باتام

Coordinates: 01°07′48″N 104°03′11″E / 1.13000°N 104.05306°E / 1.13000; 104.05306
(تم التحويل من Batam)
Batam
City
Batam City
Kota Batam
الترجمة اللفظية بالـ Regional
 • Chinese巴淡
From top left to right:
Welcome to Batam signboard, Harbour Bay, Barelang Bridge, Nagoya Hill shopping mall, Batam Great Mosque, Sekupang Ferry terminal, Downtown Batam skyline at night and aerial view of Batam
درع Batam
Coat of arms
الكنية: 
Kota Industri
("The Industrial City")
الشعار: 
Bandar Dunia Madani
Location within Riau Islands
Location within Riau Islands
Batam is located in سومطرة
Batam
Batam
Location in Riau Islands
Batam is located in إندونيسيا
Batam
Batam
Location in South China Sea
Batam is located in بحر الصين الجنوبي
Batam
Batam
Location in Indonesia
الإحداثيات: 01°07′48″N 104°03′11″E / 1.13000°N 104.05306°E / 1.13000; 104.05306
CountryFlag of Indonesia.svg اندونيسيا
Province جزر رياو
الحكومة
 • MayorMuhammad Rudi
 • Vice mayorAmsakar Achmad
المساحة
 • City1٬915 كم² (739 ميل²)
 • البر1٬034٫73 كم² (399٫51 ميل²)
 • الماء880 كم² (340 ميل²)
التعداد
 (mid 2022 estimate[1])
 • City1٬269٬820
 • الكثافة660/km2 (1٬700/sq mi)
 • Urban
1٬269٬820
منطقة التوقيتUTC+7 (Indonesia Western Time)
Postal code
29453
Area code(+62) 778
لوحة السيارةBP
Nominal GDP[2]2023
 - Total▲Rp 216.098 trillion (8th)
▲US$ 14.178 billion
▲US$ 45.406 billion (PPP)
 - Per capita▲Rp 171,968 thousand (7th)
▲US$ 11,282
▲US$ 36,133 (PPP)
 - Growth▲ 6.0%
HDI (2023)▲ 0.826 (25th) – very high
الموقع الإلكترونيbatam.go.id

Batam is the largest city in the province of Riau Islands, Indonesia. The city administrative area covers three main islands of Batam, Rempang, and Galang (collectively called Barelang), as well as Bulang to the west and several small islands. Batam Island is the core urban and industrial zone, while both Rempang Island and Galang Island maintain their rural character and low-density population; they are connected to Batam Island by short bridges. Bulang Island and the islands to its north forming Belakang Padang District lie to the west of Batam Island but are also administratively within the city. Batam is an industrial boomtown, an emerging transport hub, and part of a free trade zone in the Indonesia–Malaysia–Singapore Growth Triangle, located 20 km (12 mi) off Singapore's south coast.[3][4][5]

According to Statistics Indonesia's 2020 census, Batam had a municipal population of 1,196,396,[6] making it the third largest city in the region of Sumatra, after Medan and Palembang.[7] The official estimated population as of mid-2022 was 1,269,413.[1] It is the closest part of Indonesia to Singapore, at a minimum distance of 5.8 km across the Singapore Strait. During the 2010 national census, Batam was the fastest-growing municipality in Indonesia the decade prior, with a population growth rate of 11% per year.[8] In 2017, the island suffered severe job losses; some 300,000 workers were laid off.[9]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

History

Harbor view with oil tanks from the Shell at Sambu Island, 1936

The first recorded inhabitants at Batam Island are Malays known as Orang Laut, from the year 231 AD.[10] The island group once served as the field of struggle of Admiral Hang Nadim, against Portuguese invaders in the 16th century, and was utilised by the Indonesian government in the 1960s, who maintained a petroleum logistics base on Sambu Island, one of the minor islands in the Batam group of islands.

In the 1970s, according to Presidential Decree No. 41/1973, Batam Island was designated as a working environment of an industrial area supported by Batam Island Industrial Development Authority or better known as Batam Authority Board (BOB, now Batam Development Board (إندونيسية: Badan Pengusahan Batam or BP Batam) as the driving force for the development of Batam, with the initial aim of making Batam the "Indonesian version of Singapore". With the rapid development of the island, based on Government Regulation No. 34/1983, the Batam District (which is part of Riau Islands Regency) was upgraded to municipality status which has the duties to run government administration and society and support the development of BP Batam.

In the Indonesian Reformation era in the late 1990s, with Act No. 53/1999, the Batam administrative municipality changed its status to an autonomous region, namely Batam City Government to carry out governmental and developmental functions by involving BP Batam.


Geography

Batam is a roughly oval island with many bays, islets, and peninsulas, located west of Bintan Island, south of Singapore, north of Rempang and Galang, and east of Bulang Island. The Singapore Strait separates Singapore and Batam, while the Riau Strait separates Batam and Bintan island. Batam Municipality covers 3,869 km2, of which 1,034.73 km2 is land, a figure which includes some land reclamation. However, Barelang Island (not actually one but three, see above) covers roughly 715 km2 of that 1,034.73 km2, and Batam island itself covers only about 410 km2 out of the total. The bulk of the municipal population resides on Batam Island.

Climate

Batam has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy rainfall year-round.

Climate data for Batam (Hang Nadim International Airport, 2000–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.0
(86.0) 		30.7
(87.3) 		31.3
(88.3) 		31.8
(89.2) 		31.8
(89.2) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.2
(88.2) 		31.3
(88.3) 		30.8
(87.4) 		30.3
(86.5) 		31.1
(87.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 24.5
(76.1) 		24.7
(76.5) 		24.8
(76.6) 		25.0
(77.0) 		24.9
(76.8) 		24.8
(76.6) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.3
(75.7) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.6
(76.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 255.9
(10.07) 		75.3
(2.96) 		151.0
(5.94) 		163.6
(6.44) 		193.8
(7.63) 		177.0
(6.97) 		192.5
(7.58) 		162.1
(6.38) 		156.6
(6.17) 		204.7
(8.06) 		252.9
(9.96) 		286.4
(11.28) 		2٬271٫8
(89.44)
Average precipitation days 9.7 5.3 8.0 11.2 13.1 12.0 12.1 11.5 12.0 12.7 15.2 14.0 136.8
Source: Meteomanz[11]

Governance

BP Batam logo

Mayor

The Batam city government takes care of all population administration and civil registration as well as human resources. The current mayor is Muhammad Rudi who has served since 2016, accompanied by Amsakar Ahmad as deputy mayor.[12]

Batam Development Board (BP)

The Agency for Free Trade Zone and Free Port of Batam, often abbreviated as BP Batam, is a government nonstructural body under the Chairmanship of the Board of Regions (DK) Batam Central Government, which is chaired by a Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs. BP Batam plays a role in land governance and investment in the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) of Batam.

Administrative divisions

The whole Batam view from the air
Panoramic view of Batam Centre

Batam city is divided into twelve districts (kecamatan) – which include several adjacent islands such as Bulang to the west, and Rempang and Galang to the south, as well as Batam Island itself. Batam Island is connected by bridges to Rempang and Galang, and this group is thus often known by the abbreviation of Barelang. The districts are tabulated below with their areas, 2010 census populations[13] and 2020 census populations,[6] together with the official estimates as at mid 2022 [1] The table also includes the number of administrative villages within each district, all classed as urban kelurahan,[1] and its postal codes.

Name of
District
(kecamatan)		 Area
in
km2		 Pop'n
Census
2010		 Pop'n
Census
2020		 Pop'n
estimate
mid 2022		 No.
of
villages		 Postal
codes
Belakang Padang1 68.1 18,508 22,439 22,975 6 29412, 29413
29414, 29416
Bulang2 158.8 9,531 10,707 11,079 6 29471 - 29476
Galang3 350.9 14,983 16,989 17,611 8 29481 - 29487
Sei Beduk
(Sungai Beduk)		 106.0 80,349 96,193 100,768 4 29433 & 29437
Sagulung 55.3 149,727 209,306 226,040 6 29439
Nongsa4 114.7 49,828 81,451 90,626 4 29465 - 29468
Batam Kota
(Central City)		 38.9 162,238 198,617 208,965 6 29431 - 29433,
29461, 29464
Sekupang5 68.9 100,108 156,283 172,347 7 29425 - 29428
Batu Aji 40.8 127,455 139,512 143,625 4 29422, 29424 &
29438
Lubuk Baja (Nagoya) 11.2 80,780 84,533 86,277 5 29432, 29441,

29443 - 29445

Batu Ampar 11.2 58,745 60,450 61,497 4 29452 - 29454
Bengkong 14.0 92,033 119,836 127,593 4 29432 & 29458

Notes:

  • 1 comprises 116 islands to the west of Batam Island.
  • 2 comprises 70 islands to the southwest of Batam Island
  • 3 comprises 82 islands to the south of Batam Island, including Galang Island and Rempang Island.
  • 4 comprises the east part of Batam Island, but also includes 23 islands off the eastern shore.
  • 5 includes 14 islands off the coast of Batam Island.


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Demographics

At the 2020 census, Batam had a population of 1,196,396 inhabitants. The population was increasing rapidly, with a population growth rate of more than 8% per year between 2001 and 2012, but the increase has subsequently slowed.

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1971 6٬000—    
1978 34٬000+466.7%
1988 88٬000+158.8%
1992 123٬000+39.8%
1998 294٬000+139.0%
2005 616٬088+109.6%
2010 944٬285+53.3%
2020 1٬196٬396+26.7%
2022 1٬269٬413+6.1%
sources:[14][15]

Ethnicity

Ethnic groups in Batam, 2000[16]
Ethnicity Percentage
Malay 26.78%
Javanese 17.61%
Batak 14.97%
Minangkabau 14.93%
Chinese 6.28%
Buginese 2.29%
Banjarese 0.67%
Others 16.47%

Today, Batam is inhabited by a heterogeneous mixture of people due to labor migration and desire to be close to Singapore; it is very diverse, two-thirds of the population are migrants.[14] The predominant ethnicities are Malays, Javanese, Batak, Minangkabau, and Chinese. As a municipality it exemplifies the national motto of "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" (Unity in Diversity). The location of Batam, which is close to Singapore, is conducive to the development of economic, sociopolitical, and cultural aspects of the local community.

Religion

Religion in Batam – Indonesia 2017 Estimate[17]
religion percent
Islam
  
 71.20%
Christianity
  
 21.72%
Buddhism
  
 6.78%
Confucianism
  
 0.10%
Hinduism
  
 0.07%
Others
  
 0.03%

Islam is the majority religion in Batam, followed by Christianity, Buddhism and Hinduism. Most of those who follow Islam are Javanese, Malays and Minangkabaus. The Great Mosque of Batam, located in the city center adjacent to the main square, the mayor's office and the provincial Parliament, is an important symbol of Islamic religious life in Batam. Christianity is also widely embraced by the people of Batam, especially those from the Batak people of Sumatra and migrants from Flores also from East Indonesia. The majority of the Chinese population practises Buddhism. A number of Viharas are located in Batam, of which Vihara Duta Maitreya is one of the most frequented, and is the largest Vihara in Southeast Asia with an area of 4.5 hectares.

Language

Indonesian is the common lingua franca of Batam in daily use. Other languages such as local Malay (similar to the Malaysian standard as spoken in neighbouring Malaysia and Singapore), Minangkabau, Batak, Javanese, and Chinese ethnic dialects like Hokkien and Teochew are also used. The usage of Mandarin and English are trending due to Singaporean influence, especially by expatriates living in Batam.

Economy

Industrial area in Batam

Based on Presidential Decree No. 41/1973, the Batam Industrial Development Authority (BP Batam) was established to manage 415 square kilometers of industrial complex in Batam City for heavy industry. Previously only Pertamina, the Indonesian state oil company, settled there with only 6,000 inhabitants.[18] Shipbuilding and electronics manufacturing are important industries on the island. Being located close to the ports of Singapore, the speed of goods shipping and product distribution is increased, benefiting the island's economy. With lower labor costs and special government incentives, it is the site of many factories operated by foreign companies.[19]

Under a framework signed in June 2006, Batam, along with parts of neighbouring Bintan and Karimun, are a part of a Special Economic Zone with Singapore; this zone eliminates tariffs and value-added taxes for goods shipped between Batam and Singapore.[20] In 2007, Law No. 44 was enacted to supplement Law No. 36/2000 in establishing Batam as a free trade zone for 70 years. BP Batam still manages the industrial complex. And in 2016, the responsibility of industrial complex changed from the governor of Riau Islands Province to the Office of the Coordinating Economic Minister as per Presidential Decree No. 8/2016.[18]

Tourism

Tengku Fisabilillah Bridge, the iconic part of Barelang Bridge

Over 1.5 million tourists visited the city in 2015.[21] Batam is the third-busiest entry port to Indonesia next to Bali and Jakarta.[22] In 2014, around 58.8% of foreign tourists came from Singapore, 12.8% from Malaysia and 4.2% from South Korea.[23][24] Popular tourism spots in Batam include the Maha Vihara Duta Maitreya Temple, shopping malls (including Grand Batam Mall, Mega Mall Batam Centre, Nagoya Hill Shopping Centre, etc), Jabal Arafah Mosque, and the Barelang Bridge.

Foreign Investment

In the first semester of 2023, the value of foreign investment reached US$1.2 billion, while domestic investment was recorded at US$168 million. Most of the foreign investment came from Singapore.[25] Foreigners are allowed to buy apartments with limited leases but not landed homes in Indonesia.[26] In 2021, a group of Singaporeans were forcibly evicted after their 30-year property leases expired in Sekupang.[27]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Transport

Ferry

Sekupang International Ferry Terminal
Horizon Fast Ferry

Ferries connect Batam to Singapore, Bintan, and Johor Bahru (Malaysia). Five ferry terminals are on the island: Batam Harbour Bay Ferry Terminal, Nongsapura Ferry Terminal, Sekupang, Waterfront City, and Batam Center Ferry Terminal. Connections to Singapore are by way of Harbourfront and Tanah Merah Ferry Terminals run by Singapore Cruise Centre (SCC).

The most recent incident happened on 29 November 2015 when a ferry, 'Sea Prince', hit floating object(s) while en route to Singapore from Batam and began leaking. A total of 97 passengers were rescued on life rafts.[28][29]

Harbour Bay International Ferry Terminal
Harbour Bay International Ferry Terminal
Harbour Bay Terminal

Signs showing a picture of a raised finger over a pair of lips have been placed in August 2014 at the Batam Centre International Ferry Terminal to request silence while queuing for immigration to hear names being called and clearly hear instructions given by the immigration officer. Some visitors have been sent back immediately on the first ferry available for flouting this rule. The signs are also applicable at other terminals, but are not strictly enforced.[30]

Trans Batam

Trans Batam interior
Trans Batam buses

Trans Batam is the most reliable and the cheapest public transportation in Batam. It began to operate in 2005. Trans Batam is the second BRT system in Indonesia, after Jakarta's TransJakarta. The price for one ride is Rp2,000 for students and Rp4,000 for the public. Trans Batam operates from 05:30 to 19:00.

Trans Batam serves eight corridors of route:

Corridor Origin & destination
1 Sekupang–Batam Centre
2 Tanjung Uncang–Batam Centre
3 Sekupang–Jodoh
4 Sagulung–Sekupang
5 Jodoh–Batam Centre
6 Tanjung Piayu–Batam Centre
7 Nongsa–Batam Centre
8 Punggur–Jodoh
Source: Batam City Government Transportation Agency[31]

Taxi

Blue Bird taxi

Taxis in Batam are available almost anywhere at ferry terminals, the airport, shopping malls, hotels, etc. More than 3000 taxis are in Batam. In the early 2000s, Batam commonly had Toyota Corolla taxis. Starting in late 2013, more than 95% of taxis are brand new using the Toyota Limo and Chevrolet Lova.

Airport

Hang Nadim International Airport is the Batam island's main airport, and has the longest runway of all airports in Indonesia. The airport was the largest airport in the Sumatra region from 1995 to 2012 with a capacity of six million passengers annually, and is now the second-largest in the Sumatra region after Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan, which has a capacity of eight million passengers. The airport has 4 paired jetbridges and 2 single jetbridges. Hang Nadim International Airport is a hub for Lion Air, Batik Air and Citilink. BP Batam, which operates Hang Nadim International Airport, will build a new terminal with a capacity of eight million passengers per year for each terminal (16 million passengers per year in total for two terminals) in late 2016. BP Batam intends to build eight paired jetbridges in the new terminal.[32] Domestic destinations include Pekanbaru, Palembang, Medan, Jakarta, Padang, Surabaya, Bandung, Bandar Lampung, Balikpapan, Yogyakarta, Makassar, and many more. International flights currently include Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (operated by Batik Air Malaysia).

Environment

Due to piling works for touristic activity, sand mining, and logging for charcoal business, only 4.2% of Batam Island is covered in mangrove forests, a great decrease from 24% in 1970.[33] Originally, Batam Island had 41,500 hectares of mangrove forests.[34]

Gallery

  • Turi Beach Resort

    Turi Beach Resort

  • The 2014 National MTQ Building in Dataran Engku Putri, Batam Centre

    The 2014 National MTQ Building in Dataran Engku Putri, Batam Centre

  • Great Mosque of Batam

    Great Mosque of Batam

  • Pacific Palace Hotel

    Pacific Palace Hotel

  • Batam Centre

    Batam Centre

  • Barelang Bridge

    Barelang Bridge

  • BCC Hotel Tower and iHotel Baloi

    BCC Hotel Tower and iHotel Baloi

  • Batam Harbour Bay downtown, Harbour Bay ferry terminal

    Batam Harbour Bay downtown, Harbour Bay ferry terminal

See also

References

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023, Kota Batam Dalam Angka 2023 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.2171)
  2. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik (2024). Provinsi Kepualuan Riau Dalam Angka 2024. Batam: Badan Pusat Statistik.
  3. ^ Richardson, Michael (3 August 1991). "In Today's Booming Asia, Business Knows No Boundaries". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  4. ^ "Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT)". imtgt.org. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
  5. ^ "Country Information – Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT)". imtgt.org. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
  6. ^ أ ب Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  7. ^ "Kota Batam Dalam Angka 2019". www.batamkota.bps.go.id. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  8. ^ Firman, Tommy (12 May 2012). "Urbanization and urban development patterns". The Jarkata Post. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  9. ^ Post, The Jakarta. "Batam economy in a state of emergency, mayor says". thejakartapost.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  10. ^ "Pulau Batam Dihuni Orang Selat Sejak 231 Masehi". Tribun Batam (in الإندونيسية). 2012-12-18. Archived from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
  11. ^ "SYNOP/BUFR observations. Data by months". Meteomanz. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  12. ^ "Dari Demokrat Rudi Loncat ke Nasdem". Batam Pos (in الإندونيسية). 29 August 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  13. ^ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
  14. ^ أ ب Hutchinson, Francis E.; Chong, Terence (14 June 2016). The SIJORI Cross-Border Region: Transnational Politics, Economics, and Culture. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. ISBN 9789814695589 – via Google Books.
  15. ^ "Indonesia: Administrative Division (Provinces, Regencies and Cities) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  16. ^ Leo Suryadinata, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, Aris Anan; Indonesia's population: ethnicity and religion in a changing political landscape, 2003
  17. ^ "Riau Islands Province in Figures 2017". BPS Kepulauan Riau. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
  18. ^ أ ب "BP Batam: 45 years of developing Batam". December 3, 2016. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  19. ^ "Indonesia President inaugurates Batam free trade zone". Xinhua General News Service. 19 January 2009.
  20. ^ Teo, Laurel (19 May 2007). "Indon SEZ rules ready by end-May; Setting of a deadline likely to please potential investors". The Business Times Singapore.
  21. ^ Widayati, Rully (8 January 2016). "Batam Targetkan 1,7 Juta Kunjungan Turis Asing Tahun Ini". Tempo. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  22. ^ "Batam Island – Where Business Meets Pleasure – Indonesia.Travel". indonesia.travel. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  23. ^ "Singapura & Malaysia Penyumbang Wisman Terbanyak ke Batam". batampos.co.id. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  24. ^ "Bulan Desember Tahun 2014, Jumlah Wisatawan Mancanegara yang Berkunjung ke Kota Batam Mencapai 171.907 Orang". bps.go.id.[dead link]
  25. ^ Sinaga, Yuni (27 October 2023). "BP Batam records US$1.2 billion foreign investment in January–June". Antara Indonesian News Agency.
  26. ^ Timmermans, Matt (27 November 2023). "How can foreigners buy property in Indonesia?". Own Property Aboard.
  27. ^ Yusof, Zaihan (24 December 2021). "Property dispute leaves some Singaporeans anxious". The Straits Times. SPH Media.
  28. ^ Meah, Natasha; Yin, Chai Hung (1 December 2015). "Batam ferry incident: 'People fended for themselves'". The New Paper. AsiaOne. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  29. ^ "Batam ferry incident: Passenger claims overcrowded rafts burst during evacuation". AsiaOne. 30 November 2015. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  30. ^ Cheong, Danson (17 August 2014). "Shhh! Be silent at Batam immigration queue or be sent back home". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  31. ^ Public Relations of Batam City Government Transportation Agency (11 August 2020). "Jadwal Keberangkatan Bus Trans Batam di Semua Koridor (Masa Pandemi Covid-19)". Dishub.Batam.go.id (in الإندونيسية). Batam City Government Transportation Agency. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  32. ^ "Airports in Indonesia". Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  33. ^ "Batam Loses 800 Hectares of Its Mangrove Forest". 15 June 2015. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  34. ^ "Batam Mangrove Forest Shrinking in Size". 7 October 2015. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2015.

External links

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=باتام&oldid=3992097"