إيه بي إس

هذه الصفحة عن مركب كيميائي إسمه ABS، إذا لم يكن هذا ما تبحث عنه، انظر ABS (توضيح)

For other uses, see ABS (توضيح).
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
ABS Monomers V3.svg
Monomers in ABS polymer
Grãos de plástico ABS (ABS plastic grains).jpg
ABS polymer grains
المُعرِّفات
رقم CAS
ChemSpider
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ECHA InfoCard 100.127.708 Edit this at Wikidata
الخصائص
الصيغة الجزيئية (C8H8·C4H6·C3H3N)n
الكثافة 1.060–1.080 g/cm3[1]
قابلية الذوبان في الماء Insoluble in water
مركبات ذا علاقة
مركـّبات ذات علاقة
 Acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene (monomers)
ما لم يُذكر غير ذلك، البيانات المعطاة للمواد في حالاتهم العيارية (عند 25 °س [77 °ف]، 100 kPa).
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مراجع الجدول
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
Physical properties
الكثافة (ρ)0.9–1.53 g/cm3; median, 1.07 g/cm3
قابلية الاشتعال1.00
Thermal properties
Thermal conductivity (k)0.1 W/(m·K)
Linear thermal expansion coefficient (α)12×10−5 K−1
Chemical resistance
Acids—concentratedGood
Acids—diluteExcellent
AlcoholsPoor
AlkalisExcellent
Aromatic hydrocarbonsPoor
Halogenated hydrocarbonsPoor
KetonesPoor
[2][3]

الأكريلو نيتريل بيوتادايين إستيرين . أو (ABS) هم مركب كيميائي له الصيغة الكيميائية (C8H8.C4H6.C3H3N)x ) من أشهر اللدائن اللدنة بالحرارة, يستخدم لعمل قوالب المواد الخفيفة والصلبة مثل الأنابيب, أغطية الرأس في ملاعب الجولف (نظرا لإمتصاصه الجيد للصدمات), أجزاء السيارات, مكونات ألعاب الأطفال. كما أنه من البوليمرات المشتركة مع الستيرين والأكريلو نيتريل في تواجد بولي بيوتا دايين. ويمكن أن تغيير نسب المكونات كالتالي 15% إلى 35 % أكريلو نيتريل, 5% إلى 30 % بيوتا دايين, 40 % إلى 60 % ستيرين. ويكون الناتج عبارة عن سلسلة طويلة من البولي بيوتا دايين متشابكة مع سلاسل أقصر من بولي (ستيرين-كو-أكريلونيتريل). ونظرا لأن مجموعات النيتريل الموجودة في المسلاسل لمتجاورة تكون قطبية, فإنها تنجذب لعضها مما يؤدى لحدوث إنثنائات في السلاسل, وبالتالي يكون ABS أقوى من البولي ستيرين النقي. ويعطى الستيرين للدائن سطح لامع, مانع للماء. ويقوم البيوتا دايين بإعطاء البوليمر مرونة نظرا لطبيعته المطاطية, حتى في درجات الخرارة المنخفضة. ABS يمكن أن يستخدم في درجات الحرارة من -25 C° إلى + 60 C°.

ويستلزم إنتاج 1 كيلو جرم من ABS تقريبا 2 كيلو جرام من البترول كمادة خام ومصدر طاقة.

وحاليا, يتم إنتاج ABS خلال عملية تسمى التطعيم, وليس عن طريق البلمرة التساهمية للأكريلو نيتريل, والإستيرين, والبيوتا دايين. وفى هذه العملية يتم عمل بلمرة للبيوتا دايين أولا, ثم يتم إضافة السيانيد ومجموعات الفينيل خلال تفاعل كيميائي خاص.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الخصائص

ABS provides favorable mechanical properties such as impact resistance, toughness, and rigidity when compared with other common polymers.[3] A variety of modifications can be made to improve impact resistance, toughness, and heat resistance. The impact resistance can be amplified by increasing the proportions of polybutadiene in relation to styrene and also acrylonitrile, although this causes changes in other properties. Impact resistance does not fall off rapidly at lower temperatures. Stability under load is excellent with limited loads. Thus, by changing the proportions of its components, ABS can be prepared in different grades. Two major categories could be ABS for extrusion and ABS for injection molding, then high and medium impact resistance. Generally ABS would have useful characteristics within a temperature range from −20 to 80 °C (−4 to 176 °F).[4]

Lego bricks are made from ABS
The Citroën Méhari's body panels are made from ABS

The final properties will be influenced to some extent by the conditions under which the material is processed to the final product. For example, molding at a high temperature improves the gloss and heat resistance of the product whereas the highest impact resistance and strength are obtained by molding at low temperature. Fibers (usually glass fibers) and additives can be mixed in the resin pellets to make the final product strong and raise the maximum operating temperature as high as 80 °C (176 °F). Pigments can also be added, as the raw material's original color is translucent ivory to white. The aging characteristics of the polymers are largely influenced by the polybutadiene content, and it is normal to include antioxidants in the composition. Other factors include exposure to ultraviolet radiation, which additives are also available to protect against.

ABS polymers are resistant to aqueous acids, alkalis, concentrated hydrochloric and phosphoric acids and animal, vegetable and mineral oils, but they are swollen by glacial acetic acid, carbon tetrachloride and aromatic hydrocarbons and are attacked by concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids. They are soluble in esters, ketones (such as acetone), chloroform, and ethylene dichloride.[5] They also offer poor resistance to chlorinated solvents, alcohols and aldehydes.[3]

Even though ABS plastics are used largely for mechanical purposes, they also have electrical properties that are fairly constant over a wide range of frequencies. These properties are little affected by temperature and atmospheric humidity in the acceptable operating range of temperatures.[6]

ABS is flammable when it is exposed to high temperatures, such as those of a wood fire. It will melt and then boil, at which point the vapors burst into intense, hot flames. Since pure ABS contains no halogens, its combustion does not typically produce any persistent organic pollutants, and the most toxic products of its combustion or pyrolysis are carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide.[7] ABS is also damaged by sunlight. This caused one of the most widespread and expensive automobile recalls in US history due to the degradation of the seatbelt release buttons.[8][9]

ABS can be recycled, although it is not accepted by all recycling facilities.[10][11][المصدر لا يؤكد ذلك]

ABS is one of many types of thermoplastic with biomedical applications, with injection-molded components being easy to manufacture for single-use. It can be sterilized by gamma radiation or ethylene oxide (EtO).[12]

الخصائص الميكانيكية النمطية للـ ABS[3]
الخاصية القيمة
Young's Modulus (GPa) 2.28
Tensile Strength (MPa) 43
Flexural modulus (GPa) 2.48
Flexural Strength (MPa) 77
Notched Izod (kJ/m) 0.203
Heat Deflection Temperature, 1.81 MPa, (C) 81


الانتاج

ABS is derived from acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene. Acrylonitrile is a synthetic monomer produced from propylene and ammonia; butadiene is a petroleum hydrocarbon obtained from the C4 fraction of steam cracking; styrene monomer is made by dehydrogenation of ethyl benzene — a hydrocarbon obtained in the reaction of ethylene and benzene.

According to the European plastic trade association PlasticsEurope, industrial production of 1 kg (2.2 lb) of ABS resin in Europe uses an average of 95.34 MJ (26.48 kW⋅h) and is derived from natural gas and petroleum.[13][14]

التشغيل

ABS is manufactured in a variety of grades, but for precision machining of ABS structural parts, it is recommended to use Machine Grade ABS. Machine Grade ABS is easily machined via standard machining techniques including; turning, drilling, milling, and sawing. ABS can be chemically affixed to itself and other like plastics.[15]

التطبيقات

An ABS bell manufactured with a 3D printer

ABS was patented in 1948 and introduced to commercial markets by the Borg-Warner Corporation in 1954.[16]

ABS's light weight and ability to be injection molded and extruded make it useful in manufacturing products such as drain-waste-vent (DWV) pipe systems. Musical instruments such as recorders, plastic oboes and clarinets, piano movements, and keyboard keycaps are commonly made out of ABS.[17]

Other uses include golf club heads (because of its good shock absorbance), automotive trim components, automotive bumper bars, binoculars, inhalers, monoculars, nebulizers,[18] non-absorbable sutures, tendon prostheses, drug-delivery systems tracheal tubes,[12] enclosures for electrical and electronic assemblies (such as computer cases), protective headgear, whitewater canoes, buffer edging for furniture and joinery panels, luggage and protective carrying cases, pen housings, and small kitchen appliances. Toys, including LEGO (Lego bricks have been made from ABS since 1958[19][20]) and Kre-O bricks, are a common application.[21][22]

Household and consumer goods comprise the major applications of ABS.[23]

ABS plastic ground down to an average diameter of less than 1 micrometer is used as the colorant in some tattoo inks.[24]

الطباعة ثلاثية الأبعاد

When extruded into a filament, ABS plastic is a common material used in 3D printers,[25] as it is cheap, strong, has high stability and can be post-processed in various ways (sanding, painting, gluing, filling and chemical smoothing). When being used in a 3D printer, ABS is known to warp due to shrinkage that occurs while cooling during the printing process. The shrinking can be reduced by printing inside an enclosure on a heated print surface, using an adhesive such as a glue stick or hairspray to ensure the first layer of the print is well stuck to the print surface, or printing with a brim/raft at the base of the print to help increase adhesion to the print surface.[26] ABS is only used in FFF/FDM 3D printers, as resin 3D printers can not melt plastic.

Particular forms of ABS filaments are ABS-ESD (electrostatic discharge) and ABS-FR (fire resistant), which are used in particular for the production of electrostatically sensitive components and refractory prefabricated parts.

الخطر على البشر

ABS is stable to decomposition under normal use and polymer processing conditions with exposure to carcinogens well below workplace exposure limits.[27] However, at higher temperatures at or above 400 °C (750 °F) ABS can decompose into its constituents: butadiene (carcinogenic to humans), acrylonitrile (possibly carcinogenic to humans), and styrene (reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen).[27][28]

Ultrafine particles (UFPs) may be produced at lower temperatures (such as in 3D Printing).[29] Concerns have been raised regarding airborne UFP concentrations generated while 3D printing with ABS, as UFPs have been linked with adverse health effects, some of which may result from tissue obstruction in the kidneys, lungs, and intestines caused by a buildup of UFPs.[30][31]

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ "Matbase". Archived from the original on 17 June 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  2. ^ "Chemical & Environmental Resistance of Thermoplastics". rtpcompany.com. 10 September 2013.
  3. ^ أ ب ت ث Peters, Edward N., Plastics: Thermoplastics, Thermosets, and Elastomers, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 363–365 
  4. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Dynalab
  5. ^ Benj Edwards Vintage Computing and Gaming | Archive » Why Super Nintendos Lose Their Color: Plastic Discoloration in Classic Machines. Vintagecomputing. January 12, 2007
  6. ^ Harper C.A. (1975) Handbook of plastic and elastomers, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 1–3, 1–62, 2–42, 3–1, ISBN 0070266816
  7. ^ Rutkowski, J. V.; Levin, B. C. (1986). "Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers (ABS): Pyrolysis and combustion products and their toxicity?a review of the literature". Fire and Materials. 10 (3–4): 93. doi:10.1002/fam.810100303.
  8. ^ Henshaw, J. M.; Wood, V.; Hall, A. C. (1999). "Failure of automobile seat belts caused by polymer degradation". Engineering Failure Analysis. 6: 13–25. doi:10.1016/S1350-6307(98)00026-0.
  9. ^ "Belts recalled in 8.4 million vehicles". The Baltimore Sun. Knight-Ridder News Service. May 24, 1995. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  10. ^ "ABS Recycling". Heathland B.V. Archived from the original on 2014-03-06. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
  11. ^ "Recycling plastic". Brisbane City Council. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
  12. ^ أ ب Nancy Crotti (15 November 2019). "These common thermoplastics are ideal for medical device injection molding". MedicalDesign&Outsourcing. MedicalDesign&Outsourcing. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  13. ^ قالب:Cite techreport
  14. ^ Hammond, G. P.; Jones, C. I. (2008). "Embodied energy and carbon in construction materials" (PDF). Proceedings of the ICE - Energy. 161 (2): 87. doi:10.1680/ener.2008.161.2.87.
  15. ^ "ABS Plastic Sheet, Rod, Tube and Accessories". Interstate Plastics. Interstate Plastics. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
  16. ^ "Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer | chemical compound | Britannica".
  17. ^ "Keycap Construction: ABS". Deskthority. September 2014.
  18. ^ "Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and its Features". Omnexus. Omnexus. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  19. ^ "Lego Celebrates 50 Years of Building". Time. 28 January 2008. Archived from the original on 31 January 2008. Retrieved 28 January 2008.
  20. ^ Gesley, Jenny (29 January 2018). "60 Years of Lego Building Blocks and Danish Patent Law". Library of Congress.
  21. ^ ABS – acrylonitrile butadiene styrene on Designsite.dk, lists applications. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
  22. ^ May, James (2009). James May's Toy Stories. London: Conway. ISBN 978-1-84486-107-1.
  23. ^ Market Study Engineering Plastics, Ceresana, September 2013.
  24. ^ Kennedy, C.T.C. (2010), "Mechanical and Thermal Injury", in Tony Burns, Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, 2 (8th ed.), Wiley-Blackwell, p. 28.48 
  25. ^ "The Free Beginner's Guide". www.3dprintingindustry.com. 3D Printing Industry. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
  26. ^ ABS Print Warping: How to Stop It, Hironori Kondo, September 2021 .
  27. ^ أ ب Unwin, John (2013). "Airborne emissions of carcinogens and respiratory sensitizers during thermal processing of plastics". Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 57 (3): 399–406. doi:10.1093/annhyg/mes078. PMID 23091110.
  28. ^ "National Academy of Sciences strongly affirms science showing styrene is a human carcinogen". Richard Denison. Environmental Defense Fund. July 29, 2014. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  29. ^ Azimi, Parham; Zhao, Dan; Pouzet, Claire; Crain, Neil E.; Stephens, Brent (2016). "Emissions of Ultrafine Particles and Volatile Organic Compounds from Commercially Available Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments". Environmental Science & Technology. 50 (3): 1260–1268. Bibcode:2016EnST...50.1260A. doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b04983. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 26741485.
  30. ^ Stephens, Brent (November 2013). "Ultrafine particle emissions from desktop 3D printers". Atmospheric Environment. 79: 334–339. Bibcode:2013AtmEn..79..334S. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.050.
  31. ^ Sana, Siva Sankar; Dogiparthi, Lakshman Kumar; Gangadhar, Lekshmi; Chakravorty, Arghya; Abhishek, Nalluri (September 2020). "Effects of microplastics and nanoplastics on marine environment and human health". Environmental Science and Pollution Research (in الإنجليزية). 27 (36): 44743–44756. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-10573-x. ISSN 0944-1344 – via Springer Link.

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