قرار لاهور

(تم التحويل من Lahore Resolution)
القادة المسلمون من جميع أنحاء الهند البريطانية في اجتماع لجنة عمل رابطة مسلمي عموم الهند في لاهور.

قرار لاهور Lahore Resolution (أردو: قرارداد لاہور، Qarardad-e-Lahore؛ بالبنغالية: লাহোর প্রস্তাব، Lahor Prostab)، كتبه وأعده محمد ظفر الله خان،[1][2][3]

وقدمه أبو القاسم فضل الحق‎، رئيس وزراء البنغال، وكان بياناً سياسياً رسمياً معتمداً من قبل رابطة مسلمي عموم الهند بمناسبة الجلسة العامة التي انعقدت في لاهور في 22-24 مارس 1940. دعا القرار إلى تأسيس مجموعة 'ولايات مستقلة' كما ظهر في البيان:

الوحدات المتجاورة جغرافياً تصبح أقاليم يجب أن تكون، مع تعديلات إقليمية قد تكون مطلوبة، جزءاً من المناطق التي يشكل المسلمون فيها أغلبية عددية، كما هو الحال في المناطق الشمالية الغربية والشرقية من الهند (البريطانية)، التي يجب أن تُجمَّع لتشكل ‘ولايات مستقلة’ تكون الوحدات المكونة لها مستقلة ذاتياً وذات سيادة.

تطور القرار لاحقاً كمطلب لدولة إسلامية منفصلة تسمى پاكستان.[4]

بالرغم من أن اسم "پاكستان" كان قد اقترحه شودري رحمة علي في كتابه إعلان پاكستان،[5] في عام 1933، إلا أن محمد علي جناح وغيره من القادة تمسكوا باعتقادهم في الوحدة بين الهندوس والمسلمين. [6] ولكن المناخ السياسي المتقلب أعطى دعما أقوى لفكرة قيام دولة للمسلمين. [7]

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السياق التاريخي

مؤتمر لاهور

A. K. Fazlul Huq presented the historical Lahore resolution in 1940.

The session was held on 22–24 March 1940, at Iqbal Park, Lahore. The welcome address was made by Sir Shah Nawaz Khan of Mamdot, as the chairman of the local reception committee. The various draft texts for the final resolution/draft were deliberated over by the Special Working Committee of the All India Muslim League[8]

The resolution text, unanimously approved by the Subject Committee, accepted the concept of a united homeland for Muslims[بحاجة لمصدر] and recommended the creation of an independent Muslim state.[9]

The resolution was moved in the general session by A. K. Fazlul Huq, the chief minister of undivided Bengal, and was seconded by Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman from the United Provinces, Zafar Ali Khan from Punjab, Sardar Aurangzeb Khan from North-West Frontier Province, and Sir Abdullah Haroon from Sindh.[10] Qazi Muhammad Essa from Baluchistan and other leaders announced their support.[بحاجة لمصدر]

البيان

March 23, 1940: Newspapers printed news about Lahore Resolution, demanding division of India


التفسير

رفض المسلمين الوطنيين في مستعمرة الهند

المقالة الرئيسية: المعارضة لتقسيم الهند
للمزيد من المعلومات: Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam

The All India Azad Muslim Conference gathered in Delhi in April 1940 to voice its support for an independent and united India, in response to the Lahore Resolution.[11][12] Its members included several Islamic organisations in India, as well as 1400 nationalist Muslim delegates.[13][14][15] The pro-separatist All-India Muslim League worked to try to silence those nationalist Muslims who stood against the partition of India, often using "intimidation and coercion".[15][14] The murder of the Chief Minister of Sind and All India Azad Muslim Conference leader Allah Bakhsh Soomro also made it easier for the All-India Muslim League to demand the creation of a Pakistan.[15]

The Sindh assembly was the firstly British Indian legislature to pass the resolution in favour of Pakistan. G. M. Syed, an influential Sindhi activist, revolutionary and Sufi and later one of the important leaders in the forefront of the Sindh independence movement,[16] joined the Muslim League in 1938 and presented the Pakistan resolution in the Sindh Assembly. A key motivating factor was the promise of "autonomy and sovereignty for constituent units".[17]

This text was buried under the Minar-e-Pakistan during its building in the Ayub regime.[بحاجة لمصدر] In this session the political situation was analysed in detail and Muslim demanded a separate homeland only to maintain their identification and to safeguard their rights. Pakistan resolution was the landmark in the history of Muslim of South-Asia. It determined for the Muslims a true goal and their homeland in north-east and north-west. The acceptance of the Pakistan resolution accelerated the pace of freedom movement. It gave new energy and courage to the Muslims who gathered around Muhammad Ali Jinnah for struggle for freedom.[بحاجة لمصدر]


الإجراءات

شودري خليق الزمان يُثنِّي على قرار لاهور مع رئاسة كل من جناح ولياقت للجلسة
السير محمد ظفر الله خان يُنسَب إليه فضل كتابة القرار


قرار پاكستان في مجلس السند

إحياء الذكرى

The Minar-e-Pakistan, where the Lahore Resolution was passed

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ Korejo, M S (1993). The Frontier Gandhi: His Place in History. Oxford University Press. p. 152. ISBN 0195774612.
  2. ^ Dockter, Warren (2015). Churchill and the Islamic World: Orientalism, Empire and Diplomacy in the Middle East. I. B. Tauris (1818). p. 240. ISBN 978-1780768182.
  3. ^ "The Case of Sindh - G.M. Syed's deposition in court (Part 4)". GMSyed.org. Naeen Sindh Academy. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  4. ^ Christoph Jaffrelot (Ed.) (2005), A History of Pakistan and Its Origins, Anthem Press, ISBN 978-1-84331-149-2
  5. ^ Choudhary Rahmat Ali, (1933), Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?, pamphlet, published January 28. (Rehmat Ali at the time was an undergraduate at the University of Cambridge)
  6. ^ Ian Talbot (1999), Pakistan: a modern history, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-21606-8
  7. ^ Reginald Coupland (1943), Indian Politics (1936–1942), Oxford university press, London
  8. ^ The following is the full list of the 25 original, formally designated members of the Special Working Committee of the All India Muslim League, 1940, which met between 21 and 24 March 1940; see Programme of the All India Muslim League's 27th Annual session, to be held in from Lahore 22 to 24 March 1940, at the National Archives of Pakistan, Islamabad, the Quaid i Azam Papers, File 1354, and which largely drafted the Lahore Resolution. Also ref Attique Zafar Sheikh, The Pakistan Resolution and the Working Committee of the All India Muslim League, 1940 Islamabad: National Archives of Pakistan, 1998, p. 92, citing the following list of the members:
  9. ^ Syed Iftikhar Ahmed (1983), Essays on Pakistan, Alpha Bravo Publishers, Lahore, OCLC 12811079
  10. ^ Muhammad Aslam Malik (2001). The Making of the Pakistan Resolution. Oxford University Press. p. 151. ISBN 0-19-579538-5. In the open session, on 24 March, the resolution was moved ... by Fazlul Haq, and was seconded by Khaliquzzaman (UP), Zafar Ali Khan (Punjab), Aurangzeb (NWFP), and Haroon (Sindh).
  11. ^ Grover, Verinder (1992). Political Thinkers of Modern India: Abul Kalam Azad (in الإنجليزية). Deep & Deep Publications. p. 503. ISBN 9788171004324. Within five weeks of the passage of the Pak resolution, an assembly of nationalist Muslims under the name of the Azad Muslim Conference was convened in Delhi. The Conference met under the presidentship of Khan Bahadur Allah Bakhsh, the then Chief Minister of Sind.
  12. ^ Qasmi, Ali Usman; Robb, Megan Eaton (2017). Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9781108621236.
  13. ^ Haq, Mushir U. (1970). Muslim politics in modern India, 1857-1947 (in الإنجليزية). Meenakshi Prakashan. p. 114. This was also reflected in one of the resolutions of the Azad Muslim Conference, an organization which attempted to be representative of all the various nationalist Muslim parties and groups in India.
  14. ^ أ ب Ahmed, Ishtiaq (27 May 2016). "The dissenters" (in الإنجليزية). The Friday Times. However, the book is a tribute to the role of one Muslim leader who steadfastly opposed the Partition of India: the Sindhi leader Allah Bakhsh Soomro. Allah Bakhsh belonged to a landed family. He founded the Sindh People's Party in 1934, which later came to be known as 'Ittehad' or 'Unity Party'. ... Allah Bakhsh was totally opposed to the Muslim League's demand for the creation of Pakistan through a division of India on a religious basis. Consequently, he established the Azad Muslim Conference. In its Delhi session held during April 27–30, 1940 some 1400 delegates took part. They belonged mainly to the lower castes and working class. The famous scholar of Indian Islam, Wilfred Cantwell Smith, feels that the delegates represented a 'majority of India's Muslims'. Among those who attended the conference were representatives of many Islamic theologians and women also took part in the deliberations ... Shamsul Islam argues that the All-India Muslim League at times used intimidation and coercion to silence any opposition among Muslims to its demand for Partition. He calls such tactics of the Muslim League as a 'Reign of Terror'. He gives examples from all over India including the NWFP where the Khudai Khidmatgars remain opposed to the Partition of India.
  15. ^ أ ب ت Ali, Afsar (17 July 2017). "Partition of India and Patriotism of Indian Muslims" (in الإنجليزية). The Milli Gazette.
  16. ^ G. M. Syed. A Nation in Chains
  17. ^ G. M. Syed. The Case of Sindh (Chapter 2)
  18. ^ Stanford M. Mirkin (1966), What Happened when: A Noted Researcher's Almanac of Yesterdays, I. Washburn, New York City. OCLC 390802 (First published in 1957 under title: When did it happen?)

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