وضعية

For other uses, see وضعية (توضيح).

الوضعية Positivism مصطلح فلسفي يأخذ عدة معاني حسب مجال استخدامه :

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 وضعية العلوم الإجتماعية

 وضعية كومت

المقالة الرئيسية: أوگوست كومت and قانون المراحل الثلاث

أوگوست كومت

"The most important thing to determine was the natural order in which the sciences stand—not how they can be made to stand, but how they must stand, irrespective of the wishes of any one. ... This Comte accomplished by taking as the criterion of the position of each the degree of what he called "positivity," which is simply the degree to which the phenomena can be exactly determined. This, as may be readily seen, is also a measure of their relative complexity, since the exactness of a science is in inverse proportion to its complexity. The degree of exactness or positivity is, moreover, that to which it can be subjected to mathematical demonstration, and therefore mathematics, which is not itself a concrete science, is the general gauge by which the position of every science is to be determined. Generalizing thus, Comte found that there were five great groups of phenomena of equal classificatory value but of successively decreasing positivity. To these he gave the names astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, and sociology."

— Lester F. Ward, The Outlines of Sociology (1898)،

معبد الوضعية في پورتو ألگري

 وضعية دوركهايم

Émile Durkheim

المقالة الرئيسية: إميل دوركهايم and حقائق اجتماعية

 Antipositivism and critical theory

المقالة الرئيسية: Antipositivism and Critical theory

 الوضعية المنطقية

المقالة الرئيسية: الوضعية المنطقية

Moritz Schlick, the founding father of logical positivism and the Vienna Circle.

الوضعية المنطقية (later and more accurately called logical empiricism) is a school of philosophy that combines empiricism, the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world, with a version of rationalism, the idea that our knowledge includes a component that is not derived from observation.

 انظر أيضاً

في علم الاجتماع

• Antipositivism
• Middle range theory (sociology)
• Philosophy of social science
• Social evolutionism

في الفلسفة

• الفلسفة التحليلية
• A. J. Ayer
• Bertrand Russell
• Gödel's incompleteness theorems
• Hyperreality, in postmodern philosophy the inability of distinguishing reality from its simulation
• Social constructionism
• Logical positivism
• Postpositivism
• Vladimir Solovyov

Regional histories

• London Positivist Society
• Positivism in Poland

مجالات أخرى

• Legal positivism
• Nature versus nurture, an ongoing debate concerning what's more influencing: innate qualities or personal experiences
• Scientific politics

Pejorative treatment

• Scientism
• The New Paul and Virginia

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 وصلات خارجية

• Quotations related to وضعية at Wikiquote
• Parana, Brazil
• Porto Alegre, Brazil
• Present positivistic Sociological theory
• Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• Posnan, Poland
• Positivists Worldwide
• Maison d'Auguste Comte, France