الأمريكان الأوروبيون

European Americans
إجمالي التعداد
133 million European-diaspora Americans
41% of total U.S. population (2017)[1][أ]
(as opposed to 234,904,818 Americans self-identifying as white[2]
57.8% of the total U.S. population (2020)
المناطق ذات التجمعات المعتبرة
Contiguous United States and Alaska
smaller populations in Hawaii and the territories
اللغات
Predominantly English, but also other Languages of Europe
الدين
Predominantly Christianity (Mainly Protestantism and Roman Catholicism); Minority religions: Judaism, Mormonism, Neo-Paganism, Irreligion, Atheism
الجماعات العرقية ذات الصلة
European Canadians, European Mexicans

الأمريكان الأوروبيون European Americans (أيضاً يشار إليها بإسم أورو-أمريكان) هم أمريكان من أصل أوروبي.[3][4] This term includes people who are descended from the first European settlers in the United States as well as people who are descended from more recent European arrivals. European Americans have been the largest panethnic group in the United States since about the 17th century.

The Spaniards are thought to be the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the contiguous United States, with Martín de Argüelles (b. 1566) in St. Augustine, then a part of Spanish Florida,[5][6] and the Russians were the first Europeans to settle in Alaska, establishing Russian America. The first English child born in the Americas was Virginia Dare, born August 18, 1587. She was born in Roanoke Colony, located in present-day North Carolina, which was the first attempt, made by Queen Elizabeth I, to establish a permanent English settlement in North America.

In the 2016 American Community Survey, German Americans (13%), Irish Americans (12%), English Americans (9%), Italian Americans (6%), and Polish Americans (3%) were the five largest self-reported European ancestry groups in the United States, forming over a third of the total population.[7] However, the number of people with British ancestry is considered to be significantly under-counted, as many people in that demographic tend to identify themselves simply as Americans (20,151,829 or 7.2%).[8][9][10][11] The same applies to Americans of Spanish ancestry, as many people in that demographic tend to identify themselves as Hispanic and Latino Americans (58,846,134 or 16.6%), even though they carry a mean of 65.1% European genetic ancestry, mainly from Spain.[12] In the 2000 census over 56 million or 19.9% of the United States population ignored the ancestry question and are classified as "unspecified" and "not reported".[13]

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Terminology

Proportion of Non-Hispanic White Americans in each county of the fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census
Number of European Americans From 1800 To 2010
Year Population % of the United States Ref(s)
1800 4,306,446 81.1%
1850 19,553,068 84.3%
1900 66,809,196 87.9%
1950 134,942,028 89.5%
2000 211,460,626 75.1%
2010 223,553,265 72.4%


الاستخدام

In 1995, as part of a review of the Office of Management and Budget's Statistical Policy Directive No. 15 (Race and Ethnic Standards for Federal Statistics and Administrative Reporting), a survey was conducted of census recipients to determine their preferred terminology for the racial/ethnic groups defined in the Directive. For the White group, European American came a distant third, preferred by only 2.35% of panel interviewees, as opposed to White, which was preferred by 61.66%.[14]

The term is sometimes used interchangeably with Caucasian American, White American, and Anglo American in many places around the United States.[15] However, the terms Caucasian and White are racial terms, not geographic, and include some populations whose origin is outside of Europe; and Anglo-American also has another definition, meaning Americans with English ancestry.

الأصل

The term is used by some to emphasize this demographic's European cultural and geographical as well as ancestral origins, parallelling terms such as African Americans and Asian Americans.[بحاجة لمصدر]

In contexts such as medical research, terms such as "white" and "European" have been criticized for vagueness and blurring important distinctions between different groups that happen to fit within the label.[16] Margo Adair suggests that viewing Americans of European descent as a single group contributes to the "Wonder breading" of the United States, eradicating the cultural heritage of individual European ethnicities.[17]

الجماعات الفرعية

There are a number of subgroupings of European Americans.[18] While these categories may be approximately defined, often due to the imprecise or cultural regionalization of Europe, the subgroups are nevertheless used widely in cultural or ethnic identification.[19] This is particularly the case in diasporic populations, as with European people in the United States generally.[20] In alphabetical order, some of the subgroups are:

التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: European colonization of the Americas
الهجرة التاريخية / est. origins
البلد Immigration
قبل 1790 		Population
ancestry: 1790[21]
England* 230,000 1,900,000
Ulster Scotch-Irish* 135,000 320,000
Germany[ب] 103,000 280,000
Scotland* 48,500 160,000
Ireland 8,000 200,000
Netherlands 6,000 100,000
Wales* 4,000 120,000
France 3,000 80,000
Sweden and Other[ت] 500 20,000
*Totals, British 417,500 2,500,000+
الولايات المتحدة United States[ث] 950,000 3,929,214
Source:[22](excludes African population.)

Before the arrival of Europeans in the United States, the Native Americans predominantly inhabited the United States. The Native Americans died of European diseases such as small pox. Europeans killed an estimated 90% of Native Americans.[23] The first Europeans to invade North America were the Spanish. The Spanish’s first invasion was in 1565 at St. Augustine, Florida.[24] The most significant early explorers was from Spain Hernando De Soto, a Spanish explorer and conquistador who had accompanied Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizzaro during the his conquest of Peru. Leaving Havana, Cuba in 1539, De Soto's expedition landed in the state of Florida and ranged through the southeastern area in the United States as far as the Mississippi River in search of riches and fortune. Another Spaniard who initially explored the United States, Francisco Coronado, set out from the country Mexico in 1540 in search of the mythical Seven Cities of Cibola. Coronado's had traveled to Kansas and the Grand Canyon, but had failed to reveal the gold or treasure his men were looking for. Coronado left a gift of horses to the Plains Indians. Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazano and Frenchman Jacques Cartier are other Europeans who initially explored the United States. The Spanish, viewed the French as a threat to their trade route along the Gulf Stream.[25]

Since 1607, some 57 million immigrants have come to the United States from other lands. Approximately 10 million passed through on their way to some other place or returned to their original homelands, leaving a net gain of some 47 million people.[26]

تحولات في الهجرة الأوروبية

Before 1881, the vast majority of immigrants, almost 86% of the total, arrived from northwest Europe, principally Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, and Scandinavia, known as "Old Immigration". The years between 1881 and 1893 the pattern shifted, in the sources of U.S. "New Immigration". Between 1894 and 1914, immigrants from southern, central, and eastern Europe accounted for 69% of the total.[27][28][29] Prior to 1960, the overwhelming majority came from Europe or of European descent from Canada. Immigration from Europe as a proportion of new arrivals has been in decline since the mid-20th century, with 75.0% of the total foreign-born population born in Europe compared to 12.1% recorded in the 2010 census.[30]

الهجرة منذ 1820

European immigration to the U.S. 1820–1970
Years Arrivals Years Arrivals Years Arrivals
1820–1830 98,816 1901–1910 8,136,016 1981–1990
1831–1840 495,688 1911–1920 4,376,564 1991–2000
1841–1850 1,597,502 1921–1930 2,477,853
1851–1860 2,452,657 1931–1940 348,289
1861–1870 2,064,407 1941–1950 621,704
1871–1880 2,261,904 1951–1960 1,328,293
1881–1890 4,731,607 1961–1970 1,129,670
1891–1900 3,558,793 1971–1980
Arrivals Total (150 yrs) 35,679,763
Source:[31][32][33][34][35]
Country of origin 1820–1978
Country Arrivals % of total Country Arrivals % of total
Germany1 6,978,000 14.3% Norway 856,000 1.8%
Italy 5,294,000 10.9% France 751,000 1.5%
Great Britain 4,898,000 10.01% Greece 655,000 1.3%
Ireland 4,723,000 9.7% Portugal 446,000 0.9%
Austria-Hungary1, 2 4,315,000 8.9% Denmark 364,000 0.7%
Russia1, 2 3,374,000 6.9% Netherlands 359,000 0.7%
Sweden 1,272,000 2.6% Finland 33,000 0.1%
Total (158 yrs) 34,318,000
Source:[36][37][38] Note: Many returned to their country of origin
European-born population

The figures below show that of the total population of specified birthplace in the United States. A total of 11.1% were born-overseas of the total population.

Population / Proportion
born in Europe in 1850–2016
Year Population % of foreign-born
1850 2,031,867 92.2%
1860 3,807,062 92.1%
1870 4,941,049 88.8%
1880 5,751,823 86.2%
1890 8,030,347 86.9%
1900 8,881,548 86.0%
1910 11,810,115 87.4%
1920 11,916,048 85.7%
1930 11,784,010 83.0%
1960 7,256,311 75.0%
1970 5,740,891 61.7%
1980 5,149,572 39.0%
1990 4,350,403 22.9%
2000 4,915,557 15.8%
2010 4,817,437 12.1%
2016 4,785,267 10.9%
Source:[39][30][40][41]
Birthplace Population
in 2010 		Percent
in 2010 		Population
in 2016 		Percent
in 2016
Totals, European-born 4,817,437 12.0% 4,785,267 10.9%
Northern Europe 923,564 2.3% 950,872 2.2%
United Kingdom 669,794 1.7% 696,896 1.6%
Ireland 124,457 0.3% 125,840 0.3%
Other Northern Europe 129,313 0.3% 128,136 0.3%
Western Europe 961,791 2.4% 939,383 2.1%
Germany 604,616 1.5% 563,985 1.3%
France 147,959 0.4% 175,250 0.4%
Other Western Europe 209,216 0.5% 200,148 0.4%
Southern Europe 779,294 2.0% 760,352 1.7%
Italy 364,972 0.9% 335,763 0.8%
Portugal 189,333 0.5% 176,638 0.4%
Other Southern Europe 224,989 0.6% 247,951 0.5%
Eastern Europe 2,143,055 5.4% 2,122,951 4.9%
Poland 475,503 1.2% 424,928 1.0%
Russia 383,166 1.0% 397,236 0.9%
Other Eastern Europe 1,284,286 3.2% 1,300,787 3.0%
Other Europe (no country specified) 9,733 0.0% 11,709 0.0%
Source: 2010 and 2016[42]


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الديمغرافيا

للمزيد من المعلومات: Category:American people of European descent
The New York City Metropolitan Area is home to the largest European population in the United States.[43]

The numbers below give numbers of European Americans as measured by the U.S. Census in 1980, 1990, and 2000. The numbers are measured according to declarations in census responses. This leads to uncertainty over the real meaning of the figures: For instance, as can be seen, according to these figures, the European American population dropped 40 million in ten years, but in fact, this is a reflection of changing census responses. In particular, it reflects the increased popularity of the "American" option following its inclusion as an example in the 2000 census forms.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Breakdowns of the European American population into sub-components is a difficult and rather arbitrary exercise. Farley (1991) argues that "because of ethnic intermarriage, the numerous generations that separate respondents from their forebears and the apparent unimportance to many whites of European origin, responses appear quite inconsistent".[44]

In particular, a large majority of European Americans have ancestry from a number of different countries and the response to a single "ancestry" gives little indication of the backgrounds of Americans today. When only prompted for a single response, the examples given on the census forms and a pride in identifying the more distinctive parts of one's heritage are important factors; these will likely adversely affect the numbers reporting ancestries from the British Isles. Multiple response ancestry data often greatly increase the numbers reporting for the main ancestry groups, although Farley goes as far to conclude that "no simple question will distinguish those who identify strongly with a specific European group from those who report symbolic or imagined ethnicity." He highlights responses in the Current Population Survey (1973) where for the main "old" ancestry groups (e.g., German, Irish, English, and French), over 40% change their reported ancestry over the six-month period between survey waves (page 422).[بحاجة لمصدر]

The largest self-reported ancestries in 2000, reporting over 5 million members, were in order: German, Irish, English, American, Italian, French, and Polish. They have different distributions within the United States; in general, the northern half of the United States from Pennsylvania westward is dominated by German ancestry, and the southern-half by English and American. Irish may be found throughout the entire country. Italian ancestry is most common in the Northeast, Polish in the Great Lakes Region and the Northeast, and French in New England and Louisiana. U.S. Census Bureau statisticians estimate that approximately 62 percent of European Americans today are either wholly or partly of English, Welsh, Irish, or Scottish ancestry. Approximately 86% of European Americans today are of Northwestern and Central European ancestry, and 14% are of Southern European, Southeastern European, Eastern European, and Euro-Latino descent.[بحاجة لمصدر]

While most European-Americans are white, many are people of color. According to a 2022 Pew Research Center survey, around 2% of all Black immigrants in the United States migrated from Europe.[45] Black immigrants from Europe report worse health compared to Black immigrants from Africa. Racism experienced by Black Europeans while living in majority-white European countries may be a factor.[46]


أصول الأسلاف

انظر أيضاً: Race and ethnicity in the United States § Ancestry
Ancestral origin 1980 / %[47] 1990 / %[48] 2000 / %[49] 2016 (est.) / %[50] Pop. change
1990–2016
United States population 226,545,805 100.0 248,709,873 100.0 281,421,906 100.0 318,558,162 100.0 ▲28.08%
Total ancestries reported 188,302,438 83.1 248,709,873 100.0 287,304,886 102.1
Acadian/Cajun 668,271 0.3 85,414 0.0 115,312 0.04 ▼82.74%
Albanian 38,658 0.02 47,710 0.0 113,661 0.0 191,463 0.06 ▲301.31%
Alsatian 42,390 0.02 16,465 0.0 15,601 0.0 11,107 0.00 ▼32.54%
American 12,395,999 5.0 20,625,093 7.3 22,097,012 6.94 ▲78.26%
Austrian 948,558 0.42 864,783 0.3 735,128 0.3 702,772 0.22 ▼18.73%
Basque 43,140 0.0 47,956 0.0 57,793 0.0
Bavarian 4,348 0.0
Belarusian 7,381 0.00 4,277 0.0
Belgian 360,277 0.16 380,498[ج] 0.2 360,642 0.1 359,121 0.11 ▼5.62%
British 1,119,154 0.4 1,085,720 0.4 1,370,222 0.43 ▲22.43%
Bulgarian 42,504 0.02 29,595 0.0 55,489 0.0 98,410 0.03 ▲232.52%
Carpatho Rusyn 7,602 0.0 7,921 0.00 ▲4.20%
Celtic 29,652 0.0 65,638 0.0 50,058 0.02 ▲68.82%
Cornish 3,991 0.0
Croatian 252,970 0.11 544,270 0.2 374,241 0.1 410,003 0.13 ▼24.67%
Cypriot 6,053 0.00 4,897 0.0 7,663 0.0 7,332 0.00 ▲49.72%
Czech 1,892,456 0.84 1,296,411[ح] 0.5 1,262,527 0.4 1,435,359 0.45 ▲10.72%
Czechoslovakian 315,285 0.1 441,403 0.2 300,424 0.09 ▼4.71%
Danish 1,518,273 0.67 1,634,669 0.7 1,430,897 0.5 1,297,738 0.41 ▼20.61%
Dutch 6,304,499 2.78 6,227,089 2.5 4,542,494 1.6 4,210,787 1.32 ▼32.38%
Eastern European[خ] 62,404 0.03 132,332 0.1 546,280 0.17
English 49,598,035 21.89 32,651,788 13.1 24,515,138 8.7 24,426,623 7.67 ▼25.19%
Estonian 25,994 0.01 26,762 0.0 25,034 0.0 27,864 0.01 ▲4.12%
European[خ] 175,461 0.08 466,718 0.2 1,968,696 0.7 3,922,881 1.23
Finnish 615,872 0.27 658,870 0.3 623,573 0.2 645,053 0.20 ▼2.10%
Flemish 14,157 0.0
French (except Basque) 12,892,246 5.69 10,320,935 4.1 8,309,908 3.0 8,151,499 2.56 ▼21.02%
French Canadian 780,488 0.34 2,167,127 0.9 2,349,684 0.8 2,084,903 0.65 ▼3.79%
German 49,224,146 21.73 57,947,171[د] 23.3 42,885,162 15.2 45,879,360 14.40 ▼20.83%
German Russian 10,153 0.0 10,535 0.0 23,772 0.01 ▲134.14%
Greek 959,856 0.42 1,110,373 0.4 1,153,307 0.4 1,282,655 0.40 ▲15.52%
Hungarian 1,776,902 0.78 1,582,302 0.6 1,398,724 0.5 1,423,144 0.45 ▼10.06%
Icelandic 32,586 0.01 40,529 0.0 42,716 0.0 50,572 0.02 ▲24.78%
Irish 40,165,702 17.73 38,735,539[ذ] 15.6 30,528,492 10.8 33,093,550 10.39 ▼14.57%
Italian 12,183,692 5.38 14,664,550[ر] 5.9 15,723,555 5.6 17,174,741 5.39 ▲17.12%
Latvian 92,141 0.04 100,331 0.0 87,564 0.0 86,128 0.03 ▼14.16%
Lithuanian 742,776 0.33 811,865 0.3 659,992 0.2 648,514 0.20 ▼20.12%
Luxemburger 49,994 0.02 49,061 0.0 45,139 0.0 40,760 0.01 ▼16.92%
Macedonian 20,365 0.0 38,051 0.0 57,221 0.02 ▲180.98%
Maltese 31,645 0.01 39,600 0.0 40,159 0.0 39,985 0.01 ▲0.97%
Manx 9,220 0.00 6,317 0.0 6,955 0.0
Moravian 3,781 0.0
Northern Irish 16,418 0.01 4,009 0.0 3,693 0.0
Norwegian 3,453,839 1.52 3,869,395 1.6 4,477,725 1.6 4,454,964 1.40 ▲15.13%
Pennsylvania German 305,841 0.1 255,807 0.1 301,483 0.09 ▼1.42%
Polish 8,228,037 3.63 9,366,106 3.8 8,977,444 3.2 9,344,126 2.93 ▼0.23%
Portuguese 1,024,351 0.45 1,153,351 0.5 1,177,112 0.4 1,367,476 0.43 ▲18.57%
Prussian 25,469 0.0
Romanian 315,258 0.14 365,544 0.1 367,310 0.1 459,841 0.14 ▲25.80%
Russian 2,781,432 1.23 2,952,987 1.2 2,652,214 0.9 2,795,443 0.88 ▼5.34%
Saxon 4,519 0.0
Scandinavian 475,007 0.21 678,880 0.3 425,099 0.2 629,819 0.20 ▼7.23%
Scotch-Irish 5,617,773 2.3 4,319,232 1.5 3,056,848 0.96 ▼45.59%
Scottish 10,048,816 4.44 5,393,581 2.2 4,890,581 1.7 5,457,798 1.71 ▲1.19%
Serbian 100,941 0.04 116,795 0.0 140,337 0.0 189,425 0.06 ▲62.19%
Sicilian 50,389 0.0
Slavic 172,696 0.08 76,931 0.0 127,137 0.0 125,571 0.04 ▲63.23%
Slovak 776,806 0.34 1,882,897 0.8 797,764 0.3 714,557 0.22 ▼62.05%
Slovene 126,463 0.06 124,437 0.1 176,691 0.1 172,511 0.05 ▲38.63%
Soviet 7,729 0.0 2,459 0.00 ▼68.18%
Spaniard 94,528 0.04 360,935 0.1 299,948[51] 0.1 768,252[52] 0.24 ▲112.85%
Swedish 4,345,392 1.92 4,680,863 1.9 3,998,310 1.4 3,908,762 1.23 ▼16.49%
Swiss 981,543 0.43 1,045,495 0.4 911,502 0.3 937,376 0.29 ▼10.34%
Ukrainian 730,056 0.32 740,723 0.3 892,922 0.3 986,597 0.31 ▲33.19%
Welsh 1,664,598 0.73 2,033,893 0.8 1,753,794 0.6 1,805,577 0.57 ▼11.23%
West German 3,885 0.0
Yugoslav 360,174 0.16 257,994 0.1 328,547 0.1 276,360 0.09 ▼23.27%


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الثقافة

للمزيد من المعلومات: ثقافة الولايات المتحدة
American cultural icons, apple pie, baseball, and the American flag. All have European influence primarily from the British.

As the largest component of the American population, the overall American culture deeply reflects the European-influenced culture that predates the United States of America as an independent state. Much of American culture shows influences from the diverse nations of the United Kingdom and Ireland, such as the English, Irish, Cornish, Manx, Scotch-Irish, Scottish and Welsh. Colonial ties to the United Kingdom spread the English language, legal system and other cultural attributes.[4] Scholar David Hackett Fischer asserts in Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America that the folkways of four groups of people who moved from distinct regions of the United Kingdom to the United States persisted and provide a substantial cultural basis for much of the modern United States.[53] Fischer explains "the origins and stability of a social system which for two centuries has remained stubbornly democratic in its politics, capitalist in its economy, libertarian in its laws and individualist in its society and pluralistic in its culture."[54]

Much of the European-American cultural lineage can be traced back to Western and Northern Europe, which is institutionalized in the government, traditions, and civic education in the United States.[55] Since most later European Americans have assimilated into American culture, many Americans of European ancestry now generally express their personal ethnic ties sporadically and symbolically and do not consider their specific ethnic origins to be essential to their identity; however, European American ethnic expression has been revived since the 1960s.[56] Some European Americans such as Italians, Greeks, Poles, Germans, Ukrainians, Irish, and others have maintained high levels of ethnic identity. In the 1960s, the melting pot ideal to some extent gave way to increased interest in cultural pluralism, strengthening affirmations of ethnic identity among various American ethnic groups, European as well as others.[56]

Law

The American legal system also has its roots in French philosophy with the separation of powers and the federal system[57] along with English law in common law.[58] For example, elements of the Magna Carta in it contain provisions on criminal law that were incorporated into the Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution. It as well as other documents had elements influencing and incorporated into the United States Constitution.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Cuisine

المقالة الرئيسية: Cuisine of the United States
انظر أيضاً: Italian-American cuisine and Greek-American cuisine
Hamburgers were invented by German immigrants.
  • Apple pie – New England was the first region to experience large-scale English colonization in the early 17th century, beginning in 1620, and it was dominated by East Anglian Calvinists, better known as the Puritans. Baking was a particular favorite of the New Englanders and was the origin of dishes seen today as quintessentially "American", such as apple pie and the oven-roasted Thanksgiving turkey, a bird that although not found in Europe has become linked in tradition and symbolism to the early European immigrants.[59] "As American as apple pie" is a well-known phrase used to suggest that something is all-American.
  • Hamburger – Although the origins of the hamburger, including the country in which it was first served, are subjects of debate, the hamburger first became widely marketed in the United States[60] and has been internationally known for decades as a symbol of American fast food.
  • Maxwell Street Polish Hot Dog – Consists of a grilled or fried length of Polish sausage topped with grilled onions and yellow mustard and optional pickled whole, green sport peppers, served on a bun. The sandwich traces its origins to Chicago's Maxwell Street market, and has been called one of "the classic foods synonymous with Chicago".[61]
  • Buffalo wings – Invented in 1964 at Anchor Bar in Buffalo, New York by Italian-American Teressa Bellissimo. Now popular all over the country, it has become a symbol of American cuisine.[62]
  • Hot dog – Hot dogs were brought to New York by German immigrants.[63]
  • Pizza – Italian immigrants from Naples brought pizza to the United States.[64]
  • Fried chicken – Scottish immigrants brought fried chicken to the Southern United States. Enslaved African Americans began cooking fried chicken based on the recipes from white Scottish slaveholders.[65]

عيد الشكر

  • Thanksgiving – In the United States, it has become a national secular holiday (official since 1863) with religious origins. The first Thanksgiving was celebrated by English settlers to give thanks to God and the Native Americans for helping the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony survive the brutal winter.[66] The modern Thanksgiving holiday traces its origins from a 1621 celebration at the Plymouth Plantation, where the Plymouth settlers held a harvest feast with the Native Americans after a successful growing season. William Bradford is credited as the first to proclaim the American cultural event which is generally referred to as the "First Thanksgiving".

الرياضة

انظر أيضاً: أصول البيسبول
  • Baseball – The earliest recorded game of base-ball involved the family of the Prince of Wales, played indoors in London in November 1748. The Prince is reported as playing "Bass-Ball" again in September 1749 in Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, against Lord Middlesex.[67] English lawyer William Bray recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, Surrey; Bray's diary was verified as authentic in September 2008.[68][69] This early form of the game was apparently brought to North America by English immigrants. The first appearance of the term that exists in print was in "A Little Pretty Pocket-Book" in 1744, where it is called Base-Ball.
  • American football – can be traced to modified early versions of rugby football played in England and Canadian football mixed with and ultimately changed by American innovations which led over time to the finished version of the game from 1876 to now. The basic set of rules were first developed in American universities in the mid-19th century.[70]
  • Golf - Golf originated from Scotland in the 15th century, the first course in Scotland being St Andrews. The first golf course in America was founded by a Scot John Reid in 1888, and was named after the first Scottish golf club Saint Andrew's Golf Club located in Yonkers, New York, from here golf soared as a national hobby, and by the turn of the 20th Century there was more than 1,000 golf courses in North America.[71]

الموسيقى

Another area of cultural influence are American Patriotic songs:

Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom.

Admixture in non-Latino whites

انظر أيضاً: Native American ancestry

Some white Americans have varying amounts of Amerindian and sub-Saharan African ancestry. In a recent study, Gonçalves et al. 2007 reported sub-Saharan and Amerindian mtDna lineages at a frequency of 3.1% (respectively 0.9% and 2.2%) in European Americans, although that frequency may be scattered by region.[76]

DNA analysis on white Americans by geneticist Mark D. Shriver showed an average of 0.7% Sub-Saharan African admixture and 3.2% Native American admixture.[77] The same author, in another study, claimed that about 30% of all White Americans, approximately 66 million people, have a median of 2.3% of Sub-Saharan African admixture.[78] Later, Shriver retracted his statement, saying that actually around 5% of White Americans exhibit some detectable level of African ancestry.[79]

From the 23andMe database, about 5 to at least 13 percent of self-identified white American Southerners have greater than 1 percent African ancestry.[80] Southern states with the highest African American populations tended to have the highest percentages of hidden African ancestry.[81] White Americans (European Americans) on average are: "98.6 percent European, 0.19 percent African and 0.18 percent Native American." Inferred British/Irish ancestry is found in European Americans from all states at mean proportions of above 20%, and represents a majority of ancestry, above 50% mean proportion, in states such as Mississippi, Arkansas, and Tennessee. Scandinavian ancestry in European Americans is highly localized; most states show only trace mean proportions of Scandinavian ancestry, while it comprises a significant proportion, upwards of 10%, of ancestry in European Americans from Minnesota and the Dakotas.[80][81]

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

  1. ^ The figure does not include respondents ignoring the ancestry question.
  2. ^ Germany in this time period consisted of a large number of separate countries, the largest of which was Prussia.
  3. ^ The Other category probably contains mostly English ancestry settlers; but the loss of several states' census records in makes closer estimates difficult. The summaries of the 1790 and 1800 census from all states surveyed.
  4. ^ Total represents total immigration over the approximately 130-year span of colonial existence of the U.S. colonies as found in the 1790 census. At the time of the American Revolution the foreign born population was estimated to be from 300,000 to 400,000.
  5. ^ Excludes Flemish.[48]
  6. ^ Excludes Moravian.[48]
  7. ^ أ ب This category represents a general type response, which may encompass several ancestry groups.[48]
  8. ^ Excludes Bavarian, Prussian, Saxon, and West German.[48]
  9. ^ Excludes Northern Irish and Celtic.[48]
  10. ^ Excludes Sicilian.[48]

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وصلات خارجية

قالب:European diasporas

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