الكلاسيكيات الصينية
النصوص الكلاسيكية الصينية أو النصوص التشريعية (الصينية المبسطة: 中国古典典籍؛ الصينية التقليدية: 中國古典典籍؛ پنين: Zhōngguó gǔdiǎn diǎnjí�) تشير إلى النصوص الصينية التي نشأت قبل التوحيد الإمبراطوري من قبل أسرة تشين عام 221 ق.م، ولا سيما "الكتب الأربع والكلاسيكيات الخمس" لتقليد الكونفوشيوسية الجديدة، وهي نفسها اختصار مألوف "للكلاكسيكيات الثلاثة عشر". جميع النصوص التي كُتبت ما قبل أسرة تشين كانت باللغة الصينية الكلاسيكية. تُعرف النصوص التشريعية الثلاثة مجتمعة باسم الكلاسيكيات (t 經، s 经، jīng، حرفياً "warp").[1]
قد تشير النصوص الكلاسيكية الصينية على نطاق أوسع إلى النصوص المكتوبة إما بالصينية العامية أو بالصينية الكلاسيكية التي كانت سارية حتى سقوط آخر أسرة تشينگ الإمبراطورية عام 1912. قد تتضمن شي (史، الأعمال التأريخية)، زي (子، الفلسفة الخاصة بالمدارس الفكرية الأخرى الغير كونفشيوسية لكنها قد تتضمن أيضاً أعمال عن الزراعة، الطب، الرياضيات، الفلك، وجي (集، حرفياً الأعمال) وكذلك جينگ.
في عهد أسرتي مينگ وتشينگ، كانت الكتب الأربع والكلاسيكيات الخمس موضوع دراسة إلزامية من قبل علماء الكونفوشيوسية الذين رغبوا في خوض الاختبارات الإمبراطورية ليصبحوا مسؤولين حكوميين. كان أي نقاش سياسي مليئًا بالإشارات إلى هذه الخلفية، ولا يمكن للمرء أن يكون واحدًا من الأدباء (أو، في بعض الفترات، حتى ضابطًا عسكريًا) دون حفظها. بشكل عام، يحفظ الأطفال أولاً الأحرف الصينية من "الأحرف الثلاثة الكلاسيكية" و"ألقاب العائلة المائة ثم يتابعون حفظ الكلاسيكيات الأخرى. لذلك فإن النخبة المتعلمة تتشارك ثقافة ومجموعة من القيم المشتركة.
تنقسم المنح الدراسية حول هذه النصوص بشكل طبيعي إلى فترتين، قبل وبعد حرق الكتب أثناء سقوط أسرة تشين، عندما فقدت العديد من النصوص الأصلية التي سبقت تشين.[1]
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قائمة الكلاسيكيات
قبل 221 ق.م.
غالبًا ما يكون من الصعب أو المستحيل تحديد تاريخ الأعمال ما قبل أسرة تشين بدقة تتجاوز كونها "ما قبل تشين"، وهي فترة 1000 عام. غالبًا ما كانت المعلومات في الصين القديمة تُنقل شفهيًا للأجيال قبل تدوينها، لذلك لا يلزم أن يكون ترتيب تكوين النصوص هو نفسه ترتيب "مؤلفيها" المنسوبين.[2]
لذلك فإن القائمة أدناه منظمة بالترتيب الموجود في سيكو تشوانشو، المكتبة الإمبراطورية لأسرة تشينگ. تصنف سيكو جميع الأعمال في 4 فروع عالية المستوى: الكونفوشيوسية الكلاسيكية وأدبها الثانوي؛ التاريخ؛ فلسفة؛ والشعر. توجد فئات فرعية داخل كل فرع، ولكن نظرًا للعدد القليل من أعمال ما قبل تشين في الفروع الكلاسيكية والتاريخ والشعر، يعاد إنتاج الفئات الفرعية فقط لفرع الفلسفة.
فرع الكلاسيكيات
| العنوان | الوصف |
|---|---|
| I Ching (أو كتاب التغيرات) | A manual of divination based on the eight trigrams attributed to the mythical figure Fuxi (by at least the time of the early Eastern Zhou these eight trigrams had been multiplied to sixty-four hexagrams). The I Ching is still used by modern adherents of folk religion. |
| The Classic of History or Book of Documents (Shu Jing) | A collection of documents and speeches allegedly from the Xia, Shang and Western Zhou periods, and even earlier. It contains some of the earliest examples of Chinese prose. |
| The Classic of Poetry (Shi Jing) | Made up of 305 poems divided into 160 folk songs, 74 minor festal songs, traditionally sung at court festivities, 31 major festal songs, sung at more solemn court ceremonies, and 40 hymns and eulogies, sung at sacrifices to gods and ancestral spirits of the royal house. This book is traditionally credited as a compilation from Confucius. A standard version, named Maoshi Zhengyi, was compiled in the mid-7th century under the leadership of Kong Yingda.[3] |
| الطقوس الثلاث | |
| The Rites of Zhou | Conferred the status of a classic in the 12th century (in place of the lost Classic of Music). |
| The Book of Etiquette and Ceremonial (Yi Li) | Describes ancient rites, social forms and court ceremonies. |
| The Classic of Rites (Li Chi) | Describes social forms, administration, and ceremonial rites. |
| The Spring and Autumn Annals | Chronologically the earliest of the annals; comprising about 16,000 characters, it records the events of the State of Lu from 722 BC to 481 BC, with implied condemnation of usurpations, murder, incest, etc. |
| The Zuo Zhuan (Commentary of Zuo) | A different report of the same events as the Spring and Autumn Annals with a few significant differences. It covers a longer period than the Spring and Autumn Annals. |
| The Commentary of Gongyang | Another surviving commentary on the same events (see Spring and Autumn Annals). |
| The Commentary of Guliang | Another surviving commentary on the same events (see Spring and Autumn Annals). |
| The Classic of Filial Piety (Xiao Jing) | A small book giving advice on filial piety; how to behave towards a senior (such as a father, an elder brother, or ruler). |
| الكتب الأربع | |
| The Mencius (Mengzi) | A book of anecdotes and conversations of Mencius. |
| The Analects of Confucius (Lun Yu) | A twenty-chapter work of dialogues attributed to Confucius and his disciples; traditionally believed to have been written by Confucius's own circle it is thought to have been set down by later Confucian scholars. |
| Doctrine of the Mean (Zhong Yong) | A chapter from the Book of Rites made into an independent work by Zhu Xi |
| The Great Learning | A chapter from the Book of Rites made into an independent work by Zhu Xi |
| فلسفة | |
| The Erya | A dictionary explaining the meaning and interpretation of words in the context of the Confucian Canon. |
فرع التاريخ
| العنوان | الوصف |
|---|---|
| حوليات الخيزران | History of Zhou dynasty excavated from a Wei tomb in the Jin dynasty. |
| Yi Zhou Shu | Similar in style to the Book of Documents |
| Discourses of the States (Guoyu) | A collection of historical records of numerous states recorded the period from Western Zhou to 453 BC. |
| The Strategies of the Warring States | Edited by Liu Xiang. |
| Yanzi chunqiu | Attributed to the statesman Yan Ying, a contemporary of Confucius |
Philosophy branch
| Title | Description |
|---|---|
| Confucianism (excl. Classics branch) | |
| Kongzi Jiayu | Collection of stories about Confucius and his disciples. Authenticity disputed. |
| Xunzi | Attributed to Xun Kuang, an ancient Chinese collection of philosophical writings that makes the distinction between what is born in man and what must be learned through rigorous education. |
| Militarism | |
| Six Secret Teachings (六韜) | Attributed to Jiang Ziya (Taigong) |
| The Art of War (孫子兵法) | Attributed to Sunzi. |
| Wuzi (吳子) | Attributed to Wu Qi. |
| The Methods of the Sima (司馬法) (Sima Fa) | Attributed to Sima Rangju. |
| Wei Liaozi (尉繚子) | Attributed to Wei Liao. |
| The Three Strategies of Huang Shigong (黃石公三略) | Attributed to Jiang Ziya. |
| The Thirty-Six Stratagems | Recently recovered. |
| Legalism | |
| Guanzi | Attributed to Guan Zhong. |
| Deng Xizi | Fragment |
| The Book of Lord Shang | Attributed to Shang Yang. |
| Hanfeizi | Attributed to Han Fei. |
| Shenzi | Attributed to Shen Buhai; all but one chapter is lost. |
| The Canon of Laws | Attributed to Li Kui. |
| Medicine | |
| Huangdi Neijing | |
| Nan Jing | |
| Miscellaneous | |
| Yuzi | Fragment |
| Mozi | Attributed to the philosopher of the same name, Mozi. |
| Yinwenzi | Fragment |
| Shenzi | Attributed to Shen Dao. It originally consisted of ten volumes and forty-two chapters, of which all but seven chapters have been lost. |
| Heguanzi | |
| Gongsun longzi | |
| Guiguzi | |
| The Lüshi Chunqiu | An encyclopedic of ancient classics edited by Lü Buwei. |
| Shizi | Attributed to Shi Jiao |
| Mythology | |
| The Classic of Mountains and Seas (Shan Hai Jing) | A compilation of early geography and myths from various locations[بحاجة لمصدر]. |
| Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven | |
| Daoism | |
| Dao De Jing | Attributed to Laozi. |
| Guan Yinzi | Fragment |
| The Liezi (or Classic of the Perfect Emptiness) | Attributed to Lie Yukou. |
| Zhuangzi | Attributed to the philosopher of the same name, Zhuangzi. |
| Wenzi |
الشعر
| العنوان | الوصف |
|---|---|
| Chu Ci | Aside from the Shi Jing (see Classics branch) the only surviving pre-Qin poetry collection. Attributed to the southern state of Chu, and especially Qu Yuan. |
بعد 206 ق.م.
- The Twenty-Four Histories, a collection of authoritative histories of China for various dynasties:
- The Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian
- The Book of Han by Ban Gu.
- The Book of Later Han by Fan Ye
- The Records of Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou
- The Book of Jin by Fang Xuanling
- The Book of Song by Shen Yue
- The Book of Southern Qi by Xiao Zixian
- The Book of Liang by Yao Silian
- The Book of Chen by Yao Silian
- The History of the Southern Dynasties by Li Yanshou
- The Book of Wei by Wei Shou
- The Book of Zhou by Linghu Defen
- The Book of Northern Qi by Li Baiyao
- The History of the Northern Dynasties by Li Yanshou
- The Book of Sui by Wei Zheng
- The Old Book of Tang by Liu Xu
- The New Book of Tang by Ouyang Xiu
- The Old History of Five Dynasties by Xue Juzheng
- The New History of Five Dynasties by Ouyang Xiu
- The History of Song by Toqto'a
- The History of Liao by Toqto'a
- The History of Jin by Toqto'a
- The History of Yuan by Song Lian
- The History of Ming by Zhang Tingyu
- The Draft History of Qing by Zhao Erxun is usually referred as the 25th classic of history records
- The New History of Yuan by Ke Shaomin is sometimes referred as the 26th classic of history records
- The Chronicles of Huayang, an old record of ancient history and tales of southwestern China, attributed to Chang Qu.
- The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms, a historical record of the Sixteen Kingdoms, attributed to Cui Hong, is lost.
- The Shiming, is a dictionary compiled by Liu Xi by the end of 2nd century.
- A New Account of the Tales of the World, a collection of historical anecdotes and character sketches of some 600 literati, musicians, and painters.
- The Thirty-Six Strategies, a military strategy book attributed to Tan Daoji.
- The Commentary on the Water Classic, a book on hydrology of rivers in China attributed to the great geographer Li Daoyuan.
- The Dialogues between Li Jing and Tang Taizong, a military strategy book attributed to Li Jing
- The Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government (Zizhi Tongjian), with Sima Guang as its main editor.
- The Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue, a historical record of the states of Wu and Yue during the period of Spring and Autumn, attributed to Zhao Ye.
- The Zhenguan Zhengyao, a record of governance strategies and leadership of Emperor Taizong of Tang, attributed to Wu Jing.
- The Jiaoshi Yilin, a work modelled after the I Ching, composed during the Western Han Dynasty and attributed to Jiao Yanshou.
- The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, a mathematics Chinese book composed by several generations scholars of Han Dynasty.
- The Thousand Character Classic, attributed to Zhou Xingsi.
- The Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era, compiled by Gautama Siddha, is a Chinese encyclopedia on astrology and divination.
- The Shitong, written by Liu Zhiji, a work on historiography.
- The Tongdian, written by Du You, a contemporary text focused on the Tang dynasty.
- The Tang Huiyao, compiled by Wang Pu, a text based on the institutional history of the Tang dynasty.
- The Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, compiled by Bianji; a recount of Xuanzang's journey.
- The Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang, written by Duan Chengshi, records fantastic stories, anecdotes, and exotic customs.
- The Four Great Books of Song, a term referring to the four large compilations during the beginning of Song dynasty:
- The Taiping Yulan, a leishu encyclopedia.
- The Taiping Guangji , a collection of folk tales and theology.
- The Wenyuan Yinghua, an anthology of poetry, odes, songs and other writings.
- The Cefu Yuangui, a leishu encyclopedia of political essays, autobiographies, memorials and decrees.
- The Dream Pool Essay, a collection of essays on science, technology, military strategies, history, politics, music and arts, written by Shen Kuo.
- The Exploitation of the Works of Nature, an encyclopedia compiled by Song Yingxing.
- The Compendium of Materia Medica, a classic book of medicine written by Li Shizhen.
- The Siku Quanshu, the largest compilation of literature in Chinese history.
- The New Songs from the Jade Terrace, a poetry collection from the Six Dynasties period.
- The Quantangshi, or Collected Tang Poems, compiled during the Qing Dynasty, published AD 1705.
- The Xiaolin Guangji, a collection of jokes compiled during the Qing dynasty.
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انظر أيضاً
- الأدب الصيني
- الاختبار الامبراطوري
- قائمة النصوص الصينية المبكرة
- كلاسيكيات كايتشنگ الحجرية
- الكلاسيكيات العسكرية السبعة
- النصوص القديمة
- علم الصينيات
- توماس فرانسس ويد
- هربرت جايلز
- ليونل گيلز
- فردريك بالفور
قراءات إضافية
- Yong, Rong (2016)Siku Quanshu Jianming Mulu' 四庫全書簡明目錄. Shanghai Kexue Jishu Wenxian Chubanshe.
- Endymion Wilkinson. Chinese History: A New Manual. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center, Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series. New Edition; Second, Revised printing March 2013). ISBN 9780674067158 ISBN 0674067150. See esp. pp. 365– 377, Ch. 28, "The Confucian Classics."
الهامش
- ^ أ ب Voorst, Robert E. Van (2007). Anthology of World Scriptures. Cengage Learning. p. 140. ISBN 0-495-50387-8.
- ^ Cambridge History of Ancient China chapter 11
- ^ "Detailed List 19-24 - lawpark's JimdoPage!". Lawpark.jimdo.com. 2014-01-27. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
وصلات خارجية
- Chinese Text Project (English Chinese) (Chinese philosophy texts in classical Chinese with English and modern Chinese translations)
- Chinese Classics (James Legge's translations of the Analects of Confucius, the Great Learning, the Doctrine of the Mean, the Works of Mencius and the Tao Te Ching)
- The Canonical Books of Confucianism, David K. Jordan
- Relevant Electronic Resources for Chinese Classical Studies
بالصينية التقليدية
- Scripta Sinica Big classic texts database by Academia Sinica
- Palace Museum Chinese Text Database
- 中國電子古籍世界 Classics database
- Research Center for Chinese Ancient Texts includes CHANT (CHinese ANcient Texts) Database
- Chinese classic text online