الديانة الشعبية الصينية
جزء من سلسلة عن |
الديانة الشعبية الصينية |
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بوابة الديانة الشعبية الصينية |
الديانة الشعبية الصينية Chinese folk religion أو ديانة الهان الشعبية Han folk religion[1]، هي التقليد الديني لشعب الهان، والذي يشمل تبجيل قوى الطبيعة والأسلاف، طرد الأرواح من القوات الضارة، والايمان بالنظام العقلاني للطبيعة الذي يمكن أن يتأثر بالبشر وحكامهم وكذلك الأرواح والآلهة.[2] العبادة مكرسة لتعددية الآلهة والخالدين (神 shén)، التي يمكن أن تكون ظاهرة، سلوك بشري، أو الأسلاف. القصص المتعلقة بهذه الآلة مجموعة في الأساطير الصينية. بحلول القرن الحادي عشر (فترة سونگ) امتزجت هذه الممارسات بأفكار الكارما البوذية (التي يفعلها المرء) والميلاد من جديد، والتعاليم الاطوية المتعلقة بهرمية الآلهة، لتشكيل النظام الديني الشعبي الذي استمر بعدة طرق حتى يومنا هذا.[3]
للديانات الصينية مجموعة مرجعيات، أشكال محلية، خلفيات تأسياسية، وتقاليد طقسية وفلسفية متنوعة. بالرغم من هذا التنوع، إلا أن هناك جوهر مشترك يمكن تلخيصه على أنه أربعة مفاهيم لاهوتية وكونية وأخلاقية:[4] تيان (天 )، السماء، المرجع المتعالي للمعنى الأخلاقي؛ qi (氣 )، النفس أو الطاقة التي تحفز الكون؛ jingzu (敬祖 )، تبجيل الأسلاف؛ وbao ying (報應 )، المعاملة بالمثل الأخلاقية؛ جنباً إلى جنب مع اثنين من المفاهيم التقليدية للقدر والمعنى:[5] ming yun (命運 )، المصير أو الازدهار الشخصي؛ ويوان فن (緣分 )، "التزامن المصيري"،[6] الفرص الجيدة والسيئة والعلاقات المحتملة.[6]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
المصطلح
الرموز
نظرة عامة
التنوع والوحدة
التاريخ
الصين الامبراطورية
القرن 19 و20
النصوص
![](/w/images/thumb/7/77/%E5%BF%A0%E7%B8%A3%E4%B8%81%E6%88%BF%E9%9B%99%E9%97%9502.jpg/300px-%E5%BF%A0%E7%B8%A3%E4%B8%81%E6%88%BF%E9%9B%99%E9%97%9502.jpg)
المفاهيم الأساسية لللاهوت وعلم الكون
التيان، واللي والتشي
![](/w/images/thumb/c/ce/Tian%2C_god_of_the_square_of_the_north_astral_pole.svg/150px-Tian%2C_god_of_the_square_of_the_north_astral_pole.svg.png)
"Tian is dian 顛 ("top"), the highest and unexceeded. It derives from the characters yi 一, "one", and da 大, "big"."[note 1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
اليين واليانگ—التشوي والتشن
Yīnyáng 陰陽 motifs | |||
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الهون والپو، والزو والشيان
الباو ينگ والمينگ يوان
اللينگ والشيانلينگ—المقدس والنومن
![](/w/images/thumb/d/de/Ch-brahma-temple.jpg/300px-Ch-brahma-temple.jpg)
التصنيف السوسيولوجي
أنواع الديانات العرقية-الأصلية
عبادة الآلهة المحلية والقومية
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ديانة الأسلاف
الطرائق الفلسفية والطقوس
التقاليد الشامانية
![](/w/images/thumb/0/0b/The_yard_leading_to_The_White_Sulde_Temple.jpg/300px-The_yard_leading_to_The_White_Sulde_Temple.jpg)
الكونفشيوسية، الطاوية ورتب القادة الدينيين
![](/w/images/thumb/1/18/Fushou_%28Fortune_and_Longevity%29_Taoist_Temple_at_Tianchi_%28Heavenly_Lake%29_in_Fukang%2C_Changji%2C_Xinjiang.jpg/300px-Fushou_%28Fortune_and_Longevity%29_Taoist_Temple_at_Tianchi_%28Heavenly_Lake%29_in_Fukang%2C_Changji%2C_Xinjiang.jpg)
الطوائف الدينية المنظمة
التعاليم التياندية
الويشينية
التنوعات الجغرافيةوالعرقية
الانقسام الشمالي والجنوبي
![](/w/images/thumb/d/d3/Temple_of_the_Mother_Goddess_of_the_Yellow_River_in_Qingtongxia%2C_Ningxia.jpg/300px-Temple_of_the_Mother_Goddess_of_the_Yellow_River_in_Qingtongxia%2C_Ningxia.jpg)
الديانات الأصلية "الطاوية" للأقليات العرقية
الخصائص
"Chief Star pointing the Dipper" 魁星點斗 Kuíxīng diǎn Dòu | |
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Kuixing ("Chief Star"), the god of exams, composed of the characters describing the four Confucian virtues (Sìde 四德), standing on the head of the ao (鰲) turtle (an expression for coming first in the examinations), and pointing at the Big Dipper (斗)".[note 5] |
نظرية التسلسل الهرمي والألوهية
الآلهة والمخلدون
عبادة الإلهة الأم
العبادة وطرق الممارسات الدينية
![](/w/images/thumb/2/28/Procession_with_xingshen_%28traveling_image_of_the_god%29_in_central_Taiwan.jpg/300px-Procession_with_xingshen_%28traveling_image_of_the_god%29_in_central_Taiwan.jpg)
![](/w/images/thumb/9/96/Chinese_temple%27s_vows_to_the_deity.jpg/300px-Chinese_temple%27s_vows_to_the_deity.jpg)
القرابين
الشكر والاستبدال
شعائر العبور
دور العبادة
شبكات المعابد والتجمعات
![](/w/images/thumb/1/1e/GwongFuMiuWui_%28SingWongMiu%29.jpg/300px-GwongFuMiuWui_%28SingWongMiu%29.jpg)
الديموغرافيا
البر الصيني وتايوان
![](/w/images/thumb/f/f2/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E6%A2%85%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%B8%88%E7%A5%96%E6%AE%BF.jpg/300px-%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E6%A2%85%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%B8%88%E7%A5%96%E6%AE%BF.jpg)
اقتصاد المعابد والطقوس
الصينيون وراء البحار
انظر أيضاً
بوابة الديانة الشعبية الصينية
- الآلهة والمخلدون الصينيون
- Chinese ritual mastery traditions
- شامانية صينية
- لاهوت صيني
- كونفشيوسية—كنيسة كونفشيوسية
- الديانة الشعبية الصينية الشمالية
- Nuo folk religion
- الطاوية
حسب المكان
- [[المعابد الصينية في كلكتا]
- الشامانية في جنوب شرق آسيا
تقاليد وطنية مشابهة أخرى
ديانات عرقية صينية-تبتية أخرى
ديانات عرقية أخرى ليست صينية تبتية موجودة في الصين
مقالات أخرى
الهوامش
- ^ The graphical etymology of Tian 天 as "Great One" (Dà yī 大一), and the phonetical etymology as diān 顛, were first recorded by Xu Shen.[8] John C. Didier in In and Outside the Square (2009) for the Sino-Platonic Papers discusses different etymologies which trace the character Tian 天 to the astral square or its ellipted forms, dīng 口, representing the north celestial pole (pole star and Big Dipper revolving around it; historically a symbol of the absolute source of the universal reality in many cultures), which is the archaic (Shang) form of dīng 丁 ("square").[9] Gao Hongjin and other scholars trace the modern word Tian to the Shang pronunciation of 口 dīng (that is *teeŋ).[9] This was also the origin of Shang's Dì 帝 ("Deity"), and later words meaning something "on high" or "top", including 頂 dǐng.[9] The modern graph for Tian 天 would derive from a Zhou version of the Shang archaic form of Dì 帝 (from Shang oracle bone script[10] →
, which represents a fish entering the astral square); this Zhou version represents a being with a human-like body and a head-mind informed by the astral pole (→
).[9] Didier furtherly links the Chinese astral square and Tian or Di characters to other well-known symbols of God or divinity as the northern pole in key ancient cultural centres: the Harappan and Vedic-Aryan spoked wheels,[11] crosses and hooked crosses (Chinese wàn 卍/卐),[12] and the Mesopotamian Dingir
.[13] Jixu Zhou (2005), also in the Sino-Platonic Papers, connects the etymology of Dì 帝, Old Chinese *Tees, to the Indo-European Deus, God.[14]
- ^ Temples are usually built in accordance with feng shui methods, which hold that any thing needs to be arranged in equilibrium with the surrounding world in order to thrive. Names of holy spaces often describe, poetically, their collocation within the world.
- ^ The White Sulde (White Spirit) is one of the two spirits of Genghis Khan (the other being the Black Sulde), represented either as his white or yellow horse or as a fierce warrior riding this horse. In its interior, the temple enshrines a statue of Genghis Khan (at the center) and four of his men on each side (the total making nine, a symbolic number in Mongolian culture), there is an altar where offerings to the godly men are made, and three white suldes made with white horse hair. From the central sulde there are strings which hold tied light blue pieces of cloth with a few white ones. The wall is covered with all the names of the Mongol kins. The Chinese worship Genghis as the ancestral god of the أسرة يوان.
- ^ The main axis of the Taoist Temple of Fortune and Longevity (福壽觀 Fúshòuguān) has a Temple of the Three Patrons (三皇殿 Sānhuángdiàn) and a Temple of the Three Purities (三清殿 Sānqīngdiàn, the orthodox gods of Taoist theology). Side chapels include a Temple of the God of Wealth (財神殿 Cáishéndiàn), a Temple of the Lady (娘娘殿 Niángniángdiàn), a Temple of the Eight Immortals (八仙殿 Bāxiāndiàn), and a Temple of the (God of) Thriving Culture (文昌殿 Wénchāngdiàn). The Fushou Temple belongs to the Taoist Church and was built in 2005 on the site of a former Buddhist temple, the Iron Tiles Temple, which stood there until it was destituted and destroyed in 1950. Part of the roof tiles of the new temples are from the ruins of the former temple excavated in 2002.
- ^ The image is a good synthesis of the basic virtues of Chinese religion and Confucian ethics, that is to say "to move and act according to the harmony of Heaven". The Big Dipper or Great Chariot in Chinese culture (as in other traditional cultures) is a symbol of the axis mundi, the source of the universe (God, Tian) in its way of manifestation, order of creation (li or Tao).
The symbol, also called the Gate of Heaven (天門 Tiānmén), is widely used in esoteric and mystical literature. For example, an excerpt from Shangqing Taoism's texts:
- "Life and death, separation and convergence, all derive from the seven stars. Thus when the Big Dipper impinges on someone, he dies, and when it moves, he lives. That is why the seven stars are Heaven's chancellor, the yamen where the gate is opened to give life."[16]
- ^ Temples of the Jade Deity, a representation of the universal God in popular religion, are usually built on raised artificial platforms.
المصادر
الحواشي
- ^ Brown, Melissa J.; Feldman, Marcus W. (2009). "Sociocultural epistasis and cultural exaptation in footbinding, marriage form, and religious practices in early 20th-century Taiwan". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (52): 22139–22144. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907520106.
- ^ Teiser (1995), p. 378.
- ^ Overmyer (1986), p. 51.
- ^ Fan, Chen 2013. p. 5-6
- ^ Fan, Chen 2013. p. 21
- ^ أ ب Fan, Chen 2013. p. 23
- ^ Didier, 2009. Represented in vol. III, discussed throughout vols. I, II, and III.
- ^ Didier, 2009. Vol. III, p. 1
- ^ أ ب ت ث Didier, 2009. Vol. III, pp. 3-6
- ^ Didier, 2009. Vol. II, p. 100
- ^ Didier, 2009. Vol. III, p. 7
- ^ Didier, 2009. Vol. III, p. 256
- ^ Didier, 2009. Vol. III, p. 261
- ^ Zhou, 2005. passim
- ^ Clart (1997), pp. 12-13 & passim.
- ^ Bai Bin, "Daoism in Graves". In Pierre Marsone, John Lagerwey, eds., Modern Chinese Religion I: Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan (960-1368 AD), Brill, 2014. ISBN 9004271643. p. 579
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(help) - Chau, Adam Yuet (2005). Miraculous Response: Doing Popular Religion in Contemporary China. ISBN 9780804751605.
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(help) - Chau, Adam Yuet (2005). "The Politics of Legitimation and the Revival of Popular Religion in Shaanbei, North-Central China" (PDF). Modern China. Sage Publications. 31 (2): 236–278. doi:10.1177/0097700404274038. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 ديسمبر 2013.
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ignored (|author-mask=
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ignored (|url-status=
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ignored (|author-mask=
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(help) 6 volumes. Online at: Les classiques des sciences sociales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi; Scribd: Vol. 1, Vol. 2, Vol. 3, Vol. 4, Vol. 5, Vol. 6. - Didier, John C. (2009). "In and Outside the Square: The Sky and the Power of Belief in Ancient China and the World, c. 4500 BC – AD 200". Sino-Platonic Papers. Victor H. Mair (192).
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(help) Volume I: The Ancient Eurasian World and the Celestial Pivot, Volume II: Representations and Identities of High Powers in Neolithic and Bronze China, Volume III: Terrestrial and Celestial Transformations in Zhou and Early-Imperial China. - Do, Thien (2003). Vietnamese Supernaturalism: Views from the Southern Region. Anthropology of Asia. Routledge. ISBN 0415307996.
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(help) - Fan, Lizhu; Chen, Na (2013). "The Revival of Indigenous Religion in China" (PDF). China Watch.
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(help) Preprint from The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion, 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195338522.013.024 - Fowler, Jeanine D. (2005). An Introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism: Pathways to Immortality. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 1845190866.
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- Jones, Stephen (2013). In Search of the Folk Daoists of North China. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 1409481301.
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(help) Original preserved at The British Library. Digitalised in 2014. - Mou, Zhongjian (2012). Taoism. Brill. ISBN 9004174532.
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(help) - Overmyer, Daniel L. (1986). Religions of China: The World as a Living System. New York: Harper & Row.
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(help) - Overmyer, Daniel L. (2009). Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century: The Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs (PDF). Leiden; Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789047429364.
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(help) - Palmer, David A. (2011). "Chinese Redemptive Societies and Salvationist Religion: Historical Phenomenon or Sociological Category?" (PDF). Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore. 172: 21–72.
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(help) Two volumes: 1) A-L; 2) L-Z. - Pas, Julian F. (2014). Historical Dictionary of Taoism. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements. Albany, NY: Scarecrow Press. ASIN B00IZ9E7EI.
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(help) - Payette, Alex (February 2016). "Local Confucian Revival in China: Ritual Teachings, 'Confucian' Learning and Cultural Resistance in Shandong". China Report. 52 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1177/0009445515613867.
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(help) - Sautman, Barry (1997). Myths of Descent, Racial Nationalism and Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of China.
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(help) Chapter of: Frank Dikötter. The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, pp. 75–95. ISBN 9622094430. - Shahar, Meir; Weller, Robert Paul (1996), Unruly Gods: Divinity and Society in China, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 0190258144, https://books.google.com/books?id=gegRl__dR8EC
- Shi, Yilong 石奕龍 (2008). "中国汉人自发的宗教实践 — 神仙教 Zhongguo Hanren zifadi zongjiao shijian: Shenxianjiao (The Spontaneous Religious Practices of Han Chinese Peoples — Shenxianism)". 中南民族大学学报 — 人文社会科学版 (Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences)). 28 (3): 146–150.
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(help) - Shen, Qingsong; Shun, Kwong-loi (2007). Confucian Ethics in Retrospect and Prospect. Council for Research in Values & Philosophy. ISBN 1565182456.
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(help) - Tay, Wei Leong (2010). Kang Youwei: The Martin Luther of Confucianism and His Vision of Confucian Modernity and Nation (PDF).
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(help) Chapter of: Haneda Masashi, Secularization, Religion and the State, University of Tokyo Center for Philosophy. - Sun, Xiaochun; Kistemaker, Jacob (1997). The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society. Brill. ISBN 9004107371.
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(help) - Teiser, Stephen F. (1996), "The Spirits of Chinese Religion", in Donald S. Lopez Jr., Religions of China in Practice, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/main/spirits_of_chinese_religion.pdf, extracts at The Chinese Cosmos: Basic Concepts.
- Teiser, Stephen F. (1995). "Popular Religion". Journal of Asian Studies. 54 (2): 378–395. doi:10.2307/2058743.
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(help) - Wang, Mingming (2011). "A Drama of the Concepts of Religion: Reflecting on Some of the Issues of "Faith" in Contemporary China" (PDF). Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series (155): 27.
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(help) - Wang, Robin R. (2004). Chinese Philosophy in an Era of Globalization. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0791460061.
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(help) - Wu, Hsin-Chao (2014). "Local Traditions, Community Building, and Cultural Adaptation in Reform Era Rural China" (PDF). Harvard University.
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(help) - Yang, Fenggang; Hu, Anning (2012). "Mapping Chinese Folk Religion in Mainland China and Taiwan". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 51 (3): 505–521. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01660.x.
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(help) - Yang, Mayfair Mei-hui (2007), "Ritual Economy and Rural Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics", Cultural Politics in a Global Age: Uncertainty, Solidarity and Innovation, Oxford: Oneworld Publications, ISBN 1851685502. Available online.
- Yang, C. K. (1961). Religion in Chinese Society; a Study of Contemporary Social Functions of Religion and Some of Their Historical Factors. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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(help) - Yao, Xinzhong (2010). Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach. London: A&C Black. ISBN 9781847064752.
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(help) - Zavidovskaya, Ekaterina A. (2012). "Deserving Divine Protection: Religious Life in Contemporary Rural Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces". St. Petersburg Annual of Asian and African Studies. Ergon-Verlag GmbH, 97074 Würzburg. I: 179–197.
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(help)CS1 maint: location (link) - Zhao, Dunhua (2012), "The Chinese Path to Polytheism", in Wang, Robin R., Chinese Philosophy in an Era of Globalization, ISBN 0791485501, https://books.google.com/books?id=7BMp7VT7G4oC
- Zhou, Jixu (2005). "Old Chinese "*tees" and Proto-Indo-European "*deus": Similarity in Religious Ideas and a Common Source in Linguistics" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. Victor H. Mair (167).
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(help)
- مقالات
- Fenggang Yang. Stand still and watch. In The state of religion in China. The Immanent Frame, 2013.
- Prasenjit Duara. Chinese religions in comparative historical perspective. In The state of religion in China. The Immanent Frame, 2013.
- Richard Madsen. Secular belief, religious belonging. In The state of religion in China. The Immanent Frame, 2013.
- Nathan Schneider. The future of China’s past: An interview with Mayfair Yang. The Immanent Frame, 2010.
وصلات خارجية
- China Ancestral Temples Network
- Bored in Heaven, a documentary on the reinvention of Chinese religion and Taoism. By Kenneth Dean, 2010, 80 minutes.
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