بامار (شعب)

Bamar people

ဗမာလူမျိုး
إجمالي التعداد
ح. 35 مليون
المناطق ذات التجمعات المعتبرة
ميانمار      34,110,000
تايلند	~2,890,000
أستراليا	107,112
الولايات المتحدة	96,420
سنغافورة	72,368
ماليزيا	66,500
كوريا الجنوبية	22,000
اليابان	15,800
المملكة المتحدة	9,800
ألمانيا	7,300
هونگ كونگ	5,400
كمبوديا	4,700
اللغات
البورمية
الدين
الديانة الشعبية البورمية و Theravada Buddhism
الجماعات العرقية ذات الصلة
الشعوب الصينو-تبتية

بامار (Bamar ؛ بالبورمية: ဗမာလူမျိုး; MLCTS: ba. ma lu myui:؛ IPA: [bəmà lùmjó]؛ أيضاً تاريخياً بورميون Burmese و بورماوي Burmans) هم جماعة عرقية صينو-تبتية جنوب شرق آسيوية موطنها ميانمار (بورما). يعيش البامار أساساً في حوض نهر إراوادي ويتكلمون اللغة البورمية، التي هي اللغة الرسمية الوحيدة لميانمار على المستوى الوطني. عادات وهوية البامار تمتزج بوثوق مع الثقافة البورمية الأعم.

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 الأصول

يتكلم البامار البورمية، وهي لغة صينو-تبتية. هاجر الناطقون باللغة البورمية لأول مرة من الصين الحالية إلى وادي إيراوادي في القرن السابع. على مدى القرون التالية، استوعب المتحدثون البورميون جماعات عرقية أخرى مثل پيو و مون. أظهر تحليل الحمض النووي في 2014 أن الشعب البورمي كان "جنوب شرق آسيوي نمطي" ولكن "أيضاً بتأثيرات من شمال شرق آسيا والهند" وأن مجموعة جينات البامار كانت أكثر تنوعاً بمراحل من الجماعات العرقية الأخرى مثل الكارِن. وهم أقرب إلى شعبي الـيي و المون عن قربهم من شعب الكارِن.

تبين المصادر الصينية من القرن التاسع أن قبائل ناطقة بلغات صينو-تبتية كانت موجودة بالقرب من نهر إراوادي الحالي. These tribes were considered ancestors of Bamar people.

 اللغة

متكلم بالبورمية، مُسجل في تايوان.

Burmese, is spoken by the Bamar but is also widely spoken by ethnic minorities. Its core vocabulary consists of Sino-Tibetan words, but many terms associated with Buddhism, arts, sciences and government have derived from the Indo-European languages of Pali and English.

The Rakhine, although culturally distinct from the Bamar, are ethnically related and speak a dialect of Burmese that includes retention of the /r/ sound, which has coalesced into the /j/ sound in standard Burmese (although it is still present in orthography).

Additional dialects come from coastal areas of Tanintharyi Region including Myeik (Beik) and Dawei (Tavoyan) as well as inland and isolated areas like Yaw.

Other dialects are Taungyoe, Danu and Intha in Shan State.

English was introduced in the 1800s when the Bamar first came into contact with the British as a trading nation and continued to flourish under subsequent colonial rule.

 التوزع

البامار هم الجماعة العرقية الأكثر عدداً في ميانمار، ويشكلون الأغلبية بتعداد يناهز 32 مليون.

The Burmese diaspora, which is a recent phenomenon in historical terms and began at the start of World War II, has been mainly brought about by a protracted period of military rule and reflects the ethnic diversity of Myanmar. Many have settled in Europe, particularly in Great Britain.

Following Myanmar's Independence (1948–1962), many began moving to the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, United States, Malaysia, Singapore, mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea and Japan.

 الثقافة والمجتمع

إمرأة من البامار في ع1920

Bamar culture has been influenced by those of neighboring countries. This is manifested in its language, cuisine, music, dance and theatre. The arts, particularly literature, have historically been influenced by the local form of the animistic religion and Theravada Buddhism. In a traditional village, the monastery is the centre of cultural life. Monks are venerated and supported by the lay people. Rites of passage are also of cultural importance to the Bamar. These include shinbyu (ရှင်ပြု), a novitiate ceremony for Buddhist boys and nar tha (နားထွင်း), an ear-piercing ceremony for girls. Burmese culture is most evident in villages where local festivals are held throughout the year, the most important being the pagoda festival. Many villages have a guardian nat and superstition and taboos are commonplace.

 الزي التقليدي

The Bamar traditionally wore sarongs. Women wear a type of sarong known as htamain (ထဘီ), while men wear a sarong sewn into a tube, called a longyi (လုံချည်) or, more formally, a single long piece wrapped around the hips, known in Burmese as a paso (ပုဆိုး). Formal attire often consists of gold jewelry, silk scarves and jackets. On formal occasions, men often wear cloth turbans called gaung baung (ခေါင်းပေါင်း) and Mandarin collared jackets called taikpon (တိုက်ပုံ), while women wear blouses.

Both genders wear velvet sandals called gadiba phanat (ကတ္တီပါဖိနပ်‌, also called Mandalay phanat), although leather, rubber and plastic sandals (ဂျပန်ဖိနပ်‌, lit. Japanese shoes) are also worn. In cities and urban areas, Western dress, including T-shirts, jeans and sports shoes or trainers, has become popular, especially among the younger generation. Talismanic tattoos, earrings, and long hair tied in a knot were once common among Bamar men, but have ceased to be fashionable since after World War II; men in shorts and sporting ponytails, as well as both sexes with bleached hair, have made their appearance in Yangon and Mandalay more recently, especially in the anything-goes atmosphere of the Burmese New Year holiday known as Thingyan.

Bamar people of both sexes and all ages also wear thanaka, especially on their faces, although the practice is largely confined to women, children, and young, unmarried men. Western makeup and cosmetics have long enjoyed a popularity in urban areas. However, thanaka is not exclusively worn by the Bamar, as many other ethnic groups throughout Burma utilize this cosmetic.

 المطبخ

Bamar cuisine contains many regional elements, such as stir frying techniques and curries which can be hot but lightly spiced otherwise, almost always with fish paste as well as onions, garlic, ginger, dried chili and turmeric. Rice (ထမင်း htamin) is the staple, although noodles (ခေါက်ဆွဲ, hkauk swè), salads (အသုပ်, a thouk), and breads (ပေါင်မုန့်, paung mont) are also eaten. Burmese typical diet consists of rice as the main dish along with various curry dishes. Green tea is often the beverage of choice, but tea is also traditionally pickled and eaten as a salad called lahpet. The best-known dish of Bamar origin is mohinga, rice noodles in a fish broth. It is available in most parts of the region, also considered as the national dish of Myanmar. Dishes from other ethnic minorities such as the Shan, Chinese and Indian are also consumed.

 الموسيقى

Traditional music of Myanmar consists of an orchestra mainly of percussion and wind instruments but the saung gauk (စောင်းကောက်), a boat-shaped harp, is often symbolic of the Bamar. Other traditional instruments include pattala (Burmese xylophone), walatkhok, lagwin and hsaingwaing. Traditional Bamar dancing is similar to Thai dancing. Puppetry is also a popular form of entertainment and is often performed at pwés, which is a generic term for shows, celebrations and festivals. In urban areas, movies from both Bollywood and Hollywood have long been popular, but more recently Korean and Chinese films, especially DVDs, have become increasingly popular.

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 الأعياد

Buddhist festivals and holidays are widely celebrated by the Bamar people. Thingyan, the Water Festival, which marks the beginning of the Burmese New Year in April, is one such example. Thadingyut, which marks the end of the Buddhist lent, is celebrated with the Festival of Lights in October. Kathina or robe offering ceremony for monks is held at the start of Lent in July and again in November.

 الدين

A nat ein في وسط يانگون

The majority of the Bamar follow a syncretism of the native Burmese folk religion and Theravada Buddhism. People are expected to keep the basic five precepts and practise dāna "charity", sīla "Buddhist ethics" and vipassanā "meditation". Most villages have a monastery and often a stupa maintained and supported by the villagers. Annual pagoda festivals usually fall on a full moon and robe offering ceremonies for bhikkhus are held both at the beginning and after the Vassa. This coincides with the monsoons, during which the uposatha is generally observed once a week.

Children were educated by monks before secular state schools came into being. A shinbyu ceremony by which young boys become novice monks for a short period is considered the most important duty of Buddhist parents. Christian missionaries had made little impact on the Bamar despite the popularity of missionary schools in cities.

The Bamar practise Buddhism along with Nat worship which predated Buddhism. It involves rituals relating to a pantheon of 37 Nats or spirits designated by King Anawrahta, although many minor nats are also worshipped. In villages, many houses have outdoors altars to honor nats, called nat ein (နတ်အိမ်‌), in addition to one outside the village known as nat sin (နတ်စင်‌) often under a bo tree (Ficus religiosa). Indoors in many households, one may find a coconut called nat oun up the main post for the Eindwin Min Mahagiri (အိမ်တွင်းမင်းမဟာဂိရိ, lit. "Indoor Lord of the Great Mountain"), considered one of the most important of the Nats.

The term "Bamar" is sometimes used to refer to both the practice of Buddhism as well as the ethnic identity. Bamar Muslims, however, practise Islam and claim ethnic Bamar heritage and culture in all matters other than religion.

 أسماء الأشخاص

المقالة الرئيسية: الأسماء البورمية

In the past, the Bamar typically had shorter names, usually limited to one or two syllables. However, the trend of adopting longer names (four or five for females and three for males) has become popular. Bamar names also frequently make use of Pali-derived loan words. Bamar people typically use the day of birth (traditional 8-day calendar, which includes Yahu, Wednesday afternoon) as the basis for naming, although this practice is not universal. Letters from groups within the Burmese alphabet are designated to certain days, from which the Bamar choose names.

ويُختاروا كالتالي:

اليوم	الحروف
Monday (တနင်္လာ)	က (ka), ခ (kha), ဂ (ga), ဃ (gha), င (nga)
Tuesday (အင်္ဂါ)	စ (sa), ဆ (hsa), ဇ (za), ဈ (za), ည (nya)
Wednesday (ဗုဒ္ဓဟူး)	လ (la), ဝ (wa)
Yahu (ရာဟု)	ယ (ya), ရ (ya, ra)
Thursday (ကြာသပတေး)	ပ (pa), ဖ (hpa), ဗ (ba), ဘ (ba), မ (ma)
Friday (သောကြာ)	သ (tha), ဟ (ha)
Saturday (စနေ)	တ (ta), ထ (hta), ဒ (da), ဓ (da), န (na)
Sunday (တနင်္ဂနွေ)	အ (a)

 انظر أيضاً

• ثقافة ميانمار
• ديمغرافيا ميانمار
• دانو (شعب)
• راخين (شعب)

 ببليوگرافيا

• Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (2005). "Language Family Trees". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. SIL International. Retrieved 2006-07-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Khin Myo Chit (1980). Flowers and Festivals Round the Burmese Year.
• Scott, James George (1882). The Burman: His Life and Notions. London: Macmillan.
• Myint-U, Thant (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps--Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-16342-6.
• Tsaya (1886). Myam-Ma, The Home of the Burman. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co. pp. 36–37.

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 وصلات خارجية

• The Silken East – A Record of Life and Travel in Burma by V. C. Scott O'Connor 1904
• Wai, Kyi (2007-06-15). "Burmese Women's Hair in Big Demand". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 2007-11-11.