گوندوانا

هذا المقال هو عن the supercontinent. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر گوندوانا (توضيح).

گوندوانا Gondwana

قارات تاريخية
النوع	Geological supercontinent
اليوم جزء من	Africa South America Australia India Arabia Antarctica Balkans
القارات الصغرى	Atlantica India Australia Antarctica Zealandia
الصفيحة التكتونية	African Plate Antarctic Plate Indo-Australian Plate South American Plate

A global paleogeographic reconstruction of the Earth during the Late Triassic, approximately 220 Mya, showing Gondwana breaking away from Laurasia in the north

أرض الجندوانا Gondwanaland، إحدى الكتل القارية الرئيسية في نصف الكرة الجنوبي، وجدت منذ العصر الكمبري، وشملت أمريكا الجنوبية وأفريقيا والهند واستراليا والقارة القطبية الجنوبية (أنتاركتيكا).

 التشكيل

Orogens and Kuungan Orogens.

Reconstruction showing final stages of assembly of Gondwana, 550 Mya.

 التفكك

 الحقبة الوسطى

Nothofagus is a plant genus that illustrates Gondwanan distribution, having descended from the supercontinent and existing in current day Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia and Chile. Fossils have also recently been found in Antarctica.

 انظر أيضا

• Continental drift, the movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other
• Plate tectonics, a theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere
• South Polar dinosaurs, which proliferated during the Early Cretaceous (145-100 Ma) while Australia was still linked to Antarctica to form East Gondwana
• Geology of the Australasian ecozone

 المصادر

• Cattermole, Peter John (2000). Building Planet Earth: Five Billion Years of Earth History. London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58278-0. OCLC 317422973.
• Collins, Alan S; Pisarevsky, Sergei A (2005). "Amalgamating eastern Gondwana: The evolution of the Circum-Indian Orogens". Earth-Science Reviews. 71 (3–4): pp. 229–270. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.02.004. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Cowen, Richard (2000). History of Life (3rd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-632-04444-3. OCLC 41572551.
• Encarnacion, J; Fleming, Thomas H.; Elliot, David H.; Eales, Hugh V. (1996). "Synchronous emplacement of Ferrar and Karoo dolerites and the early break-up of Gondwana". Geology. 24 (6): pp. 535–538. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0535:SEOFAK>2.3.CO;2. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
• Lowrie, William (1997). Fundamentals of Geophysics. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46164-1. OCLC 35651121. Also ISBN 978-0-521-46728-5.
• Meert, JG (2003-02-06). "A synopsis of events related to the assembly of eastern Gondwana". Tectonophysics. 363 (1): pp. 1–40. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00629-7. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
• Stern, RJ (1994). "ARC Assembly and Continental Collision in the Neoproterozoic East African Orogen: Implications for the Consolidation of Gondwanaland". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 22: pp. 319–351. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.22.050194.001535. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

 قراءات للإستزادة

• Scheffler, K; Hoernes, S; Schwark, L (2003). "Global changes during Carboniferous–Permian glaciation of Gondwana: Linking polar and equatorial climate evolution by geochemical proxies". Geology. 33 (7): pp. 605–608. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0605:GCDCGO>2.0.CO;2. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

 وصلات خارجية

• Animation showing the dispersal of Gondwanaland
• Graphical subjects dealing with Tectonics and Paleontology
• Gondwana Reconstruction and Dispersion