روحانية
جزء من سلسلة عن |
الروحانية |
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المؤثرات |
أبحاث |
الروحانية Spirituality، هو توجه أو اهتمام للإنسان نحو كل ما يتعلق بالأمور الروحانية المتعلقة بالروح. تهتم الروحانية بالقيم الأبدية وكل ما يمكن أن يسر أو يشرح الطبيعة الكلية (الكبرى) للإنسان والخلق والعالم، لذلك فهي تقع على طرف نقيض مع الزمني الراهن، والمادية الطبيعية، فهي غالبا ما تهتم بوضع نظريات ميتافيزيقية تتضمن الإيمان بقوى فوق-طبيعية، تماما مثل الأديان، لكن تأكيدهم وبرهانهم على هذه النظريات ووجود القوى فوق الطبيعية لا يكون عن طريق رسالات أو كتب سماوية (مثل الديانات السماوية) أو برهان عقلي (مثل الميتافيزيقيا الفلسفية) وإنما عن طريق التجربة والخبرة الشخصية التي تكتسب عن طريق ممارسات تعبدية معينة. قد تكون الوحانية تعبيرا عن شعور بالحياة أكثر تعقيدا وأكبر من مجرد الإحساس اليومي بالأشياء بل يجب أن يكون فهمنا للحياة مترافقا مع رؤية للعالم تتضمن موقفا من الكثير من القضايا الإنسانية.
معنى الروحانية تطور واتسع مع مرور الوقت، and various connotations can be found alongside each other.[1][2][3][note 1] Traditionally, spirituality referred to a religious process of re-formation which "aims to recover the original shape of man",[note 2] oriented at "the image of God"[4][5] as exemplified by the founders and sacred texts of the religions of the world. The term was used within early Christianity to refer to a life oriented toward the Holy Spirit[6] and broadened during the Late Middle Ages to include mental aspects of life.[7] In modern times, the term both spread to other religious traditions[8] and broadened to refer to a wider range of experience, including a range of esoteric traditions and religious traditions. Modern usages tend to refer to a subjective experience of a sacred dimension[9] and the "deepest values and meanings by which people live",[10][11] often in a context separate from organized religious institutions,[12] such as a belief in a supernatural (beyond the known and observable) realm,[13] personal growth,[14] a quest for an ultimate or sacred meaning,[15] religious experience,[16] or an encounter with one's own "inner dimension".[17]
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انظر أيضاً
- Anthroposophy
- Esotericism
- Glossary of spirituality terms
- Ietsism
- New Age
- Numinous
- Outline of spirituality
- Perennial philosophy
- Reason
- Relationship between religion and science
- Religion
- Sacred–profane dichotomy
- Secular spirituality
- Self-actualization
- Self-help
- Skepticism
- Spiritual but not religious
- Spiritism
- Sublime (philosophy)
- توفيق بين الأديان Syncretism
- Theosophy
ملاحظات
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةdefinition
- ^ Waaijman[4][5] uses the word "omvorming", "to change the form". Different translations are possible: transformation, re-formation, trans-mutation.
المراجع
- ^ McCarroll 2005, p. 44.
- ^ Koenig 2012, p. 36.
- ^ Cobb 2012, p. 213.
- ^ أ ب Waaijman 2000, p. 460.
- ^ أ ب Waaijman 2002.
- ^ Wong 2009.
- ^ "The medieval mind". the Psychologist.
- ^ Gorsuch 1999.
- ^ Saucier 2006, p. 1259.
- ^ Sheldrake 2007, pp. 1–2.
- ^ Griffin 1988.
- ^ Wong 2008.
- ^ Schuurmans-Stekhoven 2014.
- ^ Houtman 2007.
- ^ Snyder 2007, p. 261.
- ^ Sharf 2000.
- ^ Waaijman 2002, p. 315.
المصادر
المصادر المنشورة
- Cobb, Mark R.; Puchalski, Christina M.; Rumbold, Bruce (2012), Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in Healthcare
- Comans, Michael (2000), The Method of Early Advaita Vedānta: A Study of Gauḍapāda, Śaṅkara, Sureśvara, and Padmapāda, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
- De Michelis, Elizabeth (2005), A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism, Continuum, ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8
- Gorsuch, R.L.; Miller, W.R. (1999), "Assessing spirituality", in W.R. Miller, Integrating spirituality into treatment, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 47–64
- Griffin, David Ray (1988), Spirituality and Society, SUNY
- Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (1996), New Age Religion and Western Culture. Esotericism in the mirror of Secular Thought, Leiden/New York/Koln: Brill
- Hori, Victor Sogen (1999), "Translating the Zen Phrase Book", Nanzan Bulletin 23, http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/translating_zen_phrasebook.pdf
- Houtman, Dick; Aupers, Stef (2007), "The Spiritual Turn and the Decline of Tradition: The Spread of Post-Christian Spirituality in 14 Western Countries, 1981–2000", Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 46 (3): 305–20, doi:
- Kapuscinski, Afton N.; Masters, Kevin S. (2010). "The current status of measures of spirituality: A critical review of scale development". Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. 2 (4): 191–205. doi:10.1037/a0020498.
- King, Richard (2002), Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East", Routledge
- Koenig, Harold; King, Dana; Carson, Verna B. (2012), Handbook of Religion and Health, Oxford UP
- McCarroll, Pam; O'Connor, Thomas St. James; Meakes, Elizabeth (2005), Assessing plurality in Spirituality Definitions. In: Meier et al, "Spirituality and Health: Multidisciplinary Explorations", Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, pp. 44–59
- McMahan, David L. (2008), The Making of Buddhist Modernism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-518327-6
- Morgan, Diane (2010), Essential Islam: a comprehensive guide to belief and practice, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-0-313-36025-1
- Oman, Doug (2013), Defining Religion and Spirituality, ISBN 978-1-4625-1101-3, https://books.google.com/books?id=8UyRrM2bVQ8C&q=defining+religion+and+spirituality#v=onepage&q=defining%20religion%20and%20spirituality%20doug%20from%20a%20modern&f=false. In Paloutzian, Raymond F.; Park, Crystal L., eds. (2013-04-30). Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford. pp. 23–47. ISBN 978-1-4625-1006-1.
- Otterloo, Anneke; Aupers, Stef; Houtman, Dick (2012), "Trajectories to the New Age. The spiritual turn of the first generation of Dutch New Age teachers", Social Compass 59 (2): 239–56, doi:, https://repub.eur.nl/pub/21876/Trajectories_SocialCompass.pdf
- Puchalski, Christina; Vitillo, Robert; Hull, Sharon; Relle, Nancy (2014), "Spiritual Dimensions of Whole Person Care: Reaching National and International Consensus", Journal of Palliative Medicine 17 (6): 642–56, doi: , PMID 24842136
- Rambachan, Anatanand (1994), The Limits of Scripture: Vivekananda's Reinterpretation of the Vedas, University of Hawaii Press
- Remes, Pauliina (2014), Neoplatonism, Routledge
- Renard, Philip (2010), Non-Dualisme. De directe bevrijdingsweg, Cothen: Uitgeverij Juwelenschip
- Roy, Sumita (2003), Aldous Huxley And Indian Thought, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd
- Saucier, Gerard; Katarzyna Skrzypinska (1 October 2006). "Spiritual But Not Religious? Evidence for Two Independent Dispositions" (PDF). Journal of Personality. 74 (5): 1257–92. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.548.7658. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00409.x. JSTOR 27734699. PMID 16958702. Retrieved 2013-03-05.
- Schuurmans-Stekhoven, J. (2014), "Measuring Spirituality as Personal Belief in Supernatural Forces: Is the Character Strength Inventory-Spirituality subscale a brief, reliable and valid measure?", Implicit Religion 17 (2): 211–222, doi:
- Schneiders, Sandra M. (1989). "Spirituality in the Academy". Theological Studies. 50 (4): 676–97. doi:10.1177/004056398905000403. ISSN 0040-5639. OCLC 556989066.
- Schneiders, Sandra M. (1993). "Spirituality as an Academic Discipline: Reflections from Experience". Christian Spirituality Bulletin. 1 (2): 10–15. ISSN 1082-9008. OCLC 31697474.
- Sharf, Robert H. (1995), "Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience", NUMEN 42 (3): 228–283, doi:, http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1995,%20Buddhist%20Modernism.pdf, retrieved on 2013-02-10
- Sharf, Robert H. (2000), "The Rhetoric of Experience and the Study of Religion", Journal of Consciousness Studies 7 (11–12): 267–87, http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1998,%20Religious%20Experience.pdf, retrieved on 2013-01-13
- Sheldrake, Philip (1998). Spirituality and history: Questions of interpretation and method. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books. ISBN 978-1-57075-203-2. OCLC 796958914.
- Sheldrake, Philip (2007), A Brief History of Spirituality, Wiley-Blackwell
- Sinari, Ramakant (2000), Advaita and Contemporary Indian Philosophy. In: Chattopadhyana (gen.ed.), "History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization. Volume II Part 2: Advaita Vedanta", Delhi: Centre for Studies in Civilizations
- Snyder, C.R.; Lopez, Shane J. (2007), Positive Psychology, Sage Publications, Inc., ISBN 978-0-7619-2633-7
- Versluis, Arthur (2014), American Gurus: From Transcendentalism to New Age Religion, Oxford University Press
- Waaijman, Kees (2000), Spiritualiteit. Vormen, grondslagen, methoden, Kampen/Gent: Kok/Carmelitana
- Waaijman, Kees (2002), Spirituality: Forms, Foundations, Methods, Peeters Publishers
- Wong, Yuk-Lin Renita; Vinsky, Jana (2009), "Speaking from the Margins: A Critical Reflection on the 'Spiritual-but-not-Religious' Discourse in Social Work", British Journal of Social Work 39 (7): 1343–59, doi:
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Web-sources
للاستزادة
- Downey, Michael. Understanding Christian Spirituality. New York: Paulist Press, 1997.
- Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (1996), New Age Religion and Western Culture. Esotericism in the mirror of Secular Thought, Leiden/New York/Koln: Brill
- Charlene Spretnak, The Spiritual Dynamic in Modern Art : Art History Reconsidered, 1800 to the Present.
- Eck, Diana L. A New Religious America. San Francisco: Harper, 2001.
- Metzinger, Thomas (2013). Spirituality and Intellectual Honesty: An Essay (PDF). Self-Published. ISBN 978-3-00-041539-5.
- "Spirituality and Intellectual Honesty with Thomas Metzinger". Krishnamurti Educational Center. July 19, 2017 – via YouTube.
- Schmidt, Leigh Eric. Restless Souls : The Making of American Spirituality. San Francisco: Harper, 2005. ISBN 0-06-054566-6
- Carrette, Jeremy R.; King, Richard (2005), Selling Spirituality: The Silent Takeover of Religion, Taylor & Francis Group