اللغة الهندو-حيثية

In Indo-European linguistics, the term Indo-Hittite (also Indo-Anatolian) refers to Edgar Howard Sturtevant's 1926 hypothesis that the Anatolian languages may have split off a Pre-Proto-Indo-European language considerably earlier than the separation of the remaining Indo-European languages. The term may be somewhat confusing, as the prefix Indo- does not refer to the Indo-Aryan branch in particular, but is iconic for Indo-European, and the -Hittite part refers to the Anatolian language family as a whole.

Proponents of the Indo-Hittite hypothesis claim the separation may have preceded the spread of the remaining branches by several millennia, possibly as early as 7000 BC. In this context, the proto-language before the split of Anatolian would be called Proto-Indo-Hittite, and the proto-language of the remaining branches, before the next split, presumably of Tocharian, would be called Proto-Indo-European (PIE). This is a matter of terminology, though, as the hypothesis does not dispute the ultimate genetic relation of Anatolian with Indo-European; it just means to emphasize the assumed magnitude of temporal separation.

According to Craig Melchert, the current tendency is to suppose that Proto-Indo-European evolved, and that the "prehistoric speakers" of Anatolian became isolated "from the rest of the PIE speech community, so as not to share in some common innovations." Hittite, as well as its Anatolian cousins, split off from Proto-Indo-European at an early stage, thereby preserving archaisms that were later lost in the other Indo-European languages.

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 انظر أيضاً

• الفرضية الأناضولية

 المصادر

• Jasanoff, Jay H. (2003). Hittite and the Indo-European Verb. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249053.001.0001. ISBN 9780199249053.
• Melchert, H. Craig (2012). "The Position of Anatolian" (PDF).
• Schmidt, Karl Horst (1992). "Contributions from new data to the reconstruction of the proto-language". In Polomé, Edgar C.; Winter, Werner (eds.). Reconstructing Languages and Cultures. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs. Vol. 58. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 35–62. doi:10.1515/9783110867923.35. ISBN 9783110126716.
• Sturtevant, Edgar Howard (1931). "Hittite Glossary: Words of Known or Conjectured Meaning, with Sumerian Ideograms and Accadian Words Common in Hittite Texts". Language. Language Monograph, 9. Linguistic Society of America. 7 (2): 3–82. doi:10.2307/522061. JSTOR 522061.
• Sturtevant, Edgar Howard (1932). "The Development of the Stops in Hittite". Journal of the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 52 (1): 1–12. doi:10.2307/593573. JSTOR 593573.
• Sturtevant, Edgar Howard; Hahn, E. Adelaide. A Comparative Grammar of the Hittite Language. William Dwight Whitney Linguistic Series. Vol. 1. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
• Sturtevant, Edgar H. (1942). The Indo-Hittite laryngeals. Baltimore, MD: Linguistic Society of America. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1x76d2x. JSTOR j.ctt1x76d2x.
• Sturtevant, Edgar H. (1940). "Evidence for Voicing in Indo-Hittite γ". Language. Linguistic Society of America. 16 (2): 81–87. doi:10.2307/408942. JSTOR 408942.
• Sturtevant, Edgar H.; Bechtel, George (1935). A Hittite Chrestomathy. William Dwight Whitney Linguistic Series. Philadelphia, PA: Linguistic Society of America.

 قراءات إضافية

• Bonfante, Giuliano. “‘Indo-Hittite’ and Areal Linguistics”. In: The American Journal of Philology 67, no. 4 (1946): 289–310. https://doi.org/10.2307/290681.
• BROSMAN, PAUL. "EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT OF PROTO-INDO-HITTITE". In: Folia Linguistica Historica 36, no. Historica-vol-23-1-2 (2002): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1515/flih.2002.23.1-2.1
• Kloekhorst, Alwin. "The Anatolian stop system and the Indo-Hittite hypothesis". In: Indogermanische Forschungen 121, no. 1 (2016): 213-248. https://doi.org/10.1515/if-2016-0013
• Kloekhorst, Alwin, and Tijmen Pronk. "Chapter 1. Introduction: Reconstructing Proto-Indo-Anatolian and Proto-Indo-Uralic". In: The Precursors of Proto-Indo-European. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2019. pp. 1-14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004409354_002
• Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (August 2022). "The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe". Science. 377 (6609). doi:10.1126/science.abm4247.. Discusses the Indo-Anatolian hypothesis in the context of the paleogenetics of the region.
• Peyrot, Michaël. "Chapter 13. Indo-Uralic, Indo-Anatolian, Indo-Tocharian". In: The Precursors of Proto-Indo-European. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2019. pp. 186–202. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004409354_014
• Sturtevant, E. H. “The Indo-Hittite Hypothesis.” Language 38, no. 2 (1962): 105–10. https://doi.org/10.2307/410871.