinews-logo.png أخبار من معرفة الأخبار.

Sindh travel guide from Wikitravel


خطأ استشهاد: وسوم <ref> موجودة لمجموعة اسمها "lower-alpha"، ولكن لم يتم العثور على وسم <references group="lower-alpha"/>

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=السند&oldid=3969910"