اللغة البورمية

يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين بورمسو (لغة) في غينيا الجديدة.

البورمية Burmese
لغة ميانمار
မြန်မာစာ (البورمية المكتوبة) မြန်မာစကား (البورمية المحكية)
النطق	IPA:[mjəmàzà] [mjəmà zəɡá]
موطنها	ميانمار
العرق	Bamar
الناطقون الأصليون	33 مليون (2007)ne2007 Second language: 10 million (no date)
عائلة اللغات	الصينية-التبتية Lolo-Burmese البورماوية البورمية Burmese
الصيغ المبكرة	البورمية القديمة البورمية الوسيطة
نظام الكتابة	الأبجدية البورمية برايل البورمية
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في	ميانمار آسيان
ينظمها	مفوضية اللغة بميانمار
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-2	bur (B) mya (T)
ISO 639-2	bur (B) mya (T)
ISO 639-3	mya – inclusive code Individual codes: int – Intha tvn – Tavoyan dialects tco – Taungyo dialects rki – Rakhine language ("Rakhine") rmz – Marma ("မရမာ")
Glottolog	nucl1310
Linguasphere	77-AAA-a

اللغة البورمية (Burmese language ؛ بالبورمية: မြန်မာဘာသာ, MLCTS: mranmabhasa, IPA: [mjəmà bàðà]) is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Myanmar where it is an official language and the language of the Bamar people, the country's principal ethnic group. Although the Constitution of Myanmar officially recognizes the English name of the language as the Myanmar language, most English speakers continue to refer to the language as Burmese, after Burma, the older name for Myanmar. In 2007, it was spoken as a first language by 33 million, primarily the Bamar (Burman) people and related ethnic groups, and as a second language by 10 million, particularly ethnic minorities in Myanmar and neighboring countries. In 2014 the Burmese population was 36.39 million, and has been estimated at 38.2 million as of April 2020.

Burmese is a tonal, pitch-register, and syllable-timed language, largely monosyllabic and analytic, with a subject–object–verb word order. It is a member of the Lolo-Burmese grouping of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The Burmese alphabet is ultimately descended from a Brahmic script, either Kadamba or Pallava.

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 التصنيف

Burmese belongs to the Southern Burmish branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages, of which Burmese is the most widely spoken of the non-Sinitic languages. Burmese was the fifth of the Sino-Tibetan languages to develop a writing system, after Chinese characters, the Pyu script, the Tibetan alphabet and the Tangut script.

 اللهجات

The majority of Burmese speakers, who live throughout the Irrawaddy River Valley, use a number of largely similar dialects, while a minority speak non-standard dialects found in the peripheral areas of the country. These dialects include:

• Tanintharyi Region: Merguese (Myeik, Beik), Tavoyan (Dawei), and Palaw
• Magway Region: Yaw
• Shan State: Intha, Taungyo and Danu

Arakanese (Rakhine) in Rakhine State and Marma in Bangladesh are also sometimes considered dialects of Burmese and sometimes as separate languages.

Despite vocabulary and pronunciation differences, there is mutual intelligibility among Burmese dialects, as they share a common set of tones, consonant clusters, and written script. However, several Burmese dialects differ substantially from standard Burmese with respect to vocabulary, lexical particles, and rhymes.

 التاريخ

The Burmese language's early forms include Old Burmese and Middle Burmese. Old Burmese dates from the 11th to the 16th century (Pagan to Ava dynasties); Middle Burmese from the 16th to the 18th century (Toungoo to early Konbaung dynasties); modern Burmese from the mid-18th century to the present. Word order, grammatical structure and vocabulary have remained markedly stable well into Modern Burmese, with the exception of lexical content (e.g., function words).

 البورمية القديمة

المقالة الرئيسية: البورمية القديمة

نقش ميازدي، العائد إلى سنة 1113 م، هو أقدم نقش صخري باقي باللغة البورمية.

 الصوتيات

المقالة الرئيسية: صوتيات البورمية

The transcriptions in this section use the International Phonetic Alphabet.

 الصوامت

The consonants of Burmese are as follows:

Consonant phonemes

		Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Post-al. /Palatal	Velar	Laryngeal
Nasal	voiced	m		n	ɲ	ŋ
	voiceless	m̥		n̥	ɲ̊	ŋ̊
Stop	Voiced	b		d	dʒ	ɡ
	plain	p		t	tʃ	k	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ		tʰ	tʃʰ	kʰ
Fricative	voiced		ð ([d̪ð~d̪])	z
	voiceless		θ ([t̪θ~t̪])	s	ʃ
	aspirated			sʰ			h
Approximant	voiced			l	j	w
	voiceless			l̥		ʍ

According to Jenny & San San Hnin Tun (2016:15), contrary to their use of symbols θ and ð, consonants of သ are dental stops (/t̪, d̪/), rather than fricatives (/θ, ð/) or affricates.

An alveolar /ɹ/ can occur as an alternate of /j/ in some loanwords.

 الصوائت

صوائت البورمية هي:

Vowel phonemes

	Monophthongs			Diphthongs
	Front	Central	Back	Front offglide	Back offglide
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e	ə	o	ei	ou
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open		a		ai	au

 الهامش

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 المراجع

• Julie D. Allen; et al., eds. (April 2012). "11. Southeast Asian Scripts" (PDF). The Unicode Standard Version 6.1 – Core Specification. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. pp. 368–373. ISBN 978-1-936213-02-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Aung-Thwin, Michael (2005). The Mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma (illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2886-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Aung Bala (1981). "Contemporary Burmese literature". Contributions to Asian Studies. 16. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Aung Zaw (September 2010). "Tell the World the Truth". The Irrawaddy. 18 (9). Archived from the original on 2010-09-18. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Barron, Sandy; Okell, John; Yin, Saw Myat; VanBik, Kenneth; Swain, Arthur; Larkin, Emma; Allott, Anna J.; Ewers, Kirsten (2007). Refugees from Burma: Their Backgrounds and Refugee Experiences. Center for Applied Linguistics. Archived from the original on 2011-04-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20110427203847/http://www.cal.org/co/pdffiles/refugeesfromburma.pdf. Retrieved on 2010-08-20. 
• Benedict, Paul K. (Oct–Dec 1948). "Tonal Systems in Southeast Asia". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 68 (4): 184–191. doi:10.2307/595942. JSTOR 595942. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Bradley, David (Spring 1993). "Pronouns in Burmese–Lolo" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 16 (1). {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Bradley, David (2006). Ulrich Ammon; Norbert Dittmar; Klaus J. Mattheier; Peter Trudgill (eds.). Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Bradley, David (1996). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas. Vol. 1. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-013417-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Bradley, David (1989). "Uncles and Aunts: Burmese Kinship and Gender" (PDF). South-east Asian Linguisitics: Essays in Honour of Eugénie J.A. Henderson: 147–162. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2013-10-20. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Bradley, David (2010). "9. Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam" (PDF). In Martin J. Ball (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World. Routledge. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-0-415-42278-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-07-16. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Bradley, David (1995). "Reflexives in Burmese" (PDF). Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics No. 13: Studies in Burmese Languages (A-83): 139–172. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Bradley, David (May 2011). "Changes in Burmese Phonology and Orthography". SEALS Conference. Kasetsart University. Retrieved 19 October 2013. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Bradley, David (2012). "The Characteristics of the Burmic Family of Tibeto-Burman". Language and Linguistics. 13 (1): 171–192. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Chang, Charles Bond (2003). "High-Interest Loans": The Phonology of English Loanword Adaptation in Burmese (B.A. thesis). Harvard University. Retrieved 2011-05-24. {{cite thesis}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Chang, Charles B. (2009). "English loanword adaptation in Burmese" (PDF). Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 1: 77–94. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Herbert, Patricia M.; Milner, Anthony (1989). South-East Asia Languages and Literatures: A Select Guide. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1267-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Hill, Nathan W. (2012). "Evolution of the Burmese Vowel System" (PDF). Transactions of the Philological Society. 110 (1): 64–79. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.9405. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968x.2011.01282.x. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• San San Hnin Tun (2001). Burmese Phrasebook. Vicky Bowman. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74059-048-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Houtman, Gustaaf (1990). Traditions of Buddhist Practice in Burma. Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Jones, Robert (1986). McCoy, John; Light, Timothy (eds.). Pitch register languages. E. J. Brill. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Khin Min, Maung (1987). "Old Usage Styles of Myanmar Script". Myanmar Unicode & NLP Research Center. Archived from the original on 2006-09-23. Retrieved 2008-07-29. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80496-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• "Myanmar-English dictionary". Myanmar–English Dictionary. Myanmar Language Commission. 1993. ISBN 978-1-881265-47-4.
• Nishi, Yoshio (30 October 1998). "The Development of Voicing Rules in Standard Burmese" (PDF). Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology. 23 (1): 253–260.
• Nishi, Yoshio (31 March 1998). "The Orthographic Standardization of Burmese: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Speculations" (PDF). Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology. 22: 975–999. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2013. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Okell, John (2002). Burmese By Ear or Essential Myanmar (PDF). London: The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. ISBN 978-1-86013-758-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Saini, Jatinderkumar R. (30 June 2016). "First Classified Annotated Bibliography of NLP Tasks in the Burmese Language of Myanmar". Revista InforComp (INFOCOMP Journal of Computer Science). 15 (1): 1–11. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• San San Hnin Tun (2006). Discourse Marking in Burmese and English: A Corpus-Based Approach (PDF) (Thesis). University of Nottingham. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-21. Retrieved 2013-10-20. {{cite thesis}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Taw Sein Ko (1924). Elementary Handbook of the Burmese Language. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Taylor, L. F. (1920). "On the tones of certain languages of Burma". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies. 1 (4): 91–106. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00101685. JSTOR 607065. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Wheatley, Julian; Tun, San San Hnin (1999). "Languages in contact: The case of English and Burmese". The Journal of Burma Studies. 4. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Wheatley, Julian (2013). "12. Burmese". In Randy J. LaPolla; Graham Thurgood (eds.). Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79717-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Wheatley, Julian K. (1987). "Burmese". In B. Comrie (ed.). Handbook of the world's major languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 834–54. ISBN 978-0-19-520521-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Yanson, Rudolf A. (2012). Nathan Hill (ed.). Aspiration in the Burmese Phonological System: A Diachronic Account. Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages IV. BRILL. pp. 17–29. ISBN 978-90-04-23202-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Yanson, Rudolf (1994). Uta Gärtner; Jens Lorenz (eds.). Chapter 3. Language. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 366–426. ISBN 978-3-8258-2186-9. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Jenny, Mathias; San San Hnin Tun (2016). Burmese: A Comprehensive Grammar. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781317309314. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

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 ببليوگرافيا

• Becker, Alton L. (1984). "Biography of a sentence: A Burmese proverb". In E. M. Bruner (ed.). Text, play, and story: The construction and reconstruction of self and society. Washington, D.C.: American Ethnological Society. pp. 135–55.
• Bernot, Denise (1980). Le prédicat en birman parlé (in French). Paris: SELAF. ISBN 978-2-85297-072-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Chang, Charles Bond (2003). "High-Interest Loans": The Phonology of English Loanword Adaptation in Burmese (B.A. thesis). Harvard University. Retrieved 2011-05-24. {{cite thesis}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Cornyn, William Stewart (1944). Outline of Burmese grammar. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America.
• Cornyn, William Stewart; D. Haigh Roop (1968). Beginning Burmese. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Cooper, Lisa; Beau Cooper; Sigrid Lew (2012). "A phonetic description of Burmese obstruents". 45th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Green, Antony D. (2005). "Word, foot, and syllable structure in Burmese". In J. Watkins (ed.). Studies in Burmese linguistics. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 1–25. ISBN 978-0-85883-559-7.
• Okell, John (1969). A reference grammar of colloquial Burmese. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-7007-1136-9.
• Roop, D. Haigh (1972). An introduction to the Burmese writing system. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-01528-7.
• Taw Sein Ko (1924). Elementary handbook of the Burmese language. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press.
• Watkins, Justin W. (2001). "Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 31 (2): 291–295. doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122.
• Patricia M Herbert, Anthony Milner, ed. (1989). South East Asia Languages and Literatures: Languages and Literatures: A Select Guide. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1267-6.
• Waxman, Nathan; Aung, Soe Tun (2014). "The Naturalization of Indic Loan-Words into Burmese: Adoption and Lexical Transformation". Journal of Burma Studies. 18 (2): 259–290. doi:10.1353/jbs.2014.0016.

 وصلات خارجية

• Burmese phrasebook travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Omniglot: Burmese Language
• Learn Burmese online
• Online Burmese lessons
• Burmese language resources from SOAS
• "E-books for children with narration in Burmese". Unite for Literacy library. Retrieved 2014-06-21.
• Myanmar Unicode and NLP Research Center
• Myanmar 3 font and keyboard
• Burmese online dictionary (Unicode)
• Ayar Myanmar online dictionary
• Myanmar unicode character table
• Download KaNaungConverter_Window_Build200508.zip from the Kanaung project page and Unzip Ka Naung Converter Engine