دكيوس

(تم التحويل من ديسيوس)
هذا المقال هو عن الإمبراطور الروماني. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر دكيوس.
يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين دكنتيوس.
دكيوس Decius
امبراطور الامبراطورية الرومانية
Emperor Traianus Decius (Mary Harrsch).jpg
تمثال نصفي لدكيوس
العهد249 - 251 (alone);
251 (مع Herennius Etruscus)
سبقهفيليپ العربي
تبعهPriscus / Trebonianus Gallus و هوستيليان / Volusianus
الزوجة
الأنجالHerennius Etruscus, هوستيليان
الاسم الكامل
Gaius Messius Quintus Decius
(من الولادة حتى ارتقاء العرش)؛
Caesar Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius Augustus
(as emperor)
من أجل استخدامات أخرى، انظر دكيوس (توضيح).
ترايانوس دكيوس

گايوس مسيوس كوينتوس ترايانوس دكيوس (دقیانوس) Gaius Messius Quintus Decius (و.201—251) الامبراطور الروماني (249-251م) شارك حكمه مع ابنه في السنة الاخيرة، حتى قتلا سويا في معركة أبريتس.

A distinguished politician during the reign of Philip the Arab, Decius was proclaimed emperor by his troops after putting down a rebellion in Moesia. In 249, he defeated and killed Philip near Verona and was recognized as emperor by the Senate afterwards. During his reign, he attempted to strengthen the Roman state and its religion, leading to the Decian persecution, where a number of prominent Christians (including Pope Fabian) were put to death. In the last year of his reign, Decius co-ruled with his son Herennius Etruscus, until they were both killed by the Goths in the Battle of Abritus.

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النشأة وارتقاء السلطة

Antoninianus of Trajan Decius. Inscription: IMP. C. M. Q. TRAIANVS DECIVS AVG.

Trajanus Decius was born Gaius Messius Quintus Decius Valerinus at Budalia, Illyricum, near Sirmium in Pannonia Inferior.[1] Decius was one of the first among a long succession of Roman emperors (Illyrian emperors) to originate from the Danube provinces, often referred to as Illyricum. Unlike some of his immediate imperial predecessors such as Philip the Arab or Maximinus Thrax who did not have extensive administrative experience before assuming the throne, Decius was a distinguished senator who had served as suffect consul in 232, had been governor of Moesia and Germania Inferior soon afterwards, served as governor of Hispania Tarraconensis between 235 and 238, and was urban prefect of Rome during the early reign of Emperor Philip the Arab.[2]

Around 245, Philip entrusted Decius with an important command on the Danube.[3] By the end of 248 or 249, Decius was sent to quell the revolt of Pacatian and his troops in Moesia and Pannonia; some modern historians see this rebellion as a reflection of emerging Balkan separatism.[4] After the collapse of the revolt, Decius let the troops proclaim him emperor. Philip advanced against him and was killed at Verona, Italy, in September 249.[5] The Senate then recognized Decius as emperor, giving him the attribute Traianus in reference to Emperor Trajan. According to the Byzantine historian Zosimus, Decius was clothed in purple and forced to undertake the [burdens of] government, despite his reluctance and unwillingness.[6]


المبادرات السياسية

Decius' political program was focused on the restoration of the strength of the State, both militarily opposing the external threats, and restoring the public piety with a program of renovation of the state religion.

إعادة الرقابة

Either as a concession to the Senate, or perhaps with the idea of improving public morality, Decius endeavoured to revive the separate office and authority of the censor. The choice was left to the Senate, who unanimously selected Valerian (the future emperor). But Valerian, well aware of the dangers and difficulties attached to the office at such a time, declined the responsibility. The invasion of the Goths and Decius' death put an end to the abortive attempt.[7]

حمامات دكيوس

المقالة الرئيسية: حمامات دكيوس

During his reign, he proceeded with several building projects in Rome, including the Thermae Decianae (Baths of Decius in the Aventine), which were completed in 252 and survived through to the 16th century; Decius also repaired the Colosseum, which had been damaged by lightning strikes.[2]

اضطهاد المسيحيين

استغل الإمبراطور "دكيوس" العداء الشعبي للمسيحيين كوسيلة لتوحيد الامبراطوريه اصدر مرسوم لقمع المسيحية في وقت مبكر من 250 ليبدأ اضطهاد دكيوس الشهير للمسيحيين حين أصبح الاضطهاد على المستويين معا السياسي والشعبي[8]. دافع آخر لهذا الاضطهاد آراء دكيوس الدينية والاعتزاز بامبراطوريته.

كان دكيوس من الرومان التقليديين يرغب استعادة المجد القديم في روما. ومع ذلك، فقد كانت هناك عدة عوامل لكسوف هذه الفرحة: عمليات التوغل البربرية للامبراطوريه أصبحت أكثر وأكثر جرأة، والتقاليد القديمة التي كانت منسية، وكانت الامبراطوريه تواجه أزمة اقتصادية خطيرة.

للرومان التقليديين مثل دكيوس ، فإنه يبدو من الواضح أن هذه المشاكل الناجمة، جزئياً، عن إهمال الشعب الآلهة القديمة. وقال انها بحاجة إلى العودة إلى الدين القديم لاستعادة المجد القديم في روما. لذا جهد دكيوس للقضاء على المسيحيين لأنهم كانوا يومياً يحولون المزيد والمزيد من الناس بعيدا عن ممارسات العبادة التقليدية، وبالتالي، ووفقا لآراء ديكيوس الدينية، وانتقال الآلهة اليومي بعيدا عن روما. وقد اتخذت التدابير الأولى التي تطالب بأن الأساقفه وضباط من الكنيسة التضحيه من أجل الامبراطور، على سبيل أداء قسم الولاء التي اتخذها المسيحيين كهجوميه. . أصدرت شهادات لمن يستوفي ثنية المفوضين خلال اضطهاد للمسيحيين في ظل الامبراطور ديكيوس . ستة وأربعون هذه الشهادات قد تم نشرها، ويرجع تاريخها جميعا إلى 250، اربعة منهم من [oxyrhynchus] . من أورليوس ديوجينس Aurelius Diogenes بن ستابوس Stabus من قرية جزيرة اسكندر، ش72، بندبة على حاجبه الأيمن. لقد كنت أضحى دائماً للآلهة, وفعلت ذلك الآن في حضوركم طبقاً للمرسوم " لقد قمت بالتضحية وسكبت السكائب، وذبحت الذبائح. والتمس أن تشهدوا بذلك والسلام".

مقدمة أورليوس سيرس

" أشهد أني رأيته يقدم ذبيحة "

اوريليوس سيرس Aurelius Syrus ] </ref>

أصبح اضطهاد المسيحيين على المستويين السياسي والشعبي.

According to D. S. Potter, Decius did not try to impose the superiority of the Roman pantheon over any other gods. It is very probable that the edict was an attempt to legitimize his position and to respond to a general unease provoked by the passing of the Roman millennium.[9] While Decius himself may have intended the edict as a way to reaffirm his conservative vision of the Pax Romana and to reassure Rome's citizens that the empire was still secure, it nevertheless sparked a "terrible crisis of authority as various Christian bishops and their flocks reacted to it in different ways."[10] Measures were first taken demanding that the bishops and officers of the church make a sacrifice for the emperor. The sacrifice was "on behalf of" (Latin pro) the emperor, not to the emperor, since a living emperor was not considered divine. Certificates were issued to those who satisfied the commissioners during the persecution of Christians under Decius. Forty-six such certificates have been published, all dating from 250, four of them from Oxyrhynchus.[11] Anyone, including Christian followers, who refused to offer a sacrifice for the emperor and the Empire's well-being by a specified date risked torture and execution.[12] A number of prominent Christians did, in fact, refuse to make a sacrifice and were killed in the process, including Pope Fabian himself in 250, and "anti-Christian feeling[s] led to killings at Carthage and Alexandria."[12] However, towards the end of the second year of Decius' reign, "the ferocity of the [anti-Christian] persecution had eased off, and the earlier tradition of tolerance had begun to reassert itself."[12] Christians bore the brunt of the persecution and never forgot the reign of Decius, whom they remembered as "that fierce tyrant".[12] In June 251 Decius died alongside his co-emperor Herennius Etruscus in the Battle Abrittus against the Goths; their successors Trebonianus Gallus and Hostilian rescinded Decius's decree, ending the persecution after approximately eighteen months.

Bronze head of Decius from the former Colonia Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa. المتحف الوطني لتاريخ رومانيا، بوخارست.

At this time, there was a second outbreak of the Antonine Plague, which at its height from 251 to 266, took the lives of 5,000 daily in Rome. This outbreak is referred to as the "Plague of Cyprian" (Cyprian was the bishop of Carthage, where both the plague and the persecution of Christians were especially severe). Cyprian's biographer Pontius gave a vivid picture of the demoralizing effects of the plague and Cyprian moralized the event in his essay De mortalitate. In Carthage, the "Decian persecution", unleashed at the onset of the plague, sought out Christian scapegoats. Decius' edicts were renewed under Valerian in 253 and repealed under his son, Gallienus, in 260–261.

قتال القوط ووفاته

الغزوات القوطية 250–251 م
انظر أيضاً: الحرب القوطية (248-253)

القوط يدخلون البلقان

The barbarian incursions into the Empire were becoming more daring and frequent whereas the Empire was facing a serious economic crisis in Decius' time. During his brief reign, Decius engaged in important operations against the Goths, who crossed the Danube to raid districts of Moesia and Thrace.[7] This is the first considerable occasion that the Goths – who would later come to play such an important role – appear in the historical record. The Goths under King Cniva were surprised by the emperor while besieging Nicopolis on the Danube; the Goths fled through the difficult terrain of the Balkans, but then doubled back and surprised the Romans near Beroë (modern Stara Zagora), sacking their camp and dispersing the Roman troops (Battle of Beroe). The Goths then moved to attack Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv), which fell into their hands.[3] The governor of Thrace, Titus Julius Priscus, declared himself emperor under Gothic protection in opposition to Decius but Priscus's challenge was rendered moot when he was killed soon afterwards.[2] Then the invaders began returning to their homeland, laden with booty and captives, among them many of senatorial rank.[13]


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معركة أبريتوس

مقال رئيسي: معركة أبريتوس
Coin of Herennius Etruscus. Inscription: HER. ETR. MES. DECIVS NOB. C. / CONCORDIA AVG. F

In the meantime, Decius had returned with his re-organized army, accompanied by his son Herennius Etruscus and the general Trebonianus Gallus, intending to defeat the invaders and recover the booty. The final engagement, the battle of Abritus, in which the Goths fought with the courage of despair, under the command of Cniva, took place during the second week of June 251 on swampy ground in the Ludogorie (region in northeastern Bulgaria which merges with Dobruja plateau and the Danube Plain to the north) near the small settlement of Abritus[1] or Forum Terebronii (modern Razgrad).[3] Jordanes records that Decius' son Herennius Etruscus was killed by an arrow early in the battle, and to cheer his men Decius exclaimed, "Let no one mourn; the death of one soldier is not a great loss to the republic." Nevertheless, Decius' army was entangled in the swamp and annihilated in this battle, while he himself was killed on the field of battle.[10] As the historian Aurelius Victor relates:

The Decii (i.e., Decius and his son), while pursuing the barbarians across the Danube, died through treachery at Abritus after reigning two years. ... Very many report that the son had fallen in battle while pressing an attack too boldly; that the father however, has strenuously asserted that the loss of one soldier seemed to him too little to matter. And so he resumed the war and died in a similar manner while fighting vigorously.[14]

Aureus of Decius

One literary tradition claims that Decius was betrayed by his successor, Trebonianus Gallus, who was involved in a secret alliance with the Goths, but this cannot be substantiated and was most likely a later invention since Gallus felt compelled to adopt Decius' younger son, Gaius Valens Hostilianus, as joint emperor even though the latter was too young to rule in his own right.[15][16] It is also unlikely that the shattered Roman legions would proclaim as emperor a traitor who was responsible for the loss of so many soldiers from their ranks.[17] Decius was the first Roman emperor to die in battle against a foreign enemy.[12]

ذكراه

انظر أيضاً: Seven Sleepers

The Decian persecution was the first organized persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire and served as the basis for the Diocletianic Persecution, the last major persecution of Christians in the Empire.[18][19]

The later telling of the Seven Sleepers, about seven Christian youths from Ephesus who fled the Decian persecution by hiding in a cave (walled up by Decius) and sleeping for almost 200 years, emerged. The Quranic account, captured in Al-Kahf ("The Cave") surah (chapter),[20][21] has led to the Persian saying of ahd-e daqyānus ("age of Decius") or daqyānus referring to ancient times or a person with outdated views. When something is old and outdated, people say, "this belongs to the age of Decius."[22]

مواضيع مرتبطة

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب Lesley Adkins, Rot A. Adkins (2004). Handbook to life in ancient Rome. Infobase. p. 28
  2. ^ أ ب ت Scarre 1995, p. 169
  3. ^ أ ب ت Chisholm 1911.
  4. ^ Potter 2004, pp. 634–35, n. 106
  5. ^ Potter 2004, pp. 240–41
  6. ^ Zosimus, New History I.22
  7. ^ أ ب  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Decius, Gaius Messius Quintus Trajanus" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 7 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 913. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  8. ^ هشام الطوخى
  9. ^ Potter 2004, p. 243
  10. ^ أ ب Decius: 249–251 AD University of Michigan. Retrieved March 30, 2011
  11. ^ "Ancient History Sourcebook". Archived from the original on 16 November 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2006.
  12. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Scarre 1995, p. 170
  13. ^ Wolfram 1988, p. 46
  14. ^ Aurelius Victor, Book of the Caesars 29
  15. ^ Scarre 1995, pp. 168–69
  16. ^ Southern 2001, p. 308
  17. ^ Potter 2004, p. 247
  18. ^ دكيوس على موسوعة بريتانيكا
  19. ^ "Diocletian". The Free Dictionary.
  20. ^ Allusions – Cultural, Literary, Biblical, and Historical: A Thematic Dictionary. The Gale Group. 2008.
  21. ^ قالب:Cite Collins Dictionary
  22. ^ "Travel to the Age of Decius". Hamshahri Online (in الفارسية). 2007-02-13. Retrieved 2019-08-08.

وصلات خارجية

ألقاب ملكية
سبقه
فيليپ العربي 		امبراطور روماني
249–251
خدم بجانب: هرنيوس إتروسكوس 		تبعه
Trebonianus Gallus
مناصب سياسية
سبقه
Lucius Fulvius Gavius Numisius Aemilianus ,
Lucius Naevius Aquilinus 		قنصل الامبراطورية الرومانية
250–251
مع Vettius Gratus,
Herennius Etruscus 		تبعه
Trebonianus Gallus,
Volusianus
الكلمات الدالة:
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