يي (شعب) Yi people

لمعلومات عن the peoples living to the east of the early Chinese civilization، انظر Dongyi.
Yi people
إمرأة من اليي في يون‌نان
المناطق ذات التجمعات المعتبرة
 الصين9 مليون (2010)
 ڤيتنام4,827 (2019)[1]
اللغات
Yi, Southwestern Mandarin
الدين
Majority: Bimoism (native Yi variety of Shamanism); minority: Taoism
الجماعات العرقية ذات الصلة
Tibetan, Bamar (Burman), Nakhi, Qiang, Tujia
يي
Chinese name
الصينية彝族
Nuosu
الصينية المبسطة诺苏
الصينية التقليدية諾蘇
Lolo
الصينية倮倮
Burmese name
Burmeseယီလူမျိုး
Vietnamese name
VietnameseLô Lô
Thai name
Thaiโล-โล
Nuosu name
Nuosuꆈꌠꉙ
Black Nuosu Yi of Daliangshan
Black Nuosu Yi of Daliangshan

شعب يي Yi أو نووسو (Nuosu ؛ نووسو: ꆈꌠ, [nɔ̄sū]; see also § Names and subgroups) are an ethnic group in southern China. Numbering nine million people, they are the seventh largest of the 55 ethnic minority groups recognized by the Chinese government. They live primarily in rural areas of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi, usually in mountainous regions. The Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture is home to the largest population of Yi people within China, with two million Yi people in the region. In neighbouring Vietnam, اعتبارا من 2019, there are 4,827 Lô Lô people (a subgroup of the Yi) living in the Hà Giang, Cao Bằng, and Lào Cai provinces, in the country's north.

The Yi speak various Loloish languages, closely related to Burmese. The prestige variety is Nuosu, which is written in the Yi script.

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Location

Of the more than 9 million Yi people, over 4.5 million live in Yunnan Province, 2.5 million live in southern Sichuan Province and 1 million live in the northwest corner of Guizhou Province. Nearly all the Yi live in mountainous areas,[بحاجة لمصدر] often carving out their existence on the sides of steep mountain slopes far from the cities of China.

The altitudinal differences of the Yi areas directly affect the climate and precipitation of these areas. These striking differences are the basis of the old saying that "The weather is different a few miles away" in the Yi area. Yi populations in different areas are very different from one another, making their living in completely different ways.[2]


Names and subgroups

انظر أيضاً: List of lesser-known Loloish languages

Although different groups of Yi refer to themselves in different ways (including Nisu, Sani, Axi, Lolo, and Acheh) and sometimes speak mutually unintelligible languages, they have been grouped into a single ethnicity by the Chinese and the various local appellations can be classified into three groups:

  • Ni (ꆀ). The appellations of Nuosu,[3] Nasu, Nesu, Nisu and other similar names are considered derivatives of the original autonym Nip (ꆀ) appended with the suffix -su, indicating 'people'. The name Sani is also a variety of this group. Further, it is widely believed that the Chinese name Yí (both 夷 and 彝) were derived from Ni.
  • Lolo. The appellations of Lolo, Lolopu, etc. are related to the Yi people's worship of the tiger, as lo in their dialects means 'tiger'.[4] Lo is also the basis for the Chinese exonym Luóluó (猓猓, 倮倮 or 罗罗). The original character (猓), with the "dog radical" (犭) and a guǒ (果) phonetic, was a graphic pejorative,[5] comparable to the Chinese name guǒran (猓然, 'a long-tailed ape'). Languages reforms in the PRC replaced the character in Luóluó twice—first by Luó (倮), with the "human radical" (亻) and the same phonetic, but that was a graphic variant for luǒ (裸, 'naked'), and later by Luó (罗, 'net for catching birds'). Paul K. Benedict noted, "a leading Chinese linguist, has remarked that the name 'Lolo' is offensive only when written with the 'dog' radical."[6]
  • Other. This group includes various other appellations of different groups of Yi. Some of them may be of other ethnic groups but are recognised as Yi by the Chinese. The "Pu" may be relevant to an ancient ethnic group Pu (濮). In the legends of the Northern Yi, the Yi people conquered Pu and its territory in the northeastern part of the modern Liangshan.

Groups listed below are sorted by their broad linguistic classification and the general geographic area where they live. Within each section, larger groups are listed first.

Classification Approximate total population Groups
Southern 1,082,120 Nisu, Southern Nasu, Muji, A Che, Southern Gaisu, Pula,
Boka, Lesu, Chesu, Laowu, Alu, Azong, Xiuba
Southeastern 729,760 Poluo, Sani, Axi, Azhe, Southeastern Lolo, Jiasou, Puwa,
Aluo, Awu, Digao, Meng, Xiqi, Ati, Daizhan, Asahei, Laba,
Zuoke, Ani, Minglang, Long
Central 565,080 Lolopo, Dayao Lipo, Central Niesu, Enipu, Lopi, Popei
Eastern 1,456,270 Eastern Nasu, Panxian Nasu, Wusa Nasu, Shuixi Nosu,
Wuding Lipo, Mangbu Nosu, Eastern Gepo, Naisu, Wumeng,
Naluo, Samei, Sanie, Luowu, Guopu, Gese, Xiaohei Neisu,
Dahei Neisu, Depo, Laka, Lagou, Aling, Tushu, Gouzou,
Wopu, Eastern Samadu
Western 1,162,040 Mishaba Laluo, Western Lolo, Xiangtang, Xinping Lalu,
Yangliu Lalu, Tusu, Gaiji, Jiantou Laluo, Xijima, Limi, Mili,
Lawu, Qiangyi, Western Samadu, Western Gepo,
Xuzhang Lalu, Eka, Western Gaisu, Suan, Pengzi
Northern 2,534,120 Shengba Nosu, Yinuo Nosu, Xiaoliangshan Nosu, Butuo Nosu,
Suodi, Tianba Nosu, Bai Yi, Naruo, Naru, Talu, Mixisu, Liwu,
Northern Awu, Tagu, Liude, Naza, Ta'er
Unclassified 55,490 Michi (Miqie), Jinghong Nasu, Apu, Muzi, Tanglang, Micha,
Ayizi, Guaigun

التاريخ

Mu'ege and other Yi kingdoms contemporary to Southern Song
The Yi kingdom of Nanzhao
Carving of Yimouxun (r. 779–808) the ruler of Nanzhao
Yi silver headdress

أسطورة الأصل

According to Yi legend, all life originated in water and water was created by snowmelt, which as it dripped down, created a creature called the Ni. The Ni gave birth to all life. Ni is another name for the Yi people. It is sometimes translated as black because black is a revered color in Yi culture.[7] Yi tradition tells us that their common ancestor was named Apu Dumu ꀉꁌꅋꃅ or ꀉꁌꐧꃅ (Axpu Ddutmu or Axpu Jjutmu). Apu Dumu had three wives, each of whom had two sons. The six sons migrated to the area that is now Zhaotong and spread out in the four directions, creating the Wu, Zha, Nuo, Heng, Bu, and Mo clans.[8] The Yi practiced a lineage system where younger brothers were treated as slaves by their elders, which resulted in a culture of migration where younger brothers constantly left their villages to create their own domains.[7]

ممالك گوي‌ژو

انظر أيضاً: Mu'ege and Ziqi

The Heng clan divided into two branches. One branch, known as the Wumeng, settled along the western slope of the Wumeng Mountain range, extending their control as far west as modern day Zhaotong, Yunnan. The other branch, known as the Chele, moved along the eastern slope of the Wumeng Mountain range and settled to the north of the Chishui River. By the Tang dynasty (618–907), the Chele occupied the area from today Xuyong county in Sichuan to Bijie city in Guizhou. The Bu clan fragmented into four branches. The Bole branch settled in Anshun, the Wusa branch settled in Weining, the Azouchi branch settled in Zhanyi, and the Gukuge branch settled in northeast Yunnan. The Mo clan, descended from Mujiji (慕齊齊), split into three branches. One branch known as the Awangren, led by Wualou, settled in southwest Guizhou and formed the Ziqi Kingdom. Wuake led the second branch, the Ayuxi, to settle near Ma'an Mountain south of Huize. Wuana led the third branch to settle in Hezhang. In the 3rd century AD, Wuana's branch split into the Mangbu branch in Zhenxiong, led by Tuomangbu, and Luodian (羅甸) in Luogen, led by Tuoazhe. By 300, Luodian covered over much of the Shuixi region. Its ruler, Moweng (莫翁), moved the capital to Mugebaizhage (modern Dafang), where he renamed his realm the Mu'ege kingdom, otherwise known as the Chiefdom of Shuixi.[8]

Nasu Yi kingdoms by the Tang dynasty
Kingdom Ruling clan Modern area
Badedian Mangbu Zhenxiong
Luodian/Luoshi Bole Anshun
Mu'ege Luo Dafang
Ziqi/Yushi Awangren Southwest Guizhou

After the Eastern Han dynasty, the Shu of the Three Kingdoms conducted several wars against the ancestors of Yi under the lead of Zhuge Liang. They defeated the king of Yi, ꂽꉼ (Mot Hop, 孟获) and expanded their conquered territory in Yi area. After that, the Jin Dynasty succeeded Shu as the suzerain of Yi area but with weak control.

To further solidify a buffer zone between itself and the expansionistic Nanzhao kingdom, in 846 the Tang bestowed upon the patriarch of the Bole patriclan the hereditary title King of the Luodian kingdom (Luodian guo wang). In the same year the Tang forged a relationship with the Awangren branch of the Mo patriclan, which had settled in the Panxian–Puan area of southwest Guizhou, and recognized the Awangren as leaders of the Yushi kingdom. A year later, in 847, the Tang acknowledged the formation of the Badedian kingdom located in northeast Yunnan and headed by the Mangbu branch of the Azhe patriclan. These four kingdoms, Zangge (Mu'ege), Luodian, Yushi, and Badedian formed an initial Tang defensive perimeter between Nanzhao-controlled territory to the southwest and Tang China.[9]

— John E. Herman

ممالك يون‌نان

المقالة الرئيسية: Cuanman, Nanzhao, and مملكة دالي

Some historians believe that the majority of the kingdom of Nanzhao were of the Bai people,[10] but that the elite spoke a variant of Nuosu (also called Yi), a Tibeto-Burman language closely related to Burmese.[11] The Cuanman people came to power in Yunnan during Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign in 225. By the fourth century they had gained control of the region, but they rebelled against the Sui dynasty in 593 and were destroyed by a retaliatory expedition in 602. The Cuan split into two groups known as the Black and White Mywa.[12] The White Mywa (Baiman) tribes, who are considered the predecessors of the Bai people, settled on the fertile land of western Yunnan around the alpine fault lake Erhai. The Black Mywa (Wuman), considered to be predecessors of the Yi people, settled in the mountainous regions of eastern Yunnan. These tribes were called Mengshe (蒙舍), Mengxi (蒙嶲), Langqiong (浪穹), Tengtan (邆賧), Shilang (施浪), and Yuexi (越析). Each tribe was known as a zhao.[13] In academia, the ethnic composition of the Nanzhao kingdom's population has been debated for a century. Chinese scholars tend to favour the theory that the rulers came from the aforementioned Bai or Yi groups, while some non-Chinese scholars subscribed to the theory that the Tai ethnic group was a major component, that later moved south into modern-day Thailand and Laos.[14]

In 649, the chieftain of the Mengshe tribe, Xinuluo (細奴邏), founded the Great Meng (大蒙) and took the title of Qijia Wang (奇嘉王; "Outstanding King"). He acknowledged Tang suzerainty.[15] In 652, Xinuluo absorbed the White Mywa realm of Zhang Lejinqiu, who ruled Erhai Lake and Cang Mountain. This event occurred peacefully as Zhang made way for Xinuluo of his own accord. The agreement was consecrated under an iron pillar in Dali. Thereafter the Black and White Mywa acted as warriors and ministers respectively.[13]

In 704 the Tibetan Empire made the White Mywa tribes into vassals or tributaries.[12]

In the year 737 AD, with the support of the Tang dynasty, the great-grandson of Xinuluo, Piluoge (皮羅閣), united the six zhaos in succession, establishing a new kingdom called Nanzhao (Mandarin, "Southern Zhao"). The capital was established in 738 at Taihe, (the site of modern-day Taihe village, a few miles south of Dali). Located in the heart of the Erhai valley, the site was ideal: it could be easily defended against attack and it was in the midst of rich farmland.[16] Under the reign of Piluoge, the White Mywa were removed from eastern Yunnan and resettled in the west. The Black and White Mywa were separated to create a more solidified caste system of ministers and warriors.[13]

Nanzhao existed for 165 years until A.D. 902. After 35 years of tangled warfare, Duan Siping (段思平) of the Bai birth founded the Kingdom of Dali, succeeding the territory of Nanzhao. Most Yi of that time were under the ruling of Dali. Dali's sovereign reign lasted for 316 years until it was conquered by Kublai Khan. During the era of Dali, Yi people lived in the territory of Dali but had little communication with the royalty of Dali.

Kublai Khan included Dali in his domain. The Yuan emperors remained firmly in control of the Yi people and the area they inhabited as part of Kublai Khan's Yunnan Xingsheng (云南行省) at current Yunnan, Guizhou and part of Sichuan. In order to enhance its sovereign over the area, the Yuan dynasty set up a dominion for Yi, Luoluo Xuanweisi (罗罗宣慰司), the name of which means local appeasement government for Lolos. Although technically under the rule of the Yuan emperor, the Yi still had autonomy during the Yuan dynasty. The gulf between aristocrats and the common people increased during this time.


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أسرتا مينج و تشينج

انظر أيضاً: تمرد شى-آن
Canadian Methodist missionaries William John Mortimore and Charles Winfield Service among the Yi tribesmen of southwestern Sichuan, before 1911.

Beginning with the Ming dynasty, the Chinese empire expedited its cultural assimilation policy in Southwestern China, spreading the policy of gaitu guiliu (改土歸流, 'replacing tusi (local chieftains) with "normal" officials').[17] The governing power of many Yi feudal lords had previously been expropriated by the successors of officials assigned by the central government. With the progress of gaitu guiliu, the Yi area was dismembered into many communities both large and small, and it was difficult for the communities to communicate with each other as there were often Han-ruled areas between them.

The Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty defeated Wu Sangui and took over the land of Yunnan and established a provincial government there. When Ortai became the Viceroy of Yunnan and Guizhou during the era of Yongzheng Emperor, the policy of gaitu guiliu and cultural assimilation against Yi were strengthened. Under these policies, Yi who lived near Kunming were forced to abandon their convention of traditional cremation and adopt burial, a policy which triggered rebellions among the Yi. The Qing dynasty suppressed these rebellions.

After the Second Opium War (1856–1860), many Christian missionaries from France and Great Britain visited the area in which the Yi lived. Although some missionaries believed that Yi of some areas such as Liangshan were not under the ruling of Qing dynasty and should be independent, most aristocrats insisted that Yi was a part of China despite their resentment against Qing rule.

العصر الحديث

1891 map showing a "Lolo" enclave in modern Liangshan, Sichuan

Long Yun, a Yi, was the military governor of Yunnan, during the Republic of China rule on mainland China.

The Fourth Front Army of the CCP encountered the Yi people during the Long March and many Yi joined the communist forces.[18]

After the establishment of the PRC, several Yi autonomous administrative districts of prefecture or county level were set up in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou. With the development of automotive traffic and telecommunications, the communications among different Yi areas have been increasing sharply.

Yi people face systematic discrimination and abuse as migrant laborers in contemporary China.[19]

كيانات اليي على مر التاريخ

اللغة

A religious document in ancient Yi script
Signpost in modern Yi

The Chinese government recognizes six mutually unintelligible Yi languages, from various branches of the Loloish family:[21]

Northern Yi is the largest with some two million speakers and is the basis of the literary language. It is an analytic language.[22] There are also ethnically Yi languages of Vietnam which use the Yi script, such as Mantsi.

Many Yi in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi know Standard Chinese and code-switching between Yi and Chinese is common.

الكتابة

The Yi script was originally logosyllabic like Chinese and dates to at least the 13th century, but seems to be completely independent of any other known script. Until the early 20th century, usage of this script was primarily the domain of bimo priests for transmitting ritual texts from generation to generation. It was not until the mid-twentieth century that elite families in Liangshan began to use the script for non-religious purposes, such as letter writing.[23]

There were perhaps 10,000 characters, many of which were regional, since the script had never been standardized across the Yi peoples. A number of works of history, literature and medicine, as well as genealogies of the ruling families, written in the Old Yi script are still in use and there are Old Yi stone tablets and steles in the area.

An attempt to romanize the script was made in the 1950s but it failed to gain traction. In the 1970s and 1980s, the traditional script was standardized into a syllabary. Syllabic Yi is widely used in books, newspapers, street signs, and education, although with increasing influence from Chinese.[24]

الثقافة

A Yi woman in traditional dress
في افتتاح حفل رياضي بمدرسة ثانوية في يوننان، قام الطلبة من قومية يي برقصة الحرب. 2024
Armor of Yi people, Qing dynasty


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الجندر

Descent and inheritance in Yi society was traditionally patrilineal and men were generally considered superior to women. Men practiced polygamy and levirate marriage. Women were excluded from oral genealogies.[25] In certain locales, Yi women still lag behind men in terms of primary education and very few Yi women become educational instructors or political leaders. Yi women noticeably drank and smoked more than Han Chinese women.[26]

الأسماء

The Yi use a son-father patronymic naming system. The last character of the father's name transfers to become the first character of the son's name. The last character of the son's name is then used as the first character of the grandson's name. A complete Yi name is composed of the clan name, the branch clan name, the father's name, and the person's own name (ex. Aho Bbujji Jjiha Lomusse). Aho is the name of a tribe, Bbuji is the name of a clan, Jjiha is the father's name, and Lomusse is a personal name. The name therefore means Lomusse the son of Jjiha of the Bbujji clan of the Aho tribe. Within the clan he would just be called Lomusse and within the tribe he would be called Jjiha Lomusse. Yi names use the suffixes -sse and -mo to express maleness and femaleness respectively.[27]

This system can also be seen in the names of Nanzhao's rulers:[28]

  • Xinuluo
  • Luosheng
  • Shengluopi
  • Piluoge
  • Geluofeng
  • Fengjiayi
  • Yimouxun
  • Xungequan
  • Quanfengyou – sought to imitate Chinese practices and only went by Fengyou; broke tradition and named his son Shilong[29]
  • Shilong
  • Longshun
  • Shunhuazhen

This is a tradition closely tied to Tibeto-Burman traditions and suggests that the rulers of Nanzhao were not Tai people.[28]

العبودية

Traditional Yi society was divided into four castes, the aristocratic nuohuo/nzymo Black Yi, the commoner qunuo/quho White Yi, the ajia/mgajie, and the xiaxi/gaxy. The Black Yi made up around 7 per cent of the population while the White Yi made up 50 per cent of the population. The two castes did not intermarry and the Black Yi were always considered of higher status than the White Yi, even if the White Yi was wealthier or owned more slaves. The White and Black Yi also lived in separate villages. The Black Yi did not farm, which was traditionally done by White Yi and slaves. Black Yi were responsible only for administration and military activities. The White Yi were not technically slaves but lived as indentured servants to the Black Yi. The Ajia made up 33 per cent of the population. They were owned by both the Black and White Yi and worked as indentured laborers lower than the White Yi. The Xiaxi were the lowest caste. They were slaves who lived with their owners' livestock and had no rights. They could be beaten, sold, and killed for sport. Membership of all four castes was through patrilineal descent.[30][31][32][33][34][35] The prevalence of the slave culture was so great that sometimes children were named after how many slaves they owned. For example: Lurbbu (many slaves), Lurda (strong slaves), Lurshy (commander of slaves), Lurnji (origin of slaves), Lurpo (slave lord), Lurha, (hundred slaves), Jjinu (lots of slaves).[27]

Cases of the caste slavery system's influence could be found as late as the 1980s and early 1990s, when nuohuo clans prevented marriage with qunuo or punished members who did.[36]

I once asked a nuoho friend, a highly educated man completely at home in the Chinese scholarly world, what he would do if his daughter, then about fourteen, were to want to marry a quho. He said he would oppose it. I asked him if this were not an old-fashioned attitude. He admitted that it was, but gave two explanations. First, he said, he just wouldn't feel right inside. More important, other nuoho might boycott his family for marrying out, and they would thenceforth have trouble marrying within the nuoho caste. This had happened to some of his affinal relatives in another county.
It is important to point out at the same time, however, that caste stratification in Liangshan has never, as far as I can tell, included notions of pollution or automatic deference, which are so important in the Indian caste system. In areas where there are both nuoho and quho, they socialize freely with one another, eating at each other's houses and often becoming close friends. None of this, however, breaks down the marriage barrier; only among highly educated urbanites is intermarriage ever considered, and then it is usually decided against; most nuoho would rather have their daughters marry a Hxiemga (Han Chinese) than a quho.[37]

— Stevan Harrell

Folklore

The most famous hero in Yi mythology is Zhyge Alu. He was the son of a dragon and an eagle who possessed supernatural strength, anti-magic, and anti-ghost powers. He rode a nine-winged flying horse called "long heavenly wings." He also had the help of a magical peacock and python. The magical peacock was called Shuotnyie Voplie and could deafen the ears of those who heard its cry, but if invited into one's house, would consume evil and expel leprosy. The python, called Bbahxa Ayuosse, was defeated by Zhyge Alu, who wrestled with it in the ocean after transforming into a dragon. It was said to be able to detect leprosy, cure tuberculosis, and eradicate epidemics. Like the Chinese mythological archer, Hou Yi, Zhyge Alu shoots down the suns to save the people.[38] In the Yi religion Bimoism, Zhyge Alu aids the bimo priests in curing leprosy and fighting ghosts.[39]

Jiegujienuo was a ghost that caused dizziness, slowness in action, dementia and anxiety. The ghost was blamed for ailments and exorcism rituals were conducted to combat the ghost. The bimo erected small sticks considered to be sacred, the kiemobbur, at the ritual site in preparation.[39]

عيد الشعلة

The Torch Festival is one of the Yi people's main holidays. According to Yi legend, there were once two men of great strength, Sireabi and Atilaba. Sireabi lived in heaven while Atilaba on earth. When Sireabi heard of Atilaba's strength, he challenged Atilaba to a wrestling match. After suffering two defeats, Sireabi was killed in a bout, which greatly angered the bodhisattavas, who sent a plague of locusts to punish the earth. On the 24th day of the 6th month of the lunar calendar, Atilaba cut down many pine trees and used them as torches to kill the locusts, protecting the crops from destruction. The Torch Festival is thus held in his honor.[40]

الموسيقى

The Yi play a number of traditional musical instruments, including large plucked and bowed string instruments,[41] as well as wind instruments called bawu (巴乌) and mabu (马布). The Yi also play the hulu sheng, though unlike other minority groups in Yunnan, the Yi do not play the hulu sheng for courtship or love songs (aiqing). The kouxian, a small four-pronged instrument similar to the Jew's harp, is another commonly found instrument among the Liangshan Yi. Kouxian songs are most often improvised and are supposed to reflect the mood of the player or the surrounding environment. Kouxian songs can also occasionally function in the aiqing form. Yi dance is perhaps the most commonly recognized form of musical performance, as it is often performed during publicly sponsored holidays and/or festival events.

الأدب

Artist Colette Fu, great-granddaughter of Long Yun has spent time from 1996 till present photographing the Yi community in Yunnan Province. Her series of pop-up books, titled We are Tiger Dragon People, includes images of many Yi groups.[42][43]

  • Yi woman in traditional dress

    Yi woman in traditional dress

  • Yi woman in traditional dress with a child

    Yi woman in traditional dress with a child

  • Yi woman in traditional dress

    Yi woman in traditional dress

  • Yi man in traditional dress

    Yi man in traditional dress

  • Yi man in traditional dress

    Yi man in traditional dress

الدين

ملابس اليي (الذكور)

البيموية

This section is an excerpt from البيموية.[تحرير]
رمز يُستخدم لتمثيل العقيدة البيموية
البيموية[44] (Bimoism ؛ صينية: 毕摩教؛ پن‌ين: Bìmójiào�، يي: ꀘꂾ bi mox) هي ديانة محلية لشعب يي، أكبر جماعة عرقية في يون‌نان بعد صينيي الهان. وتأخذ اسمها من بيمو، وهو الشامان-الكاهن الذي هو أيضاً سيد لغة يي ونصوصها ويرتدي مسوحاً سوداء وقبعات كبيرة.

أديان أخرى

في يون‌نان، بعض اليي اعتنق البوذية نتيجة التعامل مع الجماعات العرقية ذات الأغلبية البوذية الموجودة في يون‌نان، مثل الداي و التبتيين. The most important god of Yi Buddhism is Mahākāla, a wrathful deity found in Vajrayana and Tibetan Buddhism. In the 20th century, many Yi people in China converted to Christianity, after the arrival of Gladstone Porteous in 1904 and, later, medical missionaries such as Alfred James Broomhall, Janet Broomhall, Ruth Dix and Joan Wales of the China Inland Mission. According to missionary organization OMF International, the exact number of Yi Christians is not known. في 1991 أفيد أنه يوجد نحو 1,500,000 مسيحي من اليي في مقاطعة يون‌نان، وخصوصاً في ناحية لوتشوان حيث توجد أكثر من 20 كنيسة.

Medicine

The Yi are known for the extent of their inter-generational transmission of traditional medicine through oral tradition and written records. Their traditional medicine system has been academically inventoried.[45] Since the prefecture the Yi medicinal data was collected from also contains the cave containing human-infectable SARS clades and it is known that people living in the vicinity SARS caves show serological signs of past infection,[46][47] it has been suggested that the Yi were repeatably exposed to coronavirus over their history, passively learned to medicinally fend off coronavirus infection centuries ago, and committed the results into their inter-generational record of medicinal indications.[48]

Distribution

Yi autonomous prefectures and counties in China
Yi population by counties
County-level distribution of the Yi 2000 census in China.

(Only includes counties or county-equivalents containing >1% of county population.)

County/city Yi % Yi population Total population
Sichuan province 2.58 2,122,389 82,348,296
Panzhihua city 10.11 110,326 1,091,657
Dong district 1.25 3,945 315,707
Xi district 1.84 3,148 170,862
Renhe district 19.06 38,907 204,170
Miyi county 13.21 27,381 207,300
Yanbian county 19.08 36,945 193,618
Leshan city 3.53 117,355 3,324,139
Jinkouhe district 10.15 5,373 52,916
Ebian Yi autonomous county 30.65 43,269 141,166
Mabian Yi autonomous county 39.15 66,723 170,425
Pingshan county 2.00 5,004 250,620
Yaan city 2.04 31,013 1,522,845
Hanyuan county 4.51 15,686 347,471
Shimian county 11.17 13,769 123,261
Garze Tibetan autonomous prefecture 2.56 22,946 897,239
Luding county 4.40 3,424 77,855
Jiulong county 37.01 18,806 50,816
Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture 44.43 1,813,683 4,081,697
Xichang city 16.48 101,369 615,212
Muli Tibetan autonomous county 27.71 34,489 124,462
Yanyuan county 47.67 149,568 313,765
Dechang county 23.18 43,810 188,980
Huili county 17.33 75,064 433,185
Huidong county 6.91 24,279 351,310
Ningnan county 21.85 37,134 169,962
Puge county 76.55 106,521 139,156
Butuo county 95.44 132,285 138,604
Jinyang county 78.42 109,813 140,028
Zhaojue county 96.75 200,951 207,712
Xide county 85.74 118,048 137,676
Mianning county 33.39 108,289 324,332
Yuexi county 72.54 172,505 237,800
Ganluo county 68.66 120,445 175,426
Meigu county 97.81 172,356 176,214
Leibo county 51.36 106,757 207,873
Guizhou province 2.39 843,554 35,247,695
Baiyun district 1.04 1,961 187,695
Qingzhen city 1.65 7,761 471,305
Liupanshui city 9.56 262,308 2,744,085
Zhongshan district 5.64 25,549 453,293
Liuzhi special district 11.32 61,319 541,762
Shuicheng county 11.70 79,339 678,228
Pan county 8.97 96,101 1,070,802
Qianxi'nan Bouyei Miao autonomous prefecture 2.05 58,766 2,864,920
Xingyi city 2.02 14,521 719,605
Xingren county 2.44 10,372 425,091
Puan county 2.66 6,905 259,881
Qinglong county 6.76 17,436 258,031
Anlong county 2.28 9,094 399,384
Bijie prefecture 7.41 468,800 6,327,471
Bijie city 4.26 48,094 1,128,230
Dafang county 10.84 92,295 851,729
Qianxi county 8.67 60,420 697,075
Jinsha county 4.17 20,696 496,063
Zhijin county 3.81 31,420 825,350
Nayong county 5.72 37,840 661,772
Weining Yi Hui Miao autonomous county 9.06 95,629 1,056,009
Hezhang county 13.48 82,406 611,243
Yunnan province 11.11 4,705,658 42,360,089
Kunming city 6.65 384,531 5,781,294
Wuhua district 2.56 10,580 413,420
Panlong district 1.59 5,468 344,754
Guandu district 3.38 47,311 1,398,305
Xishan district 5.07 30,617 603,363
Dongchuan district 3.26 8,984 275,564
Chenggong county 1.22 2,202 180,685
Jinning county 7.64 20,443 267,739
Fumin county 7.44 10,422 140,046
Yiliang county 6.06 24,051 396,677
Shilin Yi autonomous county 32.49 72,779 223,978
Luquan Yi Miao autonomous county 22.45 96,388 429,355
Xundian Hui Yi autonomous county 8.91 42,934 481,721
Anning city 3.34 9,872 295,173
Qujing city 3.85 210,351 5,466,089
Qilin district 2.16 14,041 648,956
Malong county 3.41 6,326 185,766
Shizong county 6.21 21,718 349,770
Luoping county 6.44 33,159 515,211
Fuyuan county 7.16 47,076 657,474
Huize county 2.00 16,910 844,485
Zhanyi county 2.16 8,406 389,838
Xuanwei city 4.46 57,708 1,292,825
Yuxi city 19.32 400,412 2,073,005
Hongta district 9.02 36,905 409,044
Jiangchuan county 5.48 14,087 257,078
Chengjiang county 1.82 2,726 149,748
Tonghai county 5.82 16,017 275,063
Huaning county 21.29 41,844 196,519
Yimen county 26.75 45,362 169,581
Eshan Yi autonomous county 52.36 79,289 151,426
Xinping Yi Dai autonomous county 46.20 122,259 264,615
Yuanjiang Hani Yi Dai autonomous county 20.97 41,923 199,931
Zhaotong prefecture 3.23 148,521 4,592,388
Zhaotong city 2.58 18,758 727,959
Ludian county 2.51 8,686 345,740
Qiaojia county 2.86 13,183 461,034
Daguan county 1.98 4,667 235,802
Yongshan county 4.72 17,130 362,943
Zhenxiong county 5.78 63,463 1,097,093
Yiliang county 4.24 20,269 477,811
Chuxiong Yi autonomous prefecture 26.31 668,937 2,542,530
Chuxiong city 19.05 95,959 503,682
Shuangbai county 43.10 66,110 153,403
Mouding county 22.03 43,032 195,322
Nanhua county 36.07 82,223 227,970
Yaoan county 25.38 50,526 199,071
Dayao county 29.52 82,620 279,838
Yongren county 49.44 51,223 103,606
Yuanmou county 24.25 49,179 202,779
Wuding county 30.18 79,254 262,601
Lufeng county 16.61 68,811 414,258
Honghe Hani Yi autonomous prefecture 23.57 973,732 4,130,463
Gejiu city 20.27 91,902 453,311
Kaiyuan city 33.09 96,647 292,039
Mengzi county 29.38 99,917 340,051
Pingbian Miao autonomous county 18.51 27,596 149,088
Jianshui county 29.02 149,071 513,712
Shiping county 53.67 148,987 277,580
Mile county 30.92 153,235 495,642
Luxi county 7.99 29,202 365,585
Yuanyang county 24.01 87,137 362,950
Honghe county 14.23 38,086 267,627
Jinping Miao Yao Dai autonomous county 11.97 37,837 316,171
Lüchun county 4.92 9,894 201,256
Hekou Yao autonomous county 4.42 4,221 95,451
Wenshan Zhuang Miao autonomous prefecture 10.62 347,194 3,268,553
Wenshan county 17.28 74,255 429,639
Yanshan county 21.11 92,356 437,508
Xichou county 3.95 9,332 236,120
Malipo county 2.25 6,036 267,986
Maguan county 9.16 32,056 350,002
Qiubei county 18.05 78,327 434,009
Guangnan county 5.84 42,675 730,376
Funing county 3.17 12,157 382,913
Pu'er city 16.58 411,120 2,480,346
Simao district 15.12 34,904 230,834
Ning'er Hani Yi autonomous county 19.45 36,589 188,106
Mojiang Hani autonomous county 9.23 32,812 355,364
Jingdong Yi autonomous county 39.92 140,556 352,089
Jinggu Dai Yi autonomous county 20.59 59,476 288,794
Zhenyuan Yi Hani Lahu autonomous county 27.28 56,119 205,709
Jiangcheng Hani Yi autonomous county 13.47 13,503 100,243
Menglian Dai Lahu Va autonomous county 2.40 4,999 208,593
Lancang Lahu autonomous county 6.74 31,255 464,016
Ximeng Va autonomous county 1.05 907 86,598
Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture 5.61 55,772 993,397
Jinghong city 5.56 24,673 443,672
Menghai county 2.28 7,175 314,068
Mengla county 10.15 23,924 235,657
Dali Bai autonomous prefecture 12.94 426,634 3,296,552
Dali city 2.95 15,385 521,169
Yangbi Yi autonomous county 46.09 48,565 105,380
Xiangyun county 7.26 31,733 437,371
Binchuan county 6.27 20,332 324,412
Midu county 8.35 24,791 296,860
Nanjian Yi autonomous county 47.24 99,159 209,887
Weishan Yi Hui autonomous county 34.07 100,879 296,124
Yongping county 26.56 47,391 178,438
Yunlong county 5.45 10,739 196,978
Eryuan county 3.00 9,443 315,003
Jianchuan county 2.88 4,771 165,900
Heqing county 5.40 13,446 249,030
Baoshan prefecture 3.23 75,877 2,348,315
Baoshan city 4.61 39,025 846,865
Shidian county 3.62 11,360 314,187
Longling county 1.83 4,758 260,097
Changning county 6.04 20,123 333,241
Lijiang prefecture 18.68 210,431 1,126,646
Lijiang Naxi autonomous county 2.42 8,871 366,705
Yongsheng county 12.43 46,703 375,769
Huaping county 8.26 12,808 154,968
Ninglang Yi autonomous county 61.97 142,049 229,204
Nujiang Lisu autonomous prefecture 1.99 9,805 491,824
Lushui county 2.28 3,915 171,974
Lanping Bai Pumi autonomous county 2.91 5,727 196,977
Diqing Tibetan autonomous prefecture 3.29 11,616 353,518
Zhongdian county 6.50 9,586 147,416
Weixi Lisu autonomous county 1.38 2,016 146,017
Lincang prefecture 15.77 367,880 2,332,570
Lincang county 5.43 15,478 285,163
Fengqing county 27.61 117,883 426,943
Yun county 37.96 158,099 416,507
Yongde county 8.68 29,521 339,918
Zhenkang county 17.19 31,334 182,258
Shuangjiang Lahu Va Blang Dai autonomous county 1.57 2,605 165,982
Gengma Dai Va autonomous county 3.57 11,193 313,220
Longlin autonomous county (Guangxi) 1.03 3,563 347,462

Notable people

Gallery

See also

References

Citations

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  2. ^ "Ethnic Groups – china.org.cn". China.org.cn. Retrieved 2014-08-08.
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  32. ^ Yongming Zhou Anti-Drug Crusades in Twentieth-Century – China: Nationalism, ... – 1999 – Page 150 "The black Yi (about 7 percent of the population) made up the aristocratic ruling class, and the white Yi held subordinate status. Within the white Yi, however, there were three subgroups: Qunuo, Anjia, and Jiaxi. Qunuo (about 50 percent of the ...")
  33. ^ S. Robert Ramsey The Languages of China 1987– Page 253 "The Black Yi looked down on farming, and all cultivation was traditionally done by White Yi and slaves. The Black Yi were responsible only for administration and military protection. Even so, however, they usually took great care to tend to their ..."
  34. ^ Stevan Harrell Perspectives on the Yi of Southwest China 2001 – Page 174 "One village is for Black Yi, who speak Black Yi language. One village is for White Yi, who speak White Yi language. One place is for Red Yi, who speak Red Yi language. One village is for Gan Yi, who speak Gan Yi language. One village is for ..."
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Sources

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Further reading

  • Benoît Vermander. L'enclos à moutons: un village nuosu du sud-ouest de la Chine. Paris: Les Indes savantes (2007).
  • Ollone, Henri d', vicomte (1912) In Forbidden China: the d'Ollone mission, 1906–1909, China—Tibet—Mongolia; translated from the French of the second edition by Bernard Miall. Chapters II-V & VII. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
  • Pollard, S. (1921) In Unknown China: Record of the Observations, Adventures and Experiences of a Pioneer Missionary During a Prolonged Sojourn Amongst the Wild and Unknown Nosu Tribe of Western China London: Seeley Service and Co. Limited.
  • Wang, Zhen. "Out of the Mountains: Changing Landscapes in Rural China," RCC Perspectives: Transformations in Environment and Society 2018, no. 2. doi.org/10.5282/rcc/8523.

External links

معرفة المصادر بها نص من the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica مقالة Lolos.
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=يي_(شعب)&oldid=4056318"