العلاقات الإسرائيلية اليابانية

العلاقات الإسرائيلية-اليابانية
Map indicating locations of Israel and Japan

إسرائيل
اليابان

العلاقات الإسرائيلية-اليابانية (In Hebrew יחסי ישראל יפן in Japanese 日本とイスラエルの関係) began on May 15, 1952, when Japan recognized Israel and an Israeli legation opened in Tokyo. In 1954 Japan's ambassador to Turkey assumed the additional role of minister to Israel. In 1955 a Japanese legation with a Minister Plenipotentiary opened in Tel Aviv. In 1963, relations were upgraded to Embassy level, and have remained on that level since then.[1] Japan's trade relations with Arab League members and most Muslim-majority countries have taken a precedence over those with Israel.[2] However, due to the declining price of oil in early 2015, as well as internal political shifting in Japan, the two nations are seeking increased research, economic and cultural ties, particularly in the area of tech start-ups and defense.[3] Recently ties between Israel and Japan have strengthened significantly, with many mutual investments between the two nations. Former prime minister of Japan Shinzo Abe visited Israel twice – once in 2015 and a second time in 2018.[4][5]

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التاريخ

ع1920

In 1922, Norihiro Yasue and Koreshige Inuzuka, head of the Imperial Japanese Navy's Advisory Bureau on Jewish Affairs, returned from their military service in Siberia to provide aid to the White movement against the Red Army. They became particularly interested in Jewish affairs after having learned of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. Over the course of the 1920s, they wrote many reports on the Jews, and traveled to Mandatory Palestine to research them and to speak with Zionist leaders Chaim Weizmann and David Ben-Gurion. Yasue even translated the Protocols into Japanese (variations of it have frequently made the bestseller lists in Japan). The pair managed to get the Foreign Ministry of Japan, or Gaimusho, interested in Judaism. Every Japanese embassy and consulate was requested to keep the Ministry informed of the actions and movements of Jewish communities in their respective countries.

خطة فوگو

المقالة الرئيسية: Jewish settlement in the Japanese Empire

The Fugu Plan was an idea first discussed in 1934, in the Empire of Japan, centered around the idea of settling thousands, if not tens of thousands, of Jewish refugees escaping Nazi-occupied Europe, in Manchuria and Japanese-occupied Shanghai. The Imperial government wanted to gain Jewish economic prowess while convincing the United States, specifically American Jewry, to grant their favor and invest in Japan. The Plan was first discussed in 1934, and solidified in 1938 at the Five Ministers' Conference, but the signing of the Tripartite Pact in 1940, along with a number of other events, prevented its full implementation.

The plan was originally the idea of a small group of Japanese government and military officials led by Captain Koreshige Inuzuka and Colonel Norihiro Yasue who came to be known as the "Jewish experts", along with industrialist Yoshisuke Aikawa and a number of officials in the Kwantung Army known as the "Manchurian Faction". The plan was named after the Japanese delicacy "fugu", a puffer-fish whose poison can kill if the dish is not prepared exactly correct. The plan was based on a naive acceptance of European antisemitic prejudices, as found in the Japanese acceptance of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as fact. Hitler argued that the Jews were powerful and had to be killed. The Japanese decided instead to try to utilize Jewish “power” for themselves. Their misconception of Jewish power and wealth was partly due to their experience with Jacob Schiff, a Jewish-American banker who, thirty years earlier, loaned money to the Japanese government that allowed it to win the Russo-Japanese War.

The "Jewish experts" joined forces, to an extent, with the "Manchurian Faction", Japanese military officials who wished to push for Japanese expansion into Manchuria. The faction was headed by Colonel Seishirō Itagaki and Lieutenant-Colonel Kanji Ishiwara, who were having trouble attracting Japanese settlers or investment into Manchuria. In 1938, top government officials discussed the ideas and plans of the "Jewish experts" in the Five Ministers' Conference. The Plan never got off the ground. In 1939, the Jews of Shanghai requested that no more Jewish refugees be sent into Shanghai, as their community's ability to support them was being stretched thin.

أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية

المقالة الرئيسية: گـِتو شانغهاي
Chiune Sugihara, a Japanese diplomat, facilitated the escape of more than 6,000 Jewish refugees from occupied Europe.[6]

In 1939, the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, making the transport of Jews from Europe to Japan far more difficult. The Japanese government signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, completely eliminating the possibility of any official aid for the Plan from Tokyo.

However, Chiune Sugihara, the Japanese Consul in Kaunas, Lithuania, began to issue, against orders from Tokyo, transit visas to escaping Jews, allowing them to travel to Japan and stay there for a limited time, ostensibly stopping off on their way to their final destination, the Dutch colony of Curaçao, which required no entry visa. Thousands of Jews received transit visas from him, or through similar means. Some even copied, by hand, the visa that Sugihara had written. After the grueling process of requesting exit visas from the Soviet government, many Jews were allowed to cross Russia on the Trans-Siberian Railway, then took a boat from Vladivostok to Tsuruga, and eventually settled in Kobe, Japan.

خطط المستوطنين

Plans allowed for the settler populations to range in size from 18,000 up to 600,000 depending on how much funding and how many settlers were supplied by the world Jewish community. It was agreed, by all the planners, that Jewish settlers would be given complete freedom of religion, along with cultural and educational autonomy. While the Japanese were wary of giving the Jews too much freedom, they felt that some freedom would be necessary to maintain their favor, and their economic proficiencies. The officials asked to approve the plan insisted that, while the settlement was to appear autonomous, controls needed to be placed, behind the scenes, to keep Jews under close watch and under control. They feared that the Jews might take over mainstream Japanese government and economy, taking command of it the way they, according to The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, "had done in many other countries."

الوقع

وزيرة الخارجية الإسرائيلية گولدا مئير وعلى يسارها رئيس الوزراء الياباني هيتوشي أشيدا والسفير الياباني لدى إسرائيل كوني‌يوشي نگيشي في زيارتهما إلى إسرائيل في 1958.

Several thousand Jews were rescued from almost certain death in Nazi-Occupied Europe by the policies surrounding Japan's temporary pro-Jewish attitude, and Chiune Sugihara was bestowed the honor of the Righteous Among the Nations by the حكومة إسرائيل في 1985. In addition, the Mir Yeshiva, one of the largest centers of rabbinical study today, and the only yeshiva to survive The Holocaust, survived as a result of these events.

العلاقات بعد ع1950

للمزيد من المعلومات: مبادرة وادي السلام
The Tikotin Museum of Japanese Art, first opened in 1960, in Haifa, Israel
Japanese Embassy, Tel Aviv

In 1993 both nations signed the "Convention between Japan and the State of Israel for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income."[1] In 2000, the two nations signed the "Agreement between the Government of Japan and the Government of the State of Israel for Air Services."[1] There were 708 Japanese nationals in Israel as of October 1999 and 604 Israeli nationals in Japan as of December 1998.[1]

The Japanese government appointed Yoshinori Katori, press secretary at the Foreign Ministry, as ambassador to Israel on August 1, 2006. Katori previously served as minister to South Korea and director-general of the Consular Affairs Bureau before assuming the current post in August 2005.[7] In September 2008, Katori ended his post to Israel and was replaced by ambassador Haruhisa Takeuchi, who presented his credentials on December 1, 2008.

In July 2006, Japan announced a plan for peace called "Corridor for Peace and Prosperity", which would be based on common economic development and effort by Israelis and Palestinians, rather than on continuous contention over land.[8] Shimon Peres gave this idea much attention during his participation in an international conference in New York in September 2006 which was organized by former U.S. President Bill Clinton.[9]

In July 2008, the Japanese government reiterated its support for the plan in meetings with Israelis and Palestinians, and urged the sides to continue working towards completion. Japan also indicated specific support for an agro-industrial park to be built near Jericho, and said it hopes to begin construction by 2009.[10][11]

Considering Israel's and Japan's shared democratic values, open trade policies, complementary business and industrial environments, and close alliance with the United States, relations between the two countries have long remained strikingly underdeveloped, until approximately 2014, when both governments moved to significantly upgrade diplomatic and business ties. This rapid warming of relations is evidenced by the two countries entering into a number of important political and economic agreements – from a series of high-level dialogues on national security and cybersecurity to their first bilateral investment agreement – transforming their once limited bilateral relationship into one more characteristic of allied partners, a process that has been described as "rising sun relations" in Foreign Affairs magazine.[12]

Recently ties between Israel and Japan have strengthened significantly, with many mutual investments between the two nations. Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe visited Israel twice – once in 2015[13] and a second time in 2018.[14] In May 2014, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu visited Japan.[15]

شين‌زو آبه وحرمه على مائدة العشاء بمنزل رئيس الوزراء الإسرائيلي بنيامين نتنياهو في القدس الغربية في 4 مايو 2018. وفيه قـُدِّم الحلو في حذاء.
شين‌زو آبه


In July 2021, the eleven Israeli victims of the terror attack at the Munich 1972 Olympics were remembered in silence during opening ceremony of the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, held in 2021 due to the global COVID-19 pandemic. This is the first-ever mourning at an opening ceremony of the Olympic Games in around a half century, and was thoroughly welcomed by relatives of the victims and Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett.[16]


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الاقتصاد

Until the 1990s, Japan was the industrialized nation that acquiesced most strongly to the Arab demands to boycott Israel. As a result, economic relations have been limited for most of the State of Israel's history.[17]

Israeli exports to Japan, consisting primarily of polished diamonds, chemical products, machinery, electrical equipment, and citrus fruit are worth $810 million. Japanese exports to Israel, consisting primarily of automobiles, machinery, electrical equipment, and chemical products, are worth $1.3 billion.[1]

There has been growing trade between the two countries in terms of technology, as well as partnerships between startups and venture capitalists.[3] According to the Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO), 35 Japanese companies had subsidiaries in Israel by 2015 and as many as 50 in November 2016.[18]

In 2021, Data compiled by consulting firm Harel-Hertz shows a surge of $1.1 billion of Japanese investment in Israeli high-tech.[19]

العلاقات الأكاديمية

Universities in both countries are making special efforts to conduct lively exchange of studies. In May 2012, a symposium to commemorate the sixtieth anniversary of the diplomatic relations was held at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, to discuss issues of regional, bilateral, and cultural exchanges. The Israeli Association of Japanese studies was also launched on that occasion.

الزيارات

السنة إلى إسرائيل إلى اليابان
1985 وزير الخارجية Yitzhak Shamir
1988 وزير الخارجية Sousuke Uno
1989 الرئيس Chaim Herzog، وزير الخارجية Moshe Arens
1990 الرئيس Chaim Herzog
1991 وزير الخارجية Taro Nakayama
1992 وزير الخارجية Shimon Peres
1994 وزير الخارجية Koji Kakizawa, Special Envoy Kabun Muto رئيس الوزراء Yitzhak Rabin
1995 Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama, Foreign Minister and Special Envoy Yohei Kono
1996 Foreign Minister Yukihiko Ikeda
1997 وزير الخارجية David Levy، رئيس الوزراء Benjamin Netanyahu
1999 Foreign Minister Masahiko Koumura, State Secretary for Foreign Affairs Nobutaka Machimura, Senior State Secretary for Foreign Affairs Shozo Azuma نائب وزير الخارجية Nawaf Massalha
2002 وزير الخارجية Yoriko Kawaguchi
2003 وزير الخارجية Yoriko Kawaguchi
2005 وزير الخارجية Nobutaka Machimura
2006 رئيس الوزراء Junichiro Koizumi
2008 رئيس الوزراء إهود أولمرت
2014 رئيس الوزراء بنيامين نتنياهو
2015 رئيس الوزراء Shinzo Abe

مأثورات

  • "Israel and Japan are situated at opposite ends of Asia, but this is a fact which binds them together rather than separates them. The vast continent of Asia is their connecting link, and the consciousness of their Asian destiny is their common thought." – Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion, July 1, 1952[20]
  • Both Israel and Japan are "ancient peoples who have risen from the ashes of the Second World War to build on the platform of our ancient cultures thriving, successful and advanced societies." – Israeli Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom, January 17, 2005[21]

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Japan-Israel Relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
  2. ^ Relations with Asian States Library of Congress Country Studies
  3. ^ أ ب Lipshiz, Cnaan (6 January 2015). "After decades of distance, Japan seeks closer ties with Israel". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  4. ^ "PM Netanyahu meets with Japanese PM Shinzō Abe". mfa.gov.il. 18 January 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  5. ^ "Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe to Visit Israel". 26 April 2018.
  6. ^ Sakamoto, Pamela Rotner (1998). Japanese diplomats and Jewish refugees: a World War II dilemma. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-96199-0.
  7. ^ Katori named Japan ambassador to Israel Archived 2011-05-16 at the Wayback Machine KERALANEXT.com
  8. ^ Japan's Concept for Creating the Corridor for Peace and Prosperity (Background Paper) July, 2006, Government of Japan.
  9. ^ Peres to meet Musharraf and kings of Jordan, Morocco, Israel Today, 9/18/06.
  10. ^ Japanese still solid on PA industry project[dead link] ASSOCIATED PRESS, Jul 3, 2008, at jpost.com.
  11. ^ Press statement: The Third Ministerial-Level Meeting of the Four-Party Consultative Unit for the "Corridor for Peace and Prosperity" Japan Min of Foreign Affairs, 2 July 2008, Tokyo. In 2011 Japanese Earthquake, Israel was among first to respond with humanitarian aid.
  12. ^ Brummer, Matthew; Orem, Eitan (28 July 2017). "Israel and Japan's Rising Sun Relations: Why Tokyo and Tel Aviv Are Finally Cozying Up". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  13. ^ Ronel, Asaf (23 January 2015). "For Shinzo Abe in Israel, it's strictly business". Haaretz. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  14. ^ "Japanese PM Shinzō Abe arrives in Israel on an official visit". embassies.gov.il. 1 May 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  15. ^ "Netanyahu in Japan warns Iran will become next N. Korea". The Times of Israel. 12 May 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  16. ^ After 49 years Israelis killed at 1972 Munich Games remembered in opening ceremony, Reuters, July 23, 2021
  17. ^ Feiler, Gil. "Arab Boycott." The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 54–57
  18. ^ "Japanese companies show keen interest in Israeli startups". Nikkei Asian Review (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Retrieved 2018-09-02.
  19. ^ Solomon, Shoshanna (8 February 2021). "Japan-Israel ties blossom as 2020 investments reach record $1.1 billion". The Times of Israel (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  20. ^ Before Oil: Japan and the Question of Israel/Palestine, 1917–1956 Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine Z Magazine
  21. ^ Politics/Gov´t Friendly Relations With Japan Archived 2005-02-25 at the Wayback Machine Arutz Sheva

This article contains material from the Library of Congress Country Studies, which are United States government publications in the public domain.

للاستزادة

  • Rabbi Marvin Tokayer, The Fugu Plan. New York: Weatherhill, Inc. (1979)
  • John Katz, Israeli–Japanese Relations, 1948–1963 Tel Aviv: Saar (2007)
  • Matthew Brummer and Eitan Oren, Israel and Japan's Rising Sun Relations''. Foreign Affairs (2017)

وصلات خارجية

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