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A currency union (also known as monetary union) is an intergovernmental agreement that involves two or more states sharing the same currency. These states may not necessarily have any further integration (such as an economic and monetary union, which would have, in addition, a customs union and a single market).
There are three types of currency unions:
- Informal – unilateral adoption of a foreign currency.[1]
- Formal – adoption of foreign currency by virtue of bilateral or multilateral agreement with the monetary authority, sometimes supplemented by issue of local currency in currency peg regime.
- Formal with common policy – establishment by multiple countries of a common monetary policy and monetary authority for their common currency.
The theory of the optimal currency area addresses the question of how to determine what geographical regions should share a currency in order to maximize economic efficiency.[2]
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المزايا والعيوب
Implementing a new currency in a country is always a controversial topic because it has both many advantages and disadvantages. New currency has different impacts on businesses and individuals, which creates more points of view on the usefulness of currency unions. As a consequence, governmental institutions often struggle when they try to implement a new currency, for example by entering a currency union.
المزايا
- A currency union helps its members strengthen their competitiveness on a global scale and eliminate the exchange rate risk.
- Transactions among member states can be processed faster and their costs decrease since fees to banks are lower.[3]
- Prices are more transparent and so are easier to compare, which enables fair competition.
- The probability of a monetary crisis is lower. The more countries there are in the currency union, the more they are resistant to crisis.
Disadvantages
- The member states lose their sovereignty in monetary policy decisions. There is usually an institution (such as a central bank) that takes care of the monetary policymaking in the whole currency union.
- The risk of asymmetric "shocks" may occur. The criteria set by the currency union are never perfect, so a group of countries might be substantially worse off while the others are booming.
- Implementing a new currency causes high financial costs. Businesses and also single persons have to adapt to the new currency in their country, which includes costs for the businesses to prepare their management, employees, and they also need to inform their clients and process plenty of new data.
- Unlimited capital movement may cause moving most resources to the more productive regions at the expense of the less productive regions. The more productive regions tend to attract more capital in goods and services, which might avoid the less productive regions.[4][5]
Convergence and divergence
Convergence in terms of macroeconomics means that countries have a similar economic behaviour (similar inflation rates and economic growth). It is easier to form a currency union for countries with more convergence as these countries have the same or at least very similar goals. The European Monetary Union (EMU) is a contemporary model for forming currency unions. Membership in the EMU requires that countries follow a strictly defined set of criteria (the member states are required to have a specific rate of inflation, government deficit, government debt, long-term interest rates and exchange rate). Many other unions have adopted the view that convergence is necessary, so they now follow similar rules to aim the same direction.
Divergence is the exact opposite of convergence. Countries with different goals are very difficult to integrate in a single currency union. Their economic behaviour is completely different, which may lead to disagreements. Divergence is therefore not optimal for forming a currency union.[6]
History
The first currency unions were established in the 19th century. The German Zollverein came into existence in 1834, and by 1866, it included most of the German states. The fragmented states of the German Confederation agreed on common policies to increase trade and political unity.
The Latin Monetary Union, comprising France, Belgium, Italy, Switzerland, and Greece, existed between 1865 and 1927, with coinage made of gold and silver. Coins of each country were legal tender and freely interchangeable across the area. The union's success made other states join informally.
The Scandinavian Monetary Union, comprising Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, existed between 1873 and 1905 and used a currency based on gold. The system was dissolved by Sweden in 1924.[7]
A currency union among the British colonies and protectorates in Southeast Asia, namely the Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, Singapore and Brunei was established in 1952. The Malaya and British Borneo dollar, the common currency for circulation was issued by the Board of Commissioners of Currency, Malaya and British Borneo from 1953 until 1967. Following the cessation of the common currency arrangement, Malaysia (the combination of Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak), Singapore and Brunei began issuing their own currencies. Contemporarily, a currency reunion of these countries might still be feasible based on the findings of economic convergence.[8][9]
List of currency unions
Existing
Note: Every customs and monetary union and economic and monetary union also has a currency union.
زيمبابوي is theoretically in a currency union with four blocs as the South African rand, Botswana pula, British pound and US dollar freely circulate. The US Dollar was, until 2016, official tender.[17]
Additionally, the autonomous and dependent territories, such as some of the EU member state special territories, are sometimes treated as separate customs territory from their mainland state or have varying arrangements of formal or de facto customs union, common market and currency union (or combinations thereof) with the mainland and in regards to third countries through the trade pacts signed by the mainland state.[18]
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Currency union in Europe
The European currency union is a part of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (EMU). EMU was formed during the second half of the 20th century after historic agreements, such as Treaty of Paris (1951), Maastricht Treaty (1992). In 2002, the euro, a single European currency, was adopted by 12 member states. Currently, the Eurozone has 20 member states. The other members of the European Union are required to adopt the euro as their currency (except for Denmark, which has been given the right to opt out), but there has not been a specific date set. The main independent institution responsible for stability of the euro is the European Central Bank (ECB). Together with 15 national banks it forms the European System of Central Banks. The Governing Board consists of the Executive Committee of the ECB and the governors of individual national banks, and determines the monetary policy, as well as short-term monetary objectives, key interest rates and the extent of monetary reserves.[19]
Planned
| Community | Currency | Region | Target date | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 East African Community
|
East African shilling | Africa | 2012 (not met), 2015 (not met), 2024[20] | |
| West African Monetary Zone | Eco | Africa | 2027 | Inside Economic Community of West African States, planned to eventually merge with West African franc |
| ASEAN+3 | Asian Monetary Unit[بحاجة لمصدر] | Asia | ? | a free trade agreements matrix partially established |
 Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
|
Khaleeji | Arabian Peninsula | ? | Oman and the United Arab Emirates do not intend to adopt the currency at first but will do at a later date. |
 African Economic Community
|
Afro or Afriq | Africa | 2028[21] | Planned for 2028 or later |
| Brazil, Argentina and possibly other countries | Sur | Latin America | ? | As Financial Times reports, Brazil and Argentina will announce in January 2023 that they are starting preparatory work on a common currency "Sur" (South). The initiative would later be extended to invite other Latin American nations.[22] |
Disbanded
- between
Bahrain and 
Abu Dhabi using the Bahraini dinar - between
Bahrain, 
Kuwait, 
Oman, 
Qatar and the 
Trucial States, using the Gulf rupee from 1959 until 1966 - between
Aden, 
اتحاد الجنوب العربي, Bahrain, 
Kenya, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, 
British Somaliland, the Trucial States, 
Uganda, 
Zanzibar and 
British India (later independent 
India) using the Indian rupee - between
Belgium and the 
Grand-Duchy of Luxemburg (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union) using the Belgian/Luxembourgish franc from 1921 to the Euro - between British India and the
Straits Settlements (1837–1867) using the Indian rupee - between
Czech Republic and 
Slovakia (briefly from January 1, 1993 to February 8, 1993) using the Czechoslovak koruna - between
Ethiopia and 
Eritrea using the Ethiopian birr - between
France, 
Monaco, and 
Andorra using the French franc - between
Austria-Hungary and 
Liechtenstein using the Austro-Hungarian krone - between the Eastern Caribbean,
Jamaica, 
Barbados, 
Trinidad and Tobago and 
British Guiana using the British West Indies dollar - between the Eastern Caribbean, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago and British Guiana using the Eastern Caribbean dollar
- between
Italy, 
Vatican City, and 
San Marino using the Italian lira - between
Jamaica and the 
Cayman Islands using the Jamaican pound and later Jamaican dollar - between Kenya, Uganda, and Zanzibar using the East African rupee
- between Kenya, Uganda, and Zanzibar (and later
تنجانيقا) using the East African florin - between
Kenya, تنجانيقا and 
Zanzibar (later merged as 
Tanzania), 
Uganda, South Arabia, British Somaliland and 
Italian Somaliland using the East African shilling - Latin Monetary Union (1865–1927), initially between France, Belgium,
Italy and 
Switzerland, and later involving 
Greece,[23] 
Romania, 
إسپانيا and other countries. - between
Liberia and the 
United States using the United States dollar - between
Mauritius and 
Seychelles using the Mauritian rupee - between
Nigeria, 
the Gambia, 
Sierra Leone, 
the Gold Coast and Liberia using the British West African pound - between
Prussia and the North German states (1838–1857) using the North German thaler - between
Russia and the 
former Soviet republics (1991–1993) using the Soviet ruble - between Qatar and all the emirates of the
United Arab Emirates, except Abu Dhabi using the Qatari and Dubai riyal - between
Saudi Arabia and Qatar using the Saudi riyal - between
Western Samoa and 
New Zealand using the New Zealand pound - Scandinavian Monetary Union (1870s until 1924), between
Denmark, 
Norway and 
Sweden[23] - between the
Solomon Islands, 
Papua New Guinea and 
Australia using the Australian dollar - between Australia, Papua,
New Guinea, 
Nauru, 
the Solomon Islands, and 
the Gilbert and Ellice Islands using the Australian pound - between
Bavaria, 
Baden, 
Württemberg, 
Frankfurt, and 
Hohenzollern using the South German guilder - between
Spain and Andorra using the Spanish peseta - between
Trinidad and Tobago and 
Grenada using the Trinidad and Tobago dollar - between
Brunei, 
Malaysia, and 
Singapore (1953–1967) using the Malaya and British Borneo dollar - between
Cambodia, 
Laos, Guangzhouwan, 
Annam, 
Tonkin, and 
Cochinchina (later قالب:Country data State of Vietnam Vietnam) between 1885 and 1952 using the French Indochinese piastre - between
جنوب أفريقيا, قالب:Country data South West Africa South West Africa, and 
Bechuanaland (later independent 
Botswana) using the South African rand - between
Egypt, 
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, and 
Mandatory Palestine (until 1926) using the Egyptian pound - between
West Germany and 
East Germany between 1 July 1990 and 3 October 1990, as part of a temporary, so-called "Monetary, Economic and Social Union" prior to German reunification. - between what ultimately became the
Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, between 1928 and 1979. The Irish Pound was held at exactly the same value as Sterling for this period, although it was not accepted for payments in the UK. - Yen Bloc (between 1905 and 1945), between the
Empire of Japan, the 
Korean Empire, 
Manchukuo, 
Mengjiang, the قالب:Country data Wang Jingwei regime Wang Jingwei regime, and Japanese-occupied Southeast Asia prior to and during World War II.
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Never materialized
- proposed Pan-American monetary union – abandoned in the form proposed by Argentina
- proposed monetary union between the United Kingdom and Norway using the pound sterling during the late 1940s and early 1950s
- proposed gold-backed, pan-African monetary union put forward by Muammar Gaddafi prior to his death
See also
References
- ^ "World Bank" (PDF). WorldBank.org. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ^ Hafner, Kurt A.; Jager, Jennifer. "The Optimum Currency Area Theory and the EMU". Intereconomics. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ Global Economy, The. "Currency unions, Monetary unions". The Global Economy. Naven Valev. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ "Study". Study.com. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ^ "Global Financial Integrity". gfintegrity.org. 20 June 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ^ Enoch, Charles; Krueger, Russell. "Currency unions: key variables, definitions, measurement, and statistical improvement" (PDF). Bank for International Settlements. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ^ Bolton, Sally (10 December 2001). "History of currency unions". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ^ "History of Money in Malaysia: Colonial Notes & Coins". Bank Negara Malaysia. 2010. Archived from the original on 22 يوليو 2011. Retrieved 5 يوليو 2021.
- ^ Quah, C. H.; Ho, Y. J. (2020). "Economic Feasibility of Malaysia and Singapore-Brunei Monetary Reunion: A Scrutiny during Major Financial Crises". Applied Economics Journal. 27 (1): 23–51.
- ^ Anguilla and Montserrat are members of OECS currency union, but not of the CSME.
- ^ To all intents and purposes a monetary union. They are the last two nations whose dollars have remained at par and mutually interchangeable since the days when the Spanish Dollar was the united currency of large areas of the New World and Southeast Asia.
- ^ alongside the ngultrum
- ^ Not official, but freely used as a tender in Nepal, due to primarily the economic flux with India and also the instability caused by that country's civil war.
- ^ Zacharia, Janine (2010-05-31). "Palestinian officials think about replacing Israeli shekel with Palestine pound". The Washington Post and Times-Herald. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
- ^ Cobham, David (2004-09-15). "Alternative currency arrangements for a new Palestinian state" (PDF). In David Cobham (ed.). The Economics of Palestine: Economic Policy and Institutional Reform for a Viable Palestine State. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415327619. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
- ^ "Compact- Title 02 Article 05". www.fsmlaw.org.
- ^ "Zimbabwe abandons its currency" (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). 2009-01-29. Retrieved 2019-10-15.
- ^ EU Overseas countries and some other territories participate partially in the EU single market per part four of the Treaty Establishing the European Community Archived 2013-11-16 at the Wayback Machine; Some EU Outermost regions and other territories use the Euro of the currency union, others are part of the customs union; some participate in both unions and some in neither.
Territories of the United States, Australian External Territories and Realm of New Zealand territories share the currency and mostly also the market of their respective mainland state, but are generally not part of its customs territory. - ^ "European Union". Europa.eu. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ^ Asongu, Simplice; Nwachukwu, Jacinta; Tchamyou, Vanessa (2016-08-01). "A Literature Survey on Proposed African Monetary Unions" (PDF). Journal of Economic Surveys (in الإنجليزية). 31 (3): 878–902. doi:10.1111/joes.12174. ISSN 1467-6419. S2CID 38454408.
- ^ "A common currency at a later stage of Africa's economic integration". 30 November 2001.
- ^ "Brazil and Argentina to begin preparations for common currency, Financial Times reports". Reuters (in الإنجليزية). 2023-01-22. Retrieved 2023-01-22.
- ^ أ ب Bolton, Sally (10 December 2001). "A history of currency unions". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
France persuaded Belgium, Italy, Switzerland and Greece
- ^ Not currently on any political agenda, based mostly off conspiracy theories.
Further reading
- Acocella, N. and Di Bartolomeo, G. and Tirelli, P. [2007], ‘Monetary conservatism and fiscal coordination in a monetary union’, in: ‘Economics Letters’, 94(1): 56–63.
- Bergin, Paul (2008). "Monetary Union". In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267.