بورج
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بورج (Bourges ؛ النطق الفرنسي: [buʁʒ] ( استمع)) هي بلدة في وسط فرنسا على نهر ياڤر. وهي عاصمة إقليم شر، وأيضاً كانت عاصمة المقاطعة السابقة بري.
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التاريخ
The name of the commune derives either from the Bituriges, the name of the original inhabitants, or from the Germanic word Burg (French: bourg. Spanish: burgo. English, others: burgh, berg, or borough), for "hill" or "village". The Celts called it Avaricon; Latin-speakers: Avaricum. In the fourth century BC, as in the time of Caesar, the area around it was the center of a Gallic (Celtic) confederacy.
In 52 BC, the sixth year of the Gallic Wars, while the Gauls implemented a scorched-earth policy to try to deny Caesar's forces supplies, the inhabitants of Avaricum begged not to have their town burned.[بحاجة لمصدر] It was temporarily spared due to its good defences provided by the surrounding marshes, by a river that nearly encircled it, and by a strong southern wall. Julius Caesar's forces, nevertheless, captured and destroyed the town, killing all but 800 of its inhabitants.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Rome reconstructed Avaricum as a Roman town, with a monumental gate, aqueducts, thermae and an amphitheatre; it reached a greater size than it would attain during the Middle Ages. The massive walls surrounding the late-Roman town, enclosing 40 hectares, were built in part with stone re-used from earlier public buildings.
The third-century AD Saint Ursinus, also known as Saint Ursin, is considered[ممن؟] the first bishop of the town. Bourges functions as the seat of an archbishopric. During the 8th century Bourges lay on the northern fringes of the Duchy of Aquitaine and was therefore the first town to come under Frankish attacks when the Franks crossed the Loire. The Frankish Charles Martel captured the town in 731, but Duke Odo the Great of Aquitaine immediately re-took it. It remained under the rule of counts who pledged allegiance to the Aquitanian dukes up to the destructive siege by the Frankish King Pepin the Short in 762, when Basque troops are found defending the town along with its count.
During the Middle Ages, Bourges served as the capital of the Viscounty of Bourges until 1101. In the fourteenth century, it became the capital of the Duchy of Berry (established in 1360). The future king of France, Charles VII (ح. 1422–1461), sought refuge there in the 1420s during the Hundred Years' War. His son, Louis XI, was born there in 1423. In 1438, Charles VII decreed the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. During this period, Bourges was a major centre of alchemy.[بحاجة لمصدر]
The Gothic Cathedral of Saint Etienne, begun at the end of the twelfth century, ranks as a World Heritage Site. It is considered[ممن؟] one of the earliest examples of the High Gothic style of the thirteenth century.[1]
Bourges has a long tradition of art and history. Apart from the cathedral, other sites of importance include the 15th-century Palace of Jacques Cœur and a sixty-five-hectare district of half-timbered houses and fine town-houses.
الجغرافيا
Bourges sits at the river junction where the Auron flows into the Yèvre. The disused Canal de Berry follows alongside the course of the Auron through Bourges.
المناخ
Bourges, located in the center of France, away from the Atlantic ocean, features a typical degraded oceanic climate (Köppen : Cfb), characterized by colder, drier winters and warmer, wetter summers than the oceanic climate.
بيانات مناخ Bourges (Bourges Airport), elevation: 166 m or 545 ft, 1981-2010 normals | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) | 17.6 (63.7) |
22.6 (72.7) |
29.4 (84.9) |
29.4 (84.9) |
32.0 (89.6) |
38.0 (100.4) |
39.6 (103.3) |
39.9 (103.8) |
35.1 (95.2) |
31.7 (89.1) |
23.4 (74.1) |
20.0 (68) |
39٫9 (103٫8) |
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 6.9 (44.4) |
8.5 (47.3) |
12.5 (54.5) |
15.5 (59.9) |
19.6 (67.3) |
23.1 (73.6) |
26.0 (78.8) |
25.6 (78.1) |
21.8 (71.2) |
17.0 (62.6) |
10.7 (51.3) |
7.4 (45.3) |
16٫3 (61٫3) |
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 1.1 (34) |
1.1 (34) |
3.4 (38.1) |
5.3 (41.5) |
9.2 (48.6) |
12.4 (54.3) |
14.4 (57.9) |
14.1 (57.4) |
11.1 (52) |
8.3 (46.9) |
4.0 (39.2) |
1.8 (35.2) |
7٫2 (45) |
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | -20.4 (-4.7) |
-16.4 (2.5) |
-11.3 (11.7) |
-3.7 (25.3) |
-2.6 (27.3) |
3.4 (38.1) |
4.6 (40.3) |
4.6 (40.3) |
1.8 (35.2) |
-5.0 (23) |
-9.1 (15.6) |
-14.0 (6.8) |
−20٫4 (−4٫7) |
هطول mm (inches) | 55.2 (2.173) |
52.0 (2.047) |
53.2 (2.094) |
62.4 (2.457) |
78.6 (3.094) |
60.5 (2.382) |
66.1 (2.602) |
55.0 (2.165) |
59.7 (2.35) |
71.7 (2.823) |
65.7 (2.587) |
67.8 (2.669) |
747٫9 (29٫445) |
Avg. precipitation days | 11.6 | 9.3 | 10.2 | 10.6 | 11.6 | 8.6 | 7.9 | 7.7 | 8.2 | 10.4 | 10.9 | 11.3 | 118٫2 |
Sunshine hours | 67.9 | 88.6 | 151.0 | 175.7 | 210.0 | 224.9 | 239.0 | 232.7 | 185.8 | 124.5 | 72.2 | 55.3 | 1٬827٫5 |
Source: Météo France[2][3] |
بيانات مناخ بورج (Bourges Airport)، المنسوب: 166 m or 545 ft, 1961-1990 normals and extremes | |||||||||||||
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الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) | 17.0 (62.6) |
22.6 (72.7) |
24.4 (75.9) |
27.0 (80.6) |
29.8 (85.6) |
35.9 (96.6) |
38.5 (101.3) |
39.2 (102.6) |
35.1 (95.2) |
31.7 (89.1) |
21.6 (70.9) |
20.0 (68) |
39٫2 (102٫6) |
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 6.6 (43.9) |
8.2 (46.8) |
11.3 (52.3) |
14.6 (58.3) |
18.0 (64.4) |
21.8 (71.2) |
24.9 (76.8) |
24.3 (75.7) |
21.7 (71.1) |
16.9 (62.4) |
10.2 (50.4) |
7.3 (45.1) |
15٫48 (59٫87) |
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | 3.7 (38.7) |
5.0 (41) |
7.1 (44.8) |
9.7 (49.5) |
13.1 (55.6) |
16.7 (62.1) |
18.9 (66) |
18.6 (65.5) |
16.1 (61) |
12.4 (54.3) |
6.9 (44.4) |
4.1 (39.4) |
11٫03 (51٫85) |
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 0.9 (33.6) |
1.3 (34.3) |
2.9 (37.2) |
4.9 (40.8) |
8.1 (46.6) |
11.1 (52) |
13.0 (55.4) |
12.9 (55.2) |
10.8 (51.4) |
8.1 (46.6) |
3.7 (38.7) |
1.1 (34) |
6٫57 (43٫82) |
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | -20.4 (-4.7) |
-14.2 (6.4) |
-8.5 (16.7) |
-3.7 (25.3) |
-1.1 (30) |
3.4 (38.1) |
5.8 (42.4) |
4.8 (40.6) |
1.8 (35.2) |
-3.0 (26.6) |
-7.2 (19) |
-12.4 (9.7) |
−20٫4 (−4٫7) |
هطول mm (inches) | 61.7 (2.429) |
50.7 (1.996) |
62.6 (2.465) |
47.9 (1.886) |
85.2 (3.354) |
58.9 (2.319) |
51.5 (2.028) |
51.7 (2.035) |
54.8 (2.157) |
49.8 (1.961) |
58.7 (2.311) |
64.5 (2.539) |
698 (27٫48) |
% Humidity | 87 | 82 | 76 | 73 | 76 | 74 | 69 | 71 | 75 | 84 | 87 | 88 | 78٫5 |
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 11.7 | 10.5 | 11.1 | 9.7 | 12.5 | 8.9 | 7.3 | 7.7 | 8.1 | 9.2 | 10.5 | 11.2 | 118٫4 |
Avg. snowy days | 3.9 | 3.6 | 2.5 | 1.0 | .1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.5 | 2.7 | 15٫3 |
Sunshine hours | 56.9 | 85.4 | 137.8 | 175.9 | 199.6 | 229.4 | 260.3 | 230.4 | 185.5 | 133.6 | 77.3 | 59.7 | 1٬831٫8 |
Source #1: NOAA[4] | |||||||||||||
Source #2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity)[5] |
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المعالم
- Its Gothic cathedral (built 1195–1255) was added to the list of the World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 1992
- Jacques Cœur's palace[6]
- Lallemant's hotel, from the early French Renaissance[7]
- The Berry museum, located in the Cujas' hotel[8]
- The Estève museum, located in the so-called aldermen's hotel[9]
- The marshes of the Yèvre and Voiselle rivers were listed in 2003 as a French Natural Monument or Site[10]
- The ruins of the Gallo-Roman walls
- The Conservatoire national du Pélargonium
النقل
The railway station Gare de Bourges offers direct connections to Paris (2 hours), Orléans, Tours, Lyon and several regional destinations. The A71 motorway connects Bourges with Orléans and Clermont-Ferrand. Bourges Airport is a small regional airport.
الرياضة والترفيه
Bourges' principal football team are Bourges Football 18. It is also home to the women's basketball club CJM Bourges Basket, which has won multiple titles in domestic and European basketball. Bourges XV is the premier rugby team in the region, currently playing in French National Division, Federal 3.
الكليات والجامعات
- University of Bourges
- École des Beaux Arts ([2])
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs ENSI ([3])
البلدات التوأم - المدن الشقيقة
Augsburg, Germany
Aveiro, Portugal
Forlì, Italy
Koszalin, Poland
Palencia, Spain
Peterborough, United Kingdom
Yoshkar-Ola, Russia
أحداث
The Printemps de Bourges music festival takes place in Bourges every year.
Every summer, and since 2002, Les mille univers hosts a writing workshop in collaboration with Oulipo.[12]
أشخاص
- 17th-century composer and singer François Bourgoing was born in Bourges.
- The merchant Jacques Cœur was born in Bourges.
- The manuscript illuminator Jean Colombe maintained a workshop in Bourges.
- John Calvin was a student in the University of Bourges.
- The legal expert Jacques Cujas lived in Bourges during 1555-1557 and 1575–1590.
- پول-أدريان بوردالو (ولد 1798)، مهندس مدني وطبوغرافي من رواد دراسات شق برزخ السويس.
- The Impressionist painter Berthe Morisot was born in Bourges on 14 January 1841.
- The Art Nouveau sculptor Julien Caussé was born in Bourges in 1869.
- The philosopher Vladimir Jankélévitch was born on 31 August 1903, in Bourges.
- The writer and historian Jules Bertaut (1877–1959) was born in Bourges.
- Béatrice Vialle, aviator.
- Emmanuel Imorou, footballer.
- Émilienne Demougeot (1910–1994), historian, was born in Bourges
- The mother of fictional character Gabrielle Maple hailed from Bourges in The Petrified Forest (1936), endearingly mispronounced "Boorgs" by the actress playing the part, Betty Davis.
- François Jacques (1946–1992), historian, was born in Bourges
- Thomas Sitbon (1990 – ...), Reconciliator, was born in Bourges
انظر أيضاً
المراجع
- ^ [1] Destination 360 (Accessed 7 October 2016) Cathedral one of the earliest examples of High Gothic.
- ^ "Données climatiques de la station de Bourges" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Climat Centre-Val de Loire" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Bourges (07255) - WMO Weather Station". NOAA. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
- ^ "Normes et records 1961-1990: Bourges (18) - altitude 161m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Jacques Cœur's palace, visitor centre Archived 21 أبريل 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lallemant's hotel, visitor centre Archived 4 مارس 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Berry museum, visitor center Archived 7 مايو 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Estève museum, visitor centre Archived 5 مارس 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Bourges' marshes, visitor centre
- ^ "Villes jumelles". ville-bourges.fr (in الفرنسية). Bourges. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
- ^ Les récréations à Bourges.
ببليوگرافيا
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وصلات خارجية
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- Short description is different from Wikidata
- Coordinates on Wikidata
- Pages using infobox settlement with image map1 but not image map
- Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020
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- بورج
- Burial sites of the House of Albret
- Communes of Cher (department)
- أقسام فرنسا
- بري، فرنسا
- Bituriges Cubi
- صفحات مع الخرائط