إقليم الهندوملايو

"Oriental region" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Oriental (Morocco).

إقليم الهندوملايو

إقليم الهندوملايو Indomalayan realm هو واحد من ثمانية biogeographic realms. It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia.

Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers, Indomalaya spreads all over the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia to lowland southern China, and through Indonesia as far as Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Borneo, east of which lies the Wallace line, the realm boundary named after Alfred Russel Wallace which separates Indomalaya from Australasia. Indomalaya also includes the Philippines, lowland Taiwan، وجزر ريوكيو باليابان.

Most of Indomalaya was originally covered by forest, and includes tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, with tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests predominant in much of India and parts of Southeast Asia. The tropical forests of Indomalaya are highly variable and diverse, with economically important trees, especially in the families Dipterocarpaceae and Fabaceae.

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 المناطق البيئية الرئيسية

The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) divides Indomalayan realm into three bio-regions, which it defines as "geographic clusters of eco-regions that may span several habitat types, but have strong biogeographic affinities, particularly at taxonomic levels higher than the species level (genus, family)".

 شبه القارة الهندية

The Indian subcontinent bioregion covers most of India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka and eastern parts of Pakistan. The Hindu Kush, Karakoram, Himalaya, and Patkai ranges bound the bioregion on the northwest, north, and northeast; these ranges were formed by the collision of the northward-drifting Indian subcontinent with Asia beginning 45 million years ago. The Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Himalaya are a major biogeographic boundary between the subtropical and tropical flora and fauna of the Indian subcontinent and the temperate-climate Palearctic realm.

 الهند الصينية

The Indochina bioregion includes most of mainland Southeast Asia, including Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia, as well as the subtropical forests of southern China.

 رصيف سوندا والفلپين

المقالة الرئيسية: أرض سوندا

المقالة الرئيسية: المناطق البيئية للفلپين

Malesia is a botanical province which straddles the boundary between Indomalaya and Australasia. It includes the Malay Peninsula and the western Indonesian islands (known as Sundaland), the Philippines, the eastern Indonesian islands, and New Guinea. While the Malesia has much in common botanically, the portions east and west of the Wallace Line differ greatly in land animal species; Sundaland shares its fauna with mainland Asia, while terrestrial fauna on the islands east of the Wallace line are derived at least in part from species of Australian origin, such as marsupial mammals and ratite birds.

 الحيومات

الحيومات

يضم الإقليم الحيومات التالية:

• Tropical and subtropical forest: It constitutes the predominant vegetation throughout the region.
• غابات جافة
• Tropical coniferous forest
• Temperate deciduous forest
• Temperate coniferous forest
• Meadow
• Flooded meadow
• Mountain meadows and scrublands
• الصحراء
• Mangrove swamp

 التاريخ

The flora of Indomalaya blends elements from the ancient supercontinents of Laurasia and Gondwana. Gondwanian elements were first introduced by India, which detached from Gondwana approximately 90 MYA, carrying its Gondwana-derived flora and fauna northward, which included cichlid fish and the plant families Crypteroniaceae and possibly Dipterocarpaceae. India collided with Asia 30-45 MYA, and exchanged species. Later, as Australia-New Guinea drifted north, the collision of the Australian and Asian plates pushed up the islands of Wallacea, which were separated from one another by narrow straits, allowing a botanic exchange between Indomalaya and Australasia. Asian rainforest flora, including the dipterocarps, island-hopped across Wallacea to New Guinea, and several Gondwanian plant families, including podocarps and araucarias, moved westward from Australia-New Guinea into western Malesia and Southeast Asia.

 النبيت

The subfamily Dipterocarpoideae comprises characteristic tree species in Indomalaya's moist and seasonally dry forests, with the greatest species diversity in the moist forests of Borneo. Teak (Tectona) is characteristic of the seasonally dry forests of the Indomalaya, from India through Indochina, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Tropical pitcher plants (Nepenthes) are also characteristic of Indomalaya, and the greatest diversity of species is in Sumatra, Borneo, and the Philippines.

The tropical forests of Indomalaya and Australasia share many lineages of plants, which have managed over millions of years to disperse across the straits and islands between Sundaland and New Guinea. The two floras evolved in long isolation, and the fossil record suggests that Asian species dispersed to Australasia starting 33 million years ago as Australasia moved northwards, and dispersal increased 12 million years ago as the two continents approached their present positions. The exchange was asymmetric, with more Indomalayan species spreading to Australasia than Australasian species to Indomalaya.

 الوحيش

Two orders of mammals, the colugos (Dermoptera) and treeshrews (Scandentia), are endemic to the realm, as are families Craseonycteridae (Kitti's hog-nosed bat), Diatomyidae, Platacanthomyidae, Tarsiidae (tarsiers) and Hylobatidae (gibbons). Large mammals characteristic of Indomalaya include the leopard, tigers, water buffalos, Asian elephant, Indian rhinoceros, Javan rhinoceros, Malayan tapir, orangutans, and gibbons.

Indomalaya has three endemic bird families, the Irenidae (fairy bluebirds), Megalaimidae and Rhabdornithidae (Philippine creepers). Also characteristic are pheasants, pittas, Old World babblers, and flowerpeckers.

Indomalaya has 1000 species of amphibians in 81 genera, about 17 of global species. 800 Indomalayan species, or 80%, are endemic. Indomalaya has three endemic families of amphibians, Nasikabatrachidae, Ichthyophiidae, and Uraeotyphlidae. 329, or 33%, of Indomalayan amphibians are considered threatened or extinct, with habitat loss as the principal cause.

المزيد من المعلومات موجود في وحيش إقليم الهندوملايو.

 المناطق البيئية

Ecoregions of the Indomalayan realm, color-coded by biome. Beige: deserts and xeric shrublands. Light brown: tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests. Green: tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests. Bright green: tropical and subtropical coniferous forests. light green: temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. Dark green: temperate coniferous forests. Light blue: flooded grasslands and savannas. Light purple: montane grasslands and shrublands. Magenta: mangroves.

المناطق البيئية للغابات الوارفة المطيرة المدارية وشبه المدارية في الهندوملايو
غابات جزر أندامان المطيرة	الهند
Borneo lowland rain forests	بروناي، إندونيسيا، ماليزيا
Borneo montane rain forests	بروناي، إندونيسيا، ماليزيا
Borneo peat swamp forests	بروناي، إندونيسيا، ماليزيا
Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests	الهند
Cardamom Mountains rain forests	كمبوديا، تايلند، ڤيتنام
Chao Phraya freshwater swamp forests	تايلند
Chao Phraya lowland moist deciduous forests	تايلند
Chin Hills–Arakan Yoma montane forests	ميانمار، الهند
Christmas and Cocos Islands tropical forests	أستراليا
Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests	الهند
Eastern Java–Bali montane rain forests	إندونيسيا
Eastern Java–Bali rain forests	إندونيسيا
Greater Negros–Panay rain forests	الفلپين
Hainan Island monsoon rain forests	الصين
Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests	بهوتان، الهند، نيپال
Irrawaddy freshwater swamp forests	ميانمار
Irrawaddy moist deciduous forests	ميانمار
Jiang Nan subtropical evergreen forests	الصين
Kayah–Karen montane rain forests	ميانمار، تايلند
Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests	بنگلادش، الهند
Luang Prabang montane rain forests	لاوس
Luzon montane rain forests	الفلپين
Luzon rain forests	الفلپين
Malabar Coast moist forests	الهند
Maldives–Lakshadweep–Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests	أراضي المحيط الهندي البريطانية، الهند، المالديڤ
Meghalaya subtropical forests	الهند
Mentawai Islands rain forests	إندونيسيا
Mindanao montane rain forests	الفلپين
Mindanao–Eastern Visayas rain forests	الفلپين
Mindoro rain forests	الفلپين
Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests	بنگلادش، الهند، ميانمار
Myanmar coastal rain forests	ميانمار
Nansei Islands subtropical evergreen forests	اليابان
Nicobar Islands rain forests	الهند
North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests	الهند
North Western Ghats montane rain forests	الهند
Northern Annamites rain forests	لاوس، ڤيتنام
Northern Indochina subtropical forests	الصين، لاوس، ميانمار، تايلند، ڤيتنام
Northern Khorat Plateau moist deciduous forests	لاوس، تايلند
Northern Thailand-Laos moist deciduous forests	لاوس، تايلند
Northern Triangle subtropical forests	ميانمار
Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests	ڤيتنام
Orissa semi-evergreen forests	الهند
Palawan rain forests	الفلپين
Peninsular Malaysian montane rain forests	ماليزيا، تايلند
Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests	ماليزيا، تايلند
Peninsular Malaysian rain forests	إندونيسيا، ماليزيا، سنغافورة، تايلند
Red River freshwater swamp forests	ڤيتنام
جزر بحر الصين الجنوبي	المتنازع عليها بين الصين، ماليزيا، الفلپين، تايوان، ڤيتنام
South China–Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests	الصين، ڤيتنام
South Taiwan monsoon rain forests	تايوان
South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests	الهند
South Western Ghats montane rain forests	الهند
Southern Annamites montane rain forests	كمبوديا، لاوس، ڤيتنام
Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests	إندونيسيا
Sri Lanka lowland rain forests	سريلانكا
Sri Lanka montane rain forests	سريلانكا
Sulu Archipelago rain forests	الفلپين
Sumatran freshwater swamp forests	إندونيسيا
Sumatran lowland rain forests	إندونيسيا
Sumatran montane rain forests	إندونيسيا
Sumatran peat swamp forests	إندونيسيا
Sundaland heath forests	إندونيسيا
Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests	بنگلادش، الهند
Taiwan subtropical evergreen forests	تايوان
Tenasserim–South Thailand semi-evergreen rain forests	ماليزيا، ميانمار، تايلند
Tonle Sap freshwater swamp forests	كمبوديا، ڤيتنام
Tonle Sap–Mekong peat swamp forests	كمبوديا، ڤيتنام
Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests	الهند
Western Java montane rain forests	إندونيسيا
Western Java rain forests	إندونيسيا

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 انظر أيضاً

• Ecoregions of India
• Ecoregions of the Philippines
• Mainland Southeast Asia (the Indochinese Peninsula)
• Malesia
• Sundaland

 ببليوجرافيا

• Wikramanayake, E., E. Dinerstein, C. J. Loucks, D. M. Olson, J. Morrison, J. L. Lamoreux, M. McKnight, and P. Hedao. 2002. Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, [2].