التقسيمات الإدارية في ميانمار

التقسيمات الإدارية في ميانمار
التصنيف	Unitary state
الموقع	Myanmar
العدد	7 regions, 7 states, 1 union territory, 1 self-administered division, and 5 self-administered zones (as of 2015)
عدد السكان	286,627 (Kayah State) - 7,360,703 (Yangon Region)
المساحة	7,054 km2 (2,724 sq mi) (Naypyidaw Union Territory) - 155,801 km2 (60,155 sq mi) (Shan State)
الحكومة	Government of Myanmar
التقسيمات	District Township Ward and Village tract Village

Myanmar is divided into twenty-one administrative subdivisions, which include 7 regions, 7 states, 1 union territory, 1 self-administered division, and 5 self-administered zones. Following is the table of government subdivisions and its organizational structure based on different regions, states, the union territory, the self-administered division, and the self-administered zones:

Type	Burmese name		No. of div.
Region	တိုင်းဒေသကြီး tuing:desa.kri:	IPA: [táɪɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí] taìñ deithác̱ì	7
State	ပြည်နယ် pranynai	IPA: [pjìnɛ̀] pyine	7
Union Territory	ပြည်ထောင်စုနယ်မြေ pranytaungcu.nai-mre	IPA: [pjìdàʊɰ̃zṵnɛ̀mjè] pyiṯauñs̱únemyei	1
Self-Administered Division	ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ တိုင်း kuiypuing-uphkyuphkwang.ra.tuing:	IPA: [kòbàɪɰ̃ ʔoʊʔtɕʰoʊʔ kʰwɪ̰ɰ̃ja̰ táɪɰ̃] koup̱aiñ ouʔhcouʔ hkwíñyá taìñ	1
Self-Administered Zone	ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသ kuiypuing-uphkyuphkwang.ra.desa.	IPA: [kòbàɪɰ̃ ʔoʊʔtɕʰoʊʔ kʰwɪ̰ɰ̃ja̰ dèθa̰] koup̱aiñ ouʔhcouʔ hkwíñyá deithá	5

The regions were called divisions prior to August 2010, and four of them are named after their capital city, the exceptions being Sagaing Region, Ayeyarwady Region and Tanintharyi Region. The regions can be described as ethnically predominantly Burman (Bamar), while the states, the zones and Wa Division are dominated by ethnic minorities.

Yangon Region has the largest population and is the most densely populated. The smallest population is Kayah State. In terms of land area, Shan State is the largest and Naypyidaw Union Territory is the smallest.

Regions and states are divided into districts (ခရိုင်; kha yaing or khayaing, IPA: [kʰəjàɪɴ]). These districts consist of townships (မြို့နယ်; myo-ne, IPA: [mjo̰nɛ̀]) that include towns (မြို့; myo, IPA: [mjo̰]), wards (ရပ်ကွက်; yatkwet, IPA: [jaʔ kwɛʔ])) and village tracts (ကျေးရွာအုပ်စု; kyayywa oksu, IPA: [tɕé jwà ʔoʊʔ sṵ]). Village tracts are groups of adjacent villages (ကျေးရွာ; kyayywa, IPA: [tɕé jwà]).

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 Structural hierarchy

Level	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th
Division Type	Union Territory (ပြည်တောင်စုနယ်မြေ)	District (ခရိုင်)	Township (မြို့နယ်)*	Ward (ရပ်ကွက်)	–
	Region (တိုင်းဒေသကြီး) State (ပြည်နယ်)				–
				Village tract (ကျေးရွာအုပ်စု)	Village (ကျေးရွာ)
	Self-Administered Division (ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရတိုင်း)
	Self-Administered Zone (ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသ)

• Some townships are divided into Subtownships (မြို့နယ်ခွဲ), which are semi-official parts of a township administered separately. Many reports will use subtownships, especially more established subtownships used by the main townships themselves.

 Administrative divisions

 Regions, States and Union Territory

Flag	Name	Burmese	Capital	ISO	Region	Pop. (2014)	Area (km2)
	Ayeyarwady Region	ဧရာဝတီတိုင်းဒေသကြီး	Pathein	MM-07	South	6,184,829	35,031.8
	Bago Region	ပဲခူးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး	Bago	MM-02	South, Central	4,867,373	39,402.3
	Chin State	ချင်းပြည်နယ်	Hakha	MM-14	North, West	478,801	36,018.8
	Kachin State	ကချင်ပြည်နယ်	Myitkyina	MM-11	North	1,689,441	89,041.8
	Kayah State	ကယားပြည်နယ်	Loikaw	MM-12	East	286,627	11,731.5
	Kayin State	ကရင်ပြည်နယ်	Hpa-an	MM-13	South, East	1,574,079	30,383
	Magway Region	မကွေးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး	Magwe	MM-03	Central	3,917,055	44,820.6
	Mandalay Region	မန္တလေးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး	Mandalay	MM-04	Central	6,165,723	37,945.6
	Mon State	မွန်ပြည်နယ်	Mawlamyine	MM-15	South	2,054,393	12,296.6
	Naypyidaw Union Territory	နေပြည်တော် ပြည်ထောင်စုနယ်မြေ	Naypyidaw	MM-18	Central	1,160,242	7,054
	Rakhine State	ရခိုင်ပြည်နယ်	Sittwe	MM-16	West	3,188,807	36,778.0
	Sagaing Region	စစ်ကိုင်းတိုင်းဒေသကြီး	Monywa	MM-01	North, West	5,325,347	93,704.8
	Shan State	ရှမ်းပြည်နယ်	Taunggyi	MM-17	North, East	5,824,432	155,801.3
	Tanintharyi Region	တနင်္သာရီတိုင်းဒေသကြီး	Dawei	MM-05	South	1,408,401	44,344.9
	Yangon Region	ရန်ကုန်တိုင်းဒေသကြီး	Yangon	MM-06	Central	7,360,703	10,276.7

 Self-Administered Division and Self-Administered Zones

المقالة الرئيسية: Self-administered zone

Self-Administered Division and Self-Administered Zones

Flag	Name	Burmese	Capital	State	Population
	Danu Self-Administered Zone	ဓနုကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသ	Pindaya	Shan State	161,835
	Kokang Self-Administered Zone	ကိုးကန့်ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသ	Laukkai	Shan State	123,733
	Naga Self-Administered Zone	နာဂကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသ	Lahe	Sagaing Region	116,828
	Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone	ပလောင်းကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသ	Namhsan	Shan State	110,805
	Pa'O Self-Administered Zone	ပအိုဝ့်ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသ	Hopong	Shan State	380,427
	Wa Self-Administered Division	ဝကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရတိုင်း	Hopang	Shan State	558,000

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 System of administration

  States of Myanmar

  Regions of Myanmar

The administrative structure of the states, regions and self-administering bodies is outlined in the new constitution adopted in 2008.

 Regions and States

Executive authority is held in each state or region by a Regional or State Government consisting of a Chief Minister, other ministers and an Advocate General. The President appoints the Chief Minister from a list of qualified candidates in the regional or state legislature; the regional or state legislature must approve the President's choice unless they can prove that he or she does not meet the constitutional qualifications.

Legislative authority resides with the State Hluttaw or Regional Hluttaw made up of elected civilian members and representatives of the Armed Forces. Both divisions are considered equivalent, the only distinction being that states have large ethnic minority populations and regions are mostly populated by the national majority Burmans / Bamar.

 Naypyidaw Union Territory

المقالة الرئيسية: Naypyidaw Union Territory

The constitution states that Naypyidaw shall be a Union Territory under the direct administration of the President. Day-to-day functions would be carried out on the President's behalf by the Naypyidaw Council led by a Chairperson. The Chairperson and members of the Naypyidaw Council are appointed by the President and shall include civilians and representatives of the Armed Forces.

 Self-Administered Division and Self-Administered Zones

Self-Administered Zones and Self-Administered Divisions are administered by a Leading Body. The Leading Body consists of at least ten members and includes State or Regional Hluttaw members elected from the Zones or Divisions and other members nominated by the Armed Forces. The Leading Body has both executive and legislative powers. A Chairperson is head of each Leading Body.

Within Sagaing Region:

• Naga (Leshi, Lahe, and Namyun townships)

Within Shan State:

• Danu Self-Administered Zone (Ywangan and Pindaya townships),
• Kokang Self-Administered Zone (Konkyan and Laukkai townships)
• Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone (Namshan and Manton townships)
• Pa'O Self-Administered Zone (Hopong, Hshihseng, and Pinlaung townships),
• Wa Self-Administered Division (Hopang, Mongmao, Panwai, Pangsang, Naphan, and Metman townships)

 Districts and Townships

Districts are the second-order divisions of Myanmar and are often named after a population center within the district of the same name. Shan State has the most districts, even excluding Self-Administered Zones and Divisions. Naypyidaw Union Territory and Mon State have the least with just 2 districts. The District's role is more supervisory as the 330 townships are the basic administrative unit of local governance and are the only type of administrative division that covers the entirety of Myanmar. A District is led by a District Administrator and a Township is administered by a Township Administrator. Both are appointed civil servants through the General Administration Department (GAD) of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA). The Minister of Home Affairs is to be appointed by the military according to the 2008 constitution.

Most local governance services are offered at the Township level; few services are offered at the District level. The Township Administrator is the key focal point for most interactions with the government and the Township Administrator serves as a representative of the State or Region government and executes functions on behalf of the State or Region. All Township governments are staffed by 34 GAD civil servants regardless of population, although larger townships may have several Township committees that coordinate with the Township and report to the District. Subtownships exist for many but not all townships. They can be created for many reasons including, townships with large areas, townships with a large natural barrier or townships with a lopsided population distribution. These subtownships are unofficial, but can be used by the Township administration and national ministries for data collection and administrative ease.

 Wards, Village Tracts and Municipalities

The fourth and lowest level of administration is the ward for urban areas and village tract for rural areas. Some townships include areas not part of any ward or village tract. Village Tracts may contain up to 8 distinct villages. Most townships contain at least one ward/town, and are usually named after the population center. As of reforms in 2012 and 2013, Ward and Village Tract administrators are now typically elected, but report to the appointed Township Administrator. Ward Administrators and Village Tract Administrators (also called just Village Administrators) are supported by 100-household-heads and 10-household-heads who are collectively called area leaders.

Most cities in Myanmar are contained within one township like Pathein. In some cases, the rural portions of the township may be administered semi-independently as sub-townships. In larger cities, like Mandalay, the municipality may be functionally administered at a district level with townships acting de facto as subdivisions of a city. In Yangon, the administrative jurisdiction of the Yangon City Development Committee overlap across 33 townships and all 4 of Yangon Region's districts.

 History

 British colonisation

In 1900, Burma was a province of British India, and was divided into two subdivisions: Lower Burma, whose capital was Rangoon with four divisions (Arakan, Irrawaddy, Pegu, Tenasserim), and Upper Burma, whose capital was Mandalay with six divisions (Meiktila, Minbu, Sagaing, North Federated Shan States and South Federated Shan States).

On 10 October 1922, the Karenni States of Bawlake, Kantarawaddy, and Kyebogyi became a part of the Federated Shan States. In 1940, Minbu division's name was changed to Magwe, and Meiktila Divisions became part of Mandalay District.

 Post-independence

Upon independence, on 4 January 1948, the Chin Hills area was split from Arakan Division to form Chin Special Division, and Kachin State was formed by carving out the Myitkyina and Bhamo districts of Mandalay Division. Karen State was also created from Amherst, Thaton, and Toungoo Districts of Tenasserim Division. Karenni State was separated from the Federated Shan States, and Shan State was formed by merging the Federated Shan States and the Wa States.

In 1952, Karenni State was renamed Kayah State. In 1964, Rangoon Division was separated from Pegu Division, whose capital shifted to Pegu. In addition, Karen State was renamed Kawthoolei State.

In 1972, the Hanthawaddy and Hmawbi districts were moved under Rangoon Division's juridstiction.

In 1974, after Ne Win introduced a constitution, Chin Special Division became a state, and its capital moved from Falam to Hakha. Kawthoolei State's name was reverted to Karen State. Mon State was created out of portions of Tenasserim Division and Pegu Division. Mon State's capital became Moulmein, and Tenasserim Division's became Tavoy. In addition, Rakhine Division was granted statehood.

In 1989, after the coup d'état by the military junta, the names of many divisions in Burma were altered in English to reflect Burmese pronunciations.

After 1995, in Kachin State Mohnyin District was created out of Myitkyina District as part of the peace agreement with the Kachin Independence Army.

 2008 Constitution

The 2008 Constitution stipulates the renaming of the 7 "divisions" (တိုင်း in Burmese) as "regions" (တိုင်းဒေသကြီး in Burmese). It also stipulates the creation of Union territories, which include the capital of Nay Pyi Taw and ethnic self-administered zones (ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသ in Burmese) and self-administered divisions (ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရတိုင်း in Burmese). These self-administered regions include the following:

• Danu Self-Administered Zone: consisting of Ywangan and Pindaya townships in Shan State
• Kokang Self-Administered Zone: consisting of Konkyan and Laukkai townships in Shan State
• Naga Self-Administered Zone: consisting of Leshi, Lahe, and Namyun townships in Sagaing Region
• Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone: consisting of Namhsan and Manton townships in Shan State
• Pa-O Self-Administered Zone: consisting of Hopong, Hsihseng, and Pinlaung townships in Shan State
• Wa Self-Administered Division: consisting of Hopang, Mongmao, Panwai, Nahpan, Metman, and Pangsang (Pankham) townships in Shan State

On 20 August 2010, the renaming of the 7 divisions and the naming of the 6 self-administered zones was announced by Burmese state media.

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 See also

• List of administrative divisions of Myanmar by Human Development Index
• Districts of Myanmar
• List of cities and largest towns in Myanmar
• State and Region Government of Myanmar
• List of Burmese flags
• ISO 3166-2:MM

 External links

• Statoids