كتابة فاگس-پا

ʼPhags-pa
Christian tombstone from Quanzhou dated 1314, with inscription in the ʼPhags-pa script ꞏung shė yang shi mu taw 'tomb memorial of Yang Wengshe'
النوع	Alphabet
اللغات	Chinese Mongolian Persian Sanskrit Tibetan Uyghur
المخترع	Drogön Chögyal Phagpa
الفترة الزمنية	1269 – c. 1660
النظم الوالدة	Egyptian hieroglyphs Proto-Sinaitic Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Brāhmī[a] Gupta Tibetan ʼPhags-pa
النظم الابنة	Horizontal square script
النظم الشقيقة	Lepcha, Meitei, Khema, Marchen
الاتجاه	Left-to-right
ISO 15924	Phag, 331
مرادف اليونيكود	Phags-pa
نطاق اليونيكود	U+A840–U+A87F
[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.

The ʼPhags-pa script is an alphabet designed by the Tibetan monk and State Preceptor (later Imperial Preceptor) Drogön Chögyal Phagpa for Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty, as a unified script for the written languages within the Yuan. The actual use of this script was limited to about a hundred years during the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, and it fell out of use with the advent of the Ming dynasty.

It was used to write and transcribe varieties of Chinese, the Tibetic languages, Mongolian, the Uyghur language, Sanskrit, Persian, and other neighboring languages during the Yuan era. For historical linguists, the documentation of its use provides clues about the changes in these languages.

Its descendant systems include Horizontal square script, used to write Tibetan and Sanskrit. There is a theory that the Korean Hangul alphabet had a limited influence from ʼPhags-pa (see Origin of Hangul). During the Pax Mongolica the script has even made numerous appearances in western medieval art.

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 Nomenclature

ʼPhags-pa script: قالب:Phagspa mongxol tshi, "Mongolian script";

بالمنغولية: дөрвөлжин үсэг dörvöljin üseg, "square script";

التبتية: ཧོར་ཡིག་གསར་པ་, وايلي: hor yig gsar ba "new Mongolian script";

Yuan dynasty صينية: 蒙古新字؛ پن‌ين: měnggǔ xīnzì� "new Mongolian script";

Modern صينية: 八思巴文؛ پن‌ين: bāsībā wén� "ʼPhags-pa script". In Chinese, it is also written as 帕克斯巴 (pàkèsībā).

In English, it is also written as Phaspa, Paspa, Baschpah, and Pa-sse-pa.

 التاريخ

During the Mongol Empire, the Mongol rulers wanted a universal script to write down the languages of the people they subjugated. The Uyghur-based Mongolian alphabet is not a perfect fit for the Middle Mongol language, and it would be impractical to extend it to a language with a very different phonology like Chinese. Therefore, during the Yuan dynasty (c. 1269), Kublai Khan asked the Tibetan monk ʼPhags-pa to design a new alphabet for use by the whole empire. ʼPhags-pa extended his native Tibetan alphabet to encompass Mongol and Chinese, evidently Central Plains Mandarin. The resulting 38 letters have been known by several descriptive names, such as "square script" based on their shape, but today are primarily known as the ʼPhags-pa alphabet.

Descending from Tibetan script it is part of the Brahmic family of scripts, which includes Devanagari and scripts used throughout Southeast Asia and Central Asia. It is unique among Brahmic scripts in that it is written top bottom, like how classical Chinese used to be written; and like the Manchu alphabet or later Mongolian alphabet.

Despite its origin, the script was written vertically (top to bottom) like the previous Mongolian scripts. It did not receive wide acceptance and was not a popular script even among the elite Mongols themselves, although it was used as an official script of the Yuan dynasty until the early 1350s when the Red Turban Rebellion started. After this it was mainly used as a phonetic gloss for Mongols learning Chinese characters. It was also used as one of the scripts on Tibetan currency in the twentieth century, as script for Tibetan seal inscriptions from the Middle Ages up to the 20th century and for inscriptions on the entrance doors of Tibetan monasteries.

 Syllable formation

Although it is an alphabet, phagspa is written like a syllabary or abugida, with letters forming a single syllable glued or 'ligated' together.

An imperial edict in ʼPhags-pa

The ʼPhags-pa script, with consonants arranged according to Chinese phonology. At the far left are vowels and medial consonants.

Top: Approximate values in Middle Chinese. (Values in parentheses were not used for Chinese.)
Second: Standard letter forms.
Third: Seal script forms. (A few letters, marked by hyphens, are not distinct from the preceding letter.)

Bottom: The "Tibetan" forms. (Several letters have alternate forms, separated here by a • bullet.)

Example of the Chinese poem Hundred Family Surnames written in Phagspa script, from Shilin Guangji written by Chen Yuanjing in the Yuan dynasty

Unlike the ancestral Tibetan script, all ʼPhags-pa letters are written in temporal order (that is, /CV/ is written in the order C–V for all vowels) and in-line (that is, the vowels are not diacritics). However, vowel letters retain distinct initial forms, and short /a/ is not written except initially, making ʼPhags-pa transitional between an abugida, a syllabary, and a full alphabet. The letters of a ʼPhags-pa syllable are linked together so that they form syllabic blocks.

 Typographic forms

ʼPhags-pa was written in a variety of graphic forms. The standard form (top, at right) was blocky, but a "Tibetan" form (bottom) was even more so, consisting almost entirely of straight orthogonal lines and right angles. A "seal script" form (صينية: 蒙古篆字؛ پن‌ين: měnggǔ zhuànzì� ; "Mongolian Seal Script"), used for imperial seals and the like, was more elaborate, with squared sinusoidal lines and spirals. This 'Phags-pa script is different from the 'Phags-pa script, or 八思巴字 in Chinese, that shares the same name but its earliest usage can be traced back to the late 16th century, the early reign of Wanli Emperor. According to Professor Junast 照那斯图 of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the later 'Phags-pa script is actually a seal script of Tibetan.

Korean records state that hangul was based on an "Old Seal Script" (古篆字), which may be ʼPhags-pa and a reference to its Chinese name 蒙古篆字 měnggǔ zhuànzì (see origin of hangul). However, it is the simpler standard form of ʼPhags-pa that is the closer graphic match to hangul.

 الحروف

 الحروف الأساسية

The following 41 are the basic ʼPhags-pa letters.

Letters 1-30 and 35-38 are base consonants. The order of Letters 1-30 is the same as the traditional order of the thirty basic letters of the Tibetan script, to which they correspond. Letters 35-38 represent sounds that do not occur in Tibetan, and are either derived from an existing Tibetan base consonant (e.g. Letters 2 and 35 are both derived from the simple Tibetan letter KHA, but are graphically distinct from each other) or from a combination of an existing Tibetan base consonant and the semi-vowel (subjoined) letter WA (e.g. Letter 36 is derived from the complex Tibetan letter KHWA).

As is the case with Tibetan, these letters have an inherent [a] vowel sound attached to them in non-final positions when no other vowel sign is present (e.g. the letter KA with no attached vowel represents the syllable ka, but with an appended vowel i represents the syllable ki).

Letters 31-34 and 39 are vowels. Letters 31-34 follow the traditional order of the corresponding Tibetan vowels. Letter 39 represents a vowel quality that does not occur in Tibetan, and may be derived from the Tibetan double-E vowel sign.

Unlike Tibetan, in which vowels signs may not occur in isolation but must always be attached to a base consonant to form a valid syllable, in the ʼPhags-pa script initial vowels other than a may occur without a base consonant when they are not the first element in a diphthong (e.g. ue) or a digraph (e.g. eeu and eeo). Thus in Chinese ʼPhags-pa texts the syllables u 吾 wú, on 刓 wán and o 訛 é occur, and in Mongolian ʼPhags-pa texts the words ong qo chas "boats", u su nu (gen.) "water", e du -ee "now" and i hee -een "protection" occur. These are all examples of where 'o, 'u, 'e, 'i etc. would be expected if the Tibetan model had been followed exactly. An exception to this rule is the Mongolian word 'er di nis "jewels", where a single vowel sign is attached to a null base consonant. Note that the letter EE is never found in an initial position in any language written in the ʼPhags-pa script (for example, in Tao Zongyi's description of the Old Uighur script, he glosses all instances of Uighur e with the ʼPhags-pa letter EE, except for when it is found in the initial position, when he glosses it with the ʼPhags-pa letter E instead).

However, initial semi-vowels, diphthongs and digraphs must be attached to the null base consonant 'A (Letter 30). So in Chinese ʼPhags-pa texts the syllables 'wen 元 yuán, 'ue 危 wēi and 'eeu 魚 yú occur; and in Mongolian ʼPhags-pa texts the words 'eeu lu "not" and 'eeog bee.e "gave" occur. As there is no sign for the vowel a, which is implicit in an initial base consonant with no attached vowel sign, then words that start with an a vowel must also use the null base consonant letter 'A (e.g. Mongolian 'a mi than "living beings"). In Chinese, and rarely Mongolian, another null base consonant -A (Letter 23) may be found before initial vowels (see "Letter 23" below).

No.	ʼPhags-pa letter	Derivation	Letter Name	Transcription	IPA	Mongolian Examples	Chinese Examples
1	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER KA ཀ [U+0F40]	KA	k	/ka/	Only used for words of foreign origin, such as kal bu dun (gen. pl.) from Sanskrit kalpa "aeon" [cf. Mongolian galab ᠭᠠᠯᠠᠪ], with the single exception of the common Mongolian word ye kee "large, great" [cf. Mongolian yeke ᠶᠡᠬᠡ]	kiw 裘 qiú kue 夔 kuí
2	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER KHA ཁ [U+0F41]	KHA	kh	/kʰa/	kheen "who" [cf. Mongolian ken ᠬᠡᠨ]	khang 康 kāng kheeu 屈 qū
3	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER GA ག [U+0F42]	GA	g	/ga/	bi chig "written document, book" [cf. Mongolian bičig ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ]	ging 荊 jīng gu 古 gǔ
4	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER NGA ང [U+0F44]	NGA	ng	/ŋa/	deng ri "heaven" [cf. Mongolian tengri ᠲᠡᠩᠷᠢ]	ngiw 牛 niú ngem 嚴 yán ding 丁 dīng
5	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER CA ཅ [U+0F45]	CA	c	/tʃa/		cay 柴 chái ci 池 chí
6	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER CHA ཆ [U+0F46]	CHA	ch	/tʃʰa/	cha q-an "white" [cf. Mongolian čaɣan ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ]	chang 昌 chāng cheeu 褚 chǔ
7	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER JA ཇ [U+0F47]	JA	j	/dʒa/	jil "year" [cf. Mongolian ǰil ᠵᠢᠯ]	jim 針 zhēn
8	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER NYA ཉ [U+0F49]	NYA	ny	/ɲa/		nyiw 鈕 niǔ
9	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER TA ཏ [U+0F4F]	TA	t	/ta/	Mostly used in words of foreign origin, such as 'er ti nis (also 'er di nis) "jewels" [cf. Mongolian erdenis ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠰ] and ta layi "sea, ocean" [cf. Mongolian dalai ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ]	ten 田 tián tung 童 tóng
10	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER THA ཐ [U+0F50]	THA	th	/tʰa/	thu thum "each, all" [cf. Mongolian tutum ᠲᠤᠲᠤᠮ]	thang 湯 tāng thung 通 tōng
11	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER DA ད [U+0F51]	DA	d	/da/	u ri da nu (gen.) "former, previous" [cf. Mongolian urida ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠠ]	dung 東 dōng du 都 dū
12	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER NA ན [U+0F53]	NA	n	/na/	ma nu "our" [cf. Mongolian manu ᠮᠠᠨᠤ]	nee 聶 niè nung 農 nóng gon 管 guǎn
13	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER PA པ [U+0F54]	PA	p	/pa/	Only used in words of foreign origin, such as pur xan "Buddha" [cf. Mongolian burqan ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ]	pang 龐 páng pay 白 bái
14	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER PHA ཕ [U+0F55]	PHA	ph	/pʰa/		phon 潘 pān phu 浦 pǔ
15	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER BA བ [U+0F56]	BA	b	/ba/	ba sa "then, still, also" [cf. Mongolian basa ᠪᠠᠰᠠ]	ban 班 bān been 邊 biān
16	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER MA མ [U+0F58]	MA	m	/ma/	'a mi than "living beings" [cf. Mongolian amitan ᠠᠮᠢᠲᠠᠨ]	min 閔 mǐn mew 苗 miáo gim 金 jīn
17	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER TSA ཙ [U+0F59]	TSA	ts	/tsa/		tsaw 曹 cáo tsin 秦 qín
18	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER TSHA ཚ [U+0F5A]	TSHA	tsh	/tsʰa/	Only used in words of foreign origin, such as sha tshin "religion"	tshay 蔡 cài tshiw 秋 qiū
19	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER DZA ཛ [U+0F5B]	DZA	dz	/dza/		dzam 昝 zǎn dzew 焦 jiāo
20	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER WA ཝ [U+0F5D]	WA	w	/wa/	Only used in words of foreign origin, such as wa chi ra ba ni "Vajrapāṇi"	wan 萬 wàn wu 武 wǔ xiw 侯 hóu gaw 高 gāo
21	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER ZHA ཞ [U+0F5E]	ZHA	zh	/ʒa/		zheeu 茹 rú zhew 饒 ráo
22	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER ZA ཟ [U+0F5F]	ZA	z	/za/	Only found in the single word za ra "month" [cf. Mongolian sara ᠰᠠᠷᠠ]	zin 陳 chén zeeu 徐 xú zi 席 xí
23	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER -A འ [U+0F60]	-A	-	/'a/	This letter is found rarely initially, e.g. -ir gee nee (dat./loc.) "people" [cf. Mongolian irgen ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ], but frequently medially between vowels where it serves to separate a syllable that starts with a vowel from a preceding syllable that ends in a vowel, e.g. er khee -ud "Christians" and q-an "emperor, khan" [cf. Mongolian qaɣan ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ] (where q-an is a contraction for the hypothetical qa -an)	-an 安 ān -ing 應 yīng -eeu 郁 yù
24	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER YA ཡ [U+0F61]	YA	y	/ja/	na yan "eighty" [cf. Mongolian nayan ᠨᠠᠶᠠᠨ]	yi 伊 yī yang 羊 yáng day 戴 dài hyay 解 xiè
25	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER RA ར [U+0F62]	RA	r	/ra/	chee rig "army" [cf. Mongolian čerig ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ]
26	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER LA ལ [U+0F63]	LA	l	/la/	al ba "tax, tribute" [cf. Mongolian alba ᠠᠯᠪᠠ]	leeu 呂 lǚ lim 林 lín
27	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER SHA ཤ [U+0F64]	SHA	sh	/ʃa/	shi nee "new" [cf. Mongolian šine ᠱᠢᠨᠡ]	shi 石 shí shwang 雙 shuāng
28	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER SA ས [U+0F66]	SA	s	/sa/	hee chus "end, goal" [cf. Mongolian ečüs ᠡᠴᠦᠰ]	su 蘇 sū syang 相 xiàng
29	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER HA ཧ [U+0F67]	HA	h	/ha/	Initially in words that now have null initials, such as har ban "ten" [cf. Mongolian arban ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ], and medially only in the single word -i hee -een (or -i h-een) "protector, guardian"	hwa 花 huā sh.hi 史 shǐ l.hing 冷 lěng j.hang 莊 zhuāng
30	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER A ཨ [U+0F68]	'A	'	/a/	'eeu lu "not" [cf. Mongolian ülü ᠦᠯᠦ]	'wang 王 wáng 'eeu 虞 yú
31	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN I ི [U+0F72]	I	i		-i hee -een (or -i h-een) "protection"	li 李 lǐ n.hing 能 néng heei 奚 xī
32	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN U ུ [U+0F74]	U	u		u su nu (gen.) "water" [cf. Mongolian usun ᠤᠰᠤᠨ]	u 吳 wú mue 梅 méi
33	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN E ེ [U+0F7A]	E	e		e du -ee "now" [cf. Mongolian edüge ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ]	ze 謝 xiè jem 詹 zhān gue 國 guó
34	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN O ོ [U+0F7C]	O	o		ong qo chas "boats" [cf. Mongolian ongɣočas ᠣᠩᠭᠣᠴᠠᠰ]	no 那 nā mon 滿 mǎn
35	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER KHA ཁ [U+0F41]	QA	q		qa muq "all" [cf. Mongolian qamuɣ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ]
36	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER KHA [U+0F41] plus TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER WA [U+0FAD] ཁྭ	XA	x		Only used in words of foreign origin, such as pur xan "Buddha" [cf. Mongolian burqan ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ]	xu 胡 hú xong 黃 huáng
37	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER HA [U+0F67] plus TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER WA [U+0FAD] ཧྭ	FA	f	/fa/		fang 方 fāng fi 費 fèi
38	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER GA ག [U+0F42]	GGA
39	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN EE ཻ [U+0F7B]	EE	ee		el deeb "various" [cf. Mongolian eldeb ᠡᠯᠳᠡᠪ] (Poppe reads this word as eel deeb, as the only example of an initial letter EE, but I think that it is clear from the rubbing of the inscription that the initial letter is a slightly deformeed letter E)	chee 車 chē seeu 胥 xū geeing 經 jīng
40	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER WA ྭ [U+0FAD]	SUBJOINED WA	w	/w/		xway 懷 huái jwaw 卓 zhuō gwang 廣 guǎng
41	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER YA ྱ [U+0FB1]	SUBJOINED YA	y			hya 夏 xià gya 家 jiā dzyang 蔣 jiǎng

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 Additional Letters

No.	ʼPhags-pa letter	Derivation	Letter Name	Transcription	Sanskrit or Tibetan Examples
42	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER TTA ཊ [U+0F4A]	TTA	tt	sha tt-a pa ... i ta (Sanskrit ṣaṭ pāramitā) [Ill.3 Line 6]
43	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER TTHA ཋ [U+0F4B]	TTHA	tth	pra tish tthi te (Sanskrit pratiṣṭhite) [Ill.3 Line 8] (TTHA plus unreversed I) dhish tthi te (Sanskrit dhiṣṭhite) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 16] (TTHA plus reversed I) nish tthe (Sanskrit niṣṭhe) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 10] (TTHA plus reversed E)
44	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER DDA ཌ [U+0F4C]	DDA	dd	dann dde (Sanskrit daṇḍaya) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 14] '-a kad ddha ya (Sanskrit ākaḍḍhaya) [Ill.4 Line 7] (DDA plus reversed HA)
45	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER NNA ཎ [U+0F4E]	NNA	nn	sb-a ra nna (Sanskrit spharaṇa) [Ill.3 Line 3] ush nni ... (Sanskrit uṣṇīṣa) [Ill.3 Line 6] (NNA plus reversed I) kshu nnu (Sanskrit kṣuṇu) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 2] (NNA plus reversed U) ha ra nne (Sanskrit haraṇe) [Ill.4 Line 5] (NNA plus reversed E) pu nn.ya (Sanskrit puṇya) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 13] (NNA plus reversed subjoined Y)
46	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER RA ྲ [U+0FB2]	Subjoined RA	r	bh-ru^ (Sanskrit bhrūṁ) [Ill.3 Line 2] mu dre (Sanskrit mudre) [Ill.3 Line 9] ba dzra (Sanskrit vajra) [Ill.3 Line 9] bkra shis (Tibetan bkra-shis "prosperity, good fortune") [Ill.5]
47	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER RA ར [U+0F62]	Superfixed RA		sangs rgyas (Tibetan sangs-rgyas "Buddha") [Ill.6]
48	قالب:Phagspa	TIBETAN SIGN SNA LDAN ྃ [U+0F83] DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU [U+0901]	Candrabindu	^	o^ bh-ru^ bh-ru^ (Sanskrit oṁ bhrūṁ bhrūṁ) [Ill.3 Line 2] sa^ ha ... (Sanskrit saṁhatana) [Ill.3 Line 9]

 Menggu Ziyun

Following are the initials of the ʼPhags-pa script as presented in Menggu Ziyun. They are ordered according to the Chinese philological tradition of the 36 initials.

36 initials in 蒙古字韵 Menggu Ziyun

No.	Name	Phonetic value	ʼPhags-pa letter	ʼPhags-pa Initial	Notes
1	見 jiàn	*[k]	قالب:Phagspa	g-
2	溪 qī	*[kʰ]	قالب:Phagspa	kh-
3	群 qún	*[ɡ]	قالب:Phagspa	k-
4	疑 yí	*[ŋ]	قالب:Phagspa	ng-
5	端 duān	*[t]	قالب:Phagspa	d-
6	透 tòu	*[tʰ]	قالب:Phagspa	th-
7	定 dìng	*[d]	قالب:Phagspa	t-
8	泥 ní	*[n]	قالب:Phagspa	n-
9	知 zhī	*[ʈ]	قالب:Phagspa	j-
10	徹 chè	*[ʈʰ]	قالب:Phagspa	ch-
11	澄 chéng	*[ɖ]	قالب:Phagspa	c-
12	娘 niáng	*[ɳ]	قالب:Phagspa	ny-
13	幫 bāng	*[p]	قالب:Phagspa	b-
14	滂 pāng	*[pʰ]	قالب:Phagspa	ph-
15	並 bìng	*[b]	قالب:Phagspa	p-
16	明 míng	*[m]	قالب:Phagspa	m-
17	非 fēi	*[p̪]	قالب:Phagspa	f-	Normal form of the letter fa
18	敷 fū	*[p̪ʰ]	قالب:Phagspa	f¹-	Variant form of the letter fa
19	奉 fèng	*[b̪]	قالب:Phagspa	f-	Normal form of the letter fa
20	微 wēi	*[ɱ]	قالب:Phagspa	w-	Letter wa represents [v]
21	精 jīng	*[ts]	قالب:Phagspa	dz-
22	清 qīng	*[tsʰ]	قالب:Phagspa	tsh-
23	從 cóng	*[dz]	قالب:Phagspa	ts-
24	心 xīn	*[s]	قالب:Phagspa	s-
25	邪 xié	*[z]	قالب:Phagspa	z-
26	照 zhào	*[tɕ]	قالب:Phagspa	j-
27	穿 chuān	*[tɕʰ]	قالب:Phagspa	ch-
28	床 chuáng	*[dʑ]	قالب:Phagspa	c-
29	審 shěn	*[ɕ]	قالب:Phagspa	sh¹-	Variant form of the letter sha
30	禪 chán	*[ʑ]	قالب:Phagspa	sh-	Normal form of the letter sha
31	曉 xiǎo	*[x]	قالب:Phagspa	h-	Normal form of the letter ha
32	匣 xiá	*[ɣ]	قالب:Phagspa	x-
			قالب:Phagspa	h¹-	Variant form of the letter ha
33	影 yǐng	*[ʔ]	قالب:Phagspa	ʼ-	glottal stop
			قالب:Phagspa	y-	Normal form of the letter ya
34	喻 yù	*[j]	قالب:Phagspa	-	null initial
			قالب:Phagspa	y¹-	Variant form of the letter ya
35	來 lái	*[l]	قالب:Phagspa	l-
36	日 rì	*[ɲ]	قالب:Phagspa	zh-

 Shilin Guangji

The Shilin Guangji used Phagspa to annotate Chinese text, serving as a precursor to modern pinyin. The following are the Phagspa transcriptions of a section of the Hundred Family Surnames in the Shilin Guangji. For example, the name Jin (金), meaning gold, is written as قالب:Phagspaor Gim, similar to how it is transliterated in Korean (Kim).

Hundred Family Surnames
百家姓 Bǎi Jiā Xìng
قالب:Phagspaقالب:Phagspaقالب:PhagspaPhya Gya Sing

	C1	C2	C3
R1	馮 Féng قالب:PhagspaFung	周 Zhōu قالب:Phagspa Jiw (Jiu)	趙 Zhào قالب:PhagspaCew (Chew)
R2	陳 Chén قالب:PhagspaZin	吳 Wú قالب:PhagspaU	錢 Qián قالب:PhagspaGen
R3	褚 Chǔ قالب:PhagspaChu	鄭 Zhèng قالب:PhagspaCing (Ching)	孫 Sūn قالب:PhagspaSun
R4	衛 Wèi قالب:Phagspa'ue (We)	王 Wáng قالب:Phagspa 'Wang	李 Lǐ قالب:PhagspaLi

 Unicode

المقالة الرئيسية: Phags-pa (Unicode block)

ʼPhags-pa script was added to the Unicode Standard in July 2006 with the release of version 5.0.

The Unicode block for ʼPhags-pa is U+A840–U+A877: قالب:Unicode chart Phags-pa

U+A856 قالب:Phagspa PHAGS-PA LETTER SMALL A is transliterated using U+A78F ꞏ latin letter sinological dot from the Latin Extended-D Unicode block.

 انظر أيضاً

• Brahmic scripts
• Mongolian alphabets
• Origin of hangul
• Mongol elements in Western medieval art
• Menggu Ziyun (Yuan dynasty ʼPhags-pa—Chinese rhyming dictionary)
• Shilin Guangji
• Siddhaṃ script

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 للاستزادة

• Coblin, W. South (2006). A Handbook of ʼPhags-pa Chinese. ABC Dictionary Series. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3000-7. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
• Denlinger, Paul. B. (1963). Chinese in Hp'ags-pa Script. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
• Everding, Karl-Heinz (2006). Herrscherurkunden aus der Zeit des mongolischen Großreiches für tibetische Adelshäuser, Geistliche und Klöster. Teil 1: Diplomata Mongolica. Mittelmongolische Urkunden in ʼPhags-pa-Schrift. Eidtion, Übersetzung, Analyse. Halle: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies. ISBN 978-3-88280-074-6.
• Poppe, Nicholas (1957). The Mongolian Monuments in hP´ags-pa Script (Second ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
• Sampson, Geoffrey (1985). Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction. Great Britain: Anchor Brenton Ltd. ISBN 978-0-09-156980-8.
• Schuh, Dieter (1981). Grundlagen tibetischer Siegelkunde. Eine Untersuchung über tibetische Siegelaufschriften in ʼPhags-pa-Schrift. Sankt Augustin: VGH Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 978-3-88280-011-1.

 وصلات خارجية

• BabelStone: ʼPhags-pa Script (with free fonts)
• Omniglot: ʼPhags-pa script
• Ancientscripts: hPhags-pa
• Mongolian characters after Kublai Khan