هيوستن

Coordinates: 29°45′46″N 95°22′59″W / 29.76278°N 95.38306°W / 29.76278; -95.38306
(تم التحويل من Houston)
هذا المقال هو عن المدينة في ولاية تكساس الأمريكية. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر هيوستن (توضيح).
يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين Houston County, Texas; Heuston; or Euston.
هيوستن
Houston
مدينة
وسط البلد، هيوستن
مركز تكساس الطبي
تمثال سام هيوستن
Uptown Houston
مركز جونسون للفضاء
Museum of Fine Arts
علم هيوستن
Flag
الختم الرسمي لـ هيوستن
الشعار
الكنية: 
مدينة الفقضاء (الرسمي) للمزيد...
Interactive map of Houston
هيوستن is located in تكساس
هيوستن
هيوستن
Location in Texas
هيوستن is located in الولايات المتحدة
هيوستن
هيوستن
Location in the United States
الإحداثيات: 29°45′46″N 95°22′59″W / 29.76278°N 95.38306°W / 29.76278; -95.38306
البلدالولاية
الولايةتكساس
المقاطعاتهاريس
فورت بند
مونتجمري
Incorporated5 يونيو 1837; منذ 187 سنة (1837-06-05
السمِيْسام هيوستن
الحكومة
 • النوعالعمدة-المجلس
 • الكيانمجلس مدينة هيوستن
 • العمدةسيلڤستر ترنر (د)
المساحة
 • مدينة667 ميل² (1٬625٫2 كم²)
 • البر639٫1 ميل² (1٬642٫1 كم²)
 • الماء27٫9 ميل² (72٫3 كم²)
 • العمران
10٬062 ميل² (26٬060 كم²)
المنسوب
80 ft (32 m)
التعداد
 (2020)[1]
 • مدينة2٬301٬572
 • Estimate 
(2023)[2]
2٬314٬157
 • الترتيب6th in North America
4th in the United States
1st in Texas
 • الكثافة3٬598٫43/sq mi (1٬389٫36/km2)
 • Urban
[3]
5٬853٬575 (US: 5th)
 • الكثافة الحضرية3٬339٫8/sq mi (1٬289٫5/km2)
 • العمرانية
[4]
7٬122٬240 (US: 5th)
صفة المواطنHoustonian
GDP
[5]
 • Metro$633.185 billion (2022)
منطقة التوقيتUTC−6 (CST)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes
770xx, 772xx (P.O. Boxes)
مفتاح الهاتف713, 281, 832, 346
FIPS code48-35000[6]
GNIS feature ID1380948[7]
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.houstontx.gov Edit this at Wikidata

هيوستن (إنگليزية: Houston)، هي أكبر مدن ولاية تكساس، ورابع أكبر مدن الولايات المتحدة. مساحتها 1558 كم2. تقع في مقاطعة هاريس في منطقة هيوستن الكبرى. في عام 2005 قدر عدد سكانها بأكثر من مليوني نسمة. تعد مركزاً ثقافياً واقتصادياً كبيراً بالنسبة لمنطقة ساحل الخليج في الولايات المتحدة.

Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/; HEW-stən) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas and in the Southern United States. Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, it is the seat of Harris County; as well as the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area, the fifth-most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second-most populous in Texas after Dallas–Fort Worth. With a population of 2,314,157 in 2023,[2] Houston is the fourth-most populous city in the United States after New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago, and the sixth-most populous city in North America. Houston is the southeast anchor of the greater megaregion known as the Texas Triangle.[8]

Comprising a land area of 640.4 square miles (1,659 km2),[9] Houston is the ninth-most expansive city in the United States (including consolidated city-counties). It is the largest city in the United States by total area whose government is not consolidated with a county, parish, or borough. Though primarily in Harris County, small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties, bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands.

Houston was founded by land investors on August 30, 1836,[10] at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou (a point now known as Allen's Landing) and incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837.[11][12] The city is named after former General Sam Houston, who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas's independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles (40 km) east of Allen's Landing.[12] After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s, Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century.[13] The 20th century brought a convergence of economic factors that fueled rapid growth in Houston, including a burgeoning port and railroad industry, the decline of Galveston as Texas's primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane, the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel, and the Texas oil boom.[13] In the mid-20th century, Houston's economy diversified, as it became home to the Texas Medical Center—the world's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions—and NASA's Johnson Space Center, home to the Mission Control Center.

Since the late 19th century, Houston's economy has had a broad industrial base in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics, and transportation. Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment, Houston has the second-most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits.[14][15] The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled and second in total cargo tonnage handled.[16]

Nicknamed the "Bayou City", "Space City", "H-Town", and "the 713", Houston has become a global city, with strengths in culture, medicine, and research. The city's population comprises various ethnic and religious backgrounds, as well as a large and growing international community. Houston is the most diverse metropolitan area in Texas and has been described as the most racially and ethnically diverse major city in the U.S.[17][18] It is home to many cultural institutions and exhibits, such as the Houston Museum District and the Houston Theater District.[19]

تعرف المدينة عالمياً بصناعة الطاقة، وبالأخص النفط، وبمصانع الطائرات، كما تعرف بقناة السفن. يوجد في المدينة ميناء هيوستن والذي يصنف في المرتبة الأولى بالنسبة لموانئ الشحن الدولية في الولايات المتحدة. ويوجد فيها أيضاً مركز تكساس الطبي، أحد أكبر معاهد الأبحاث الطبية في العالم. تلقب المدينة بـ "مدينة الفضاء" لوجود مركز ليندون ب. جونسون الفضائي التابع للناسا.

تأسست المدينة في أغسطس 1836 بعد شراء الأخوين ألين (جون كيربي وأغسطس تشابمان) 27 كيلومتراً مربعاً من الأرض لقاء 9428 دولاراً أمريكياً. وأطلقوا عليها اسم "هيوستن" نسبة إلى الحاكم سام هيوستن، والذي كان قائداً عسكرياً في حرب استقلال تكساس في ذلك العام (1836).

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التاريخ

سام هيوستن
هيوستن، حوالي 1873
Houston Ship Channel
The space shuttle, atop its Boeing 747 SCA, flying over Johnson Space Center

قبل أن يصل المستوطنون البيض كان هنود كارانكاوا يعيشون على طول ساحل الخليج بالقرب مما هو معروف الآن بمدينة هيوستن.

وفي حوالي 1914، دفعت اكتشافاتٌ مهمة للنفط عدة شركات زيت لإقامة مصانع تكرير في منطقة هيوستن.

ولقد أدت الحرب العالمية الثانية (1939 – 1945). إلى زيادة الطلب على منتجات هيوستن البترولية.

كما أقام مركز السفن الفضائية المأهولة قواعده الدائمة في منطقة كلير ليك سيتي بالقرب من هيوستن في عام 1964. وفي عام 1969، قام علماء ومهندسون في هذا المركز بتوجيه أول هبوط لرواد الفضاء على سطح القمر. وقد أُطلق على المركز اسمٌ جديد في عام 1973، هو مركز ليندون جونسون للفضاء.

ولقد أدّى نمو هيوستن السريع إلى ازدياد تلوث الهواء والماء الناتجين بوجه خاص من الصناعات القائمة على طول قناة هيوستن للنقل بالبواخر. ولكن في أثناء أواخر الستينيات وأوائل السبعينيات من القرن العشرين، أدخلت السلطات برامج خفّضت بشكل ملحوظ ذلك التلوث، وبخاصة تلوث الماء. وحتى أواخر السبعينيات من القرن العشرين لم يكن بهيوستن نقل عام يفي بالمراد حتى جاء عام 1979م عندما أُنشئت هيئة النقل الحضري لتقوم بخدمة النقل العام في أرجاء المنطقة.

وفيما بين عامي 1970 و1980م، ازداد عدد وحدات الإسكان في منطقة هيوستن بما يقرب من 70%. ولقد تمت غالبية الزيادة في ضواحي هيوستن. وحدث كذلك ازدهارٌ في البناء والتشييد في وسط هيوستن. كما تضاعفت المساحة المخصصة للمكاتب في المنطقة الخاصة بأعمال الصناعة والتجارة وغيرها ثلاث مرات تقريبًا.


الموقع

تقع هيوستن في جنوب شرقي تكساس وتبعد عن خليج المكسيك حوالي 80كم. وبالرغم من موقعها الداخلي، إلاّ أنها واحدة من أكبر الموانئ البحرية في العالم. وتربطها بخليج المكسيك قناة هيوستن التي تسمح للسفن بالعبور من هيوستن وإليها.

الجغرافيا

المقالة الرئيسية: Geography of Houston
Satellite image of Houston, 2020

Houston is 165 miles (266 km) east of Austin,[20] 88 miles (142 km) west of the Louisiana border,[21] and 250 miles (400 km) south of Dallas.[22] The city has a total area of 637.4 square miles (1,651 km2);[9] this comprises over 599.59 square miles (1,552.9 km2) of land and 22.3 square miles (58 km2) covered by water.[23] Most of Houston is on the gulf coastal plain, and its vegetation is classified as Western Gulf coastal grasslands while further north, it transitions into a subtropical jungle, the Big Thicket.

Much of the city was built on forested land, marshes, or swamps, and all are still visible in surrounding areas.[24] Flat terrain and extensive greenfield development have combined to worsen flooding.[25] Downtown stands about 50 feet (15 m) above sea level,[26] and the highest point in far northwest Houston is about 150 feet (46 m) in elevation.[27] The city once relied on groundwater for its needs, but land subsidence forced the city to turn to ground-level water sources such as Lake Houston, Lake Conroe, and Lake Livingston.[12][28] The city owns surface water rights for 1.20 billion US gallons (4.5 Gl) of water a day in addition to 150 million US gallons (570 Ml) a day of groundwater.[29]

Houston has four major bayous passing through the city that accept water from the extensive drainage system. Buffalo Bayou runs through Downtown and the Houston Ship Channel, and has three tributaries: White Oak Bayou, which runs through the Houston Heights community northwest of Downtown and then towards Downtown; Brays Bayou, which runs along the Texas Medical Center;[30] and Sims Bayou, which runs through the south of Houston and Downtown Houston. The ship channel continues past Galveston and then into the Gulf of Mexico.[31]

الجيولوجيا

Aerial view of central Houston, showing Downtown and surrounding neighborhoods, March 2018

Houston is a flat, marshy area where an extensive drainage system has been built. The adjoining prairie land drains into the city, which is prone to flooding.[32] Underpinning Houston's land surface are unconsolidated clays, clay shales, and poorly cemented sands up to several miles deep. The region's geology developed from river deposits formed from the erosion of the Rocky Mountains. These sediments consist of a series of sands and clays deposited on decaying organic marine matter, that over time, transformed into oil and natural gas. Beneath the layers of sediment is a water-deposited layer of halite, a rock salt. The porous layers were compressed over time and forced upward. As it pushed upward, the salt dragged surrounding sediments into salt dome formations, often trapping oil and gas that seeped from the surrounding porous sands. The thick, rich, sometimes black, surface soil is suitable for rice farming in suburban outskirts where the city continues to grow.[33][34]

The Houston area has over 150 active faults (estimated to be 300 active faults) with an aggregate length of up to 310 miles (500 km),[35][36][37] including the Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system which runs through the center of the city. Land in some areas southeast of Houston is sinking because water has been pumped out of the ground for many years. It may be associated with slip along the faults; however, the slippage is slow and not considered an earthquake, where stationary faults must slip suddenly enough to create seismic waves.[38] These faults also tend to move at a smooth rate in what is termed "fault creep",[28] which further reduces the risk of an earthquake.

Cityscape

للمزيد من المعلومات: Geographic areas of Houston and List of Houston neighborhoods
Houston's superneighborhoods

The city of Houston was incorporated in 1837 and adopted a ward system of representation shortly afterward, in 1840.[39] The six original wards of Houston are the progenitors of the 11 modern-day geographically oriented Houston City Council districts, though the city abandoned the ward system in 1905 in favor of a commission government, and, later, the existing mayor–council government.

Intersection of Bagby and McGowen streets in western Midtown, 2016

Locations in Houston are generally classified as either being inside or outside the Interstate 610 loop. The "Inner Loop" encompasses a 97-square-mile (250 km2) area which includes Downtown, pre–World War II residential neighborhoods and streetcar suburbs, and newer high-density apartment and townhouse developments.[40] Outside the loop, the city's typology is more suburban, though many major business districts—such as Uptown, Westchase, and the Energy Corridor—lie well outside the urban core. In addition to Interstate 610, two additional loop highways encircle the city: Beltway 8, with a radius of approximately 10 miles (16 km) from Downtown, and State Highway 99 (the Grand Parkway), with a radius of 25 miles (40 km). Approximately 470,000 people lived within the Interstate 610 loop, while 1.65 million lived between Interstate 610 and Beltway 8 and 2.25 million lived within Harris County outside Beltway 8 in 2015.[41]

Though Houston is the largest city in the United States without formal zoning regulations, it has developed similarly to other Sun Belt cities because the city's land use regulations and legal covenants have played a similar role.[42][43] Regulations include mandatory lot size for single-family houses and requirements that parking be available to tenants and customers. In 1998, Houston relaxed its mandatory lot sizes from 5,000 square feet to 3,500 square feet, which spurred housing construction in the city dramatically.[44]

Such restrictions have had mixed results. Though some have blamed the city's low density, urban sprawl, and lack of pedestrian-friendliness on these policies, others have credited the city's land use patterns with providing significant affordable housing, sparing Houston the worst effects of the 2008 real estate crisis. The city issued 42,697 building permits in 2008 and was ranked first in the list of healthiest housing markets for 2009.[45] In 2019, home sales reached a new record of $30 billion.[46]

In referendums in 1948, 1962, and 1993, voters rejected efforts to establish separate residential and commercial land-use districts. Consequently, rather than a single central business district as the center of the city's employment, multiple districts and skylines have grown throughout the city in addition to Downtown, which include Uptown, the Texas Medical Center, Midtown, Greenway Plaza, Memorial City, the Energy Corridor, Westchase, and Greenspoint.[47]

Downtown Houston skyline just after sunset
Uptown Houston skyline in 2013
Texas Medical Center skyline in 2019


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Architecture

المقالة الرئيسية: Architecture of Houston
انظر أيضاً: List of tallest buildings in Houston

Houston had the fifth-tallest skyline in North America (after New York City, Chicago, Toronto and Miami) and 36th-tallest in the world in 2015.[48] A seven-mile (11 km) system of tunnels and skywalks links Downtown buildings containing shops and restaurants, enabling pedestrians to avoid summer heat and rain while walking between buildings. In the 1960s, Downtown Houston consisted of a collection of mid-rise office structures. Downtown was on the threshold of an energy industry – led boom in 1970. A succession of skyscrapers was built throughout the 1970s—many by real estate developer Gerald D. Hines—culminating with Houston's tallest skyscraper, the 75-floor, 1,002-foot (305 m)-tall JPMorgan Chase Tower (formerly the Texas Commerce Tower), completed in 1982. It is the tallest structure in Texas, 19th tallest building in the United States, and was previously 85th-tallest skyscraper in the world, based on highest architectural feature. In 1983, the 71-floor, 992-foot (302 m)-tall Wells Fargo Plaza (formerly Allied Bank Plaza) was completed, becoming the second-tallest building in Houston and Texas. Based on highest architectural feature, it is the 21st-tallest in the United States. In 2007, Downtown had over 43 million square feet (4,000,000 m2) of office space.[49]

Centered on Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road, the Uptown District boomed during the 1970s and early 1980s when a collection of midrise office buildings, hotels, and retail developments appeared along I-610 West. Uptown became one of the most prominent instances of an edge city. The tallest building in Uptown is the 64-floor, 901-foot (275 m)-tall, Philip Johnson and John Burgee designed landmark Williams Tower (known as the Transco Tower until 1999). At the time of construction, it was believed to be the world's tallest skyscraper outside a central business district. The new 20-story Skanska building[50] and BBVA Compass Plaza[51] are the newest office buildings built in Uptown after 30 years. The Uptown District is also home to buildings designed by noted architects I. M. Pei, César Pelli, and Philip Johnson. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a mini-boom of midrise and highrise residential tower construction occurred, with several over 30 stories tall.[52][53][54] Since 2000 over 30 skyscrapers have been developed in Houston; all told, 72 high-rises tower over the city, which adds up to about 8,300 units.[55] In 2002, Uptown had more than 23 million square feet (2,100,000 m2) of office space with 16 million square feet (1,500,000 m2) of class A office space.[56]

أحياء هيوستن

تم تقسيم هيوستن إلى 88 حيًا فائقًا حيث يتم تشجيع سكان المجتمعات المجاورة على العمل معًا لتحديد وتخطيط وتحديد الأولويات لتلبية احتياجات ومخاوف مجتمعهم.

يعمل مجلس الحي الفائق كمنتدى حيث يمكن للمقيمين وأصحاب المصلحة مناقشة القضايا وإنشاء مشاريع ذات أولوية للمنطقة وتطوير خطة عمل سوبر جوار لمساعدتهم على تحقيق أهدافهم. في بعض الحالات ، انضم أكثر من الأحياء الفائقة معًا لإنشاء مجلس أقوى وأكثر نشاطًا.

تعمل مبادرة سوبر جوار على بناء وتحسين النجاحات السابقة وتعتمد على مشاركة أصحاب المصلحة والتواصل معهم. الأشخاص الذين يعيشون في الأحياء أنفسهم هم الأفضل تجهيزًا لمعرفة احتياجاتهم ، وهم الأكثر استثمارًا في رؤية تلبية هذه الاحتياجات. إنهم يجلبون هذه المخاوف إلى المدينة ويعملون معًا لمعالجتها وحلها. من خلال هذه المبادرة ، أنشأت حكومة المدينة علاقات قوية داخل مجتمعات هيوستن.

المناخ

المقالة الرئيسية: مناخ هيوستن
Buffalo Bayou after Hurricane Harvey, August 2017

Houston's climate is classified as humid subtropical (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification system), typical of the Southern United States. While not in Tornado Alley, like much of Northern Texas, spring supercell thunderstorms sometimes bring tornadoes to the area.[57] Prevailing winds are from the south and southeast during most of the year, which bring heat and tropical moisture from the nearby Gulf of Mexico and Galveston Bay.[58]

During the summer, temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) an average of 106.5 days per year, including a majority of days from June to September. Additionally, an average of 4.6 days per year reach or exceed 100 °F (37.8 °C).[59] Houston's characteristic subtropical humidity often results in a higher apparent temperature, and summer mornings average over 90% relative humidity.[60] Air conditioning is ubiquitous in Houston; in 1981, annual spending on electricity for interior cooling exceeded $600 million (equivalent to $1٫53 billion in 2022), and by the late 1990s, approximately 90% of Houston homes featured air conditioning systems.[61][62] The record highest temperature recorded in Houston is 109 °F (43 °C) at Bush Intercontinental Airport, on four occasions: September 4, 2000; August 27, 2011; and August 24 and August 27, 2023.[59]

Space Shuttle Independence replica covered in snow, 2017

Houston has mild winters, with occasional cold spells. In January, the normal mean temperature at George Bush Intercontinental Airport is 53 °F (12 °C), with an average of 13 days per year with a low at or below 32 °F (0 °C), occurring on average between December 3 and February 20, allowing for a growing season of 286 days.[59] Twenty-first century snow events in Houston include a storm on December 24, 2004, which saw 1 inch (3 cm) of snow accumulate in parts of the metro area,[63] and an event on December 7, 2017, which precipitated 0.7 inches (2 cm) of snowfall.[64][65] Snowfalls of at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) on both December 10, 2008, and December 4, 2009, marked the first time measurable snowfall had occurred in two consecutive years in the city's recorded history. Overall, Houston has seen measurable snowfall 38 times between 1895 and 2018. On February 14 and 15, 1895, Houston received 20 inches (51 cm) of snow, its largest snowfall from one storm on record.[66] The coldest temperature officially recorded in Houston was 5 °F (−15 °C) on January 18, 1930.[59] The last time Houston saw single digit temperatures was on December 23, 1989. The temperature dropped to 7 °F (−14 °C) at Bush Airport, marking the coldest temperature ever recorded there. 1.7 inches of snow fell at George Bush Intercontinental Airport the previous day.[67]

Houston generally receives ample rainfall, averaging about 49.8 in (1,260 mm) annually based on records between 1981 and 2010. Many parts of the city have a high risk of localized flooding due to flat topography,[68] ubiquitous low-permeability clay-silt prairie soils,[69] and inadequate infrastructure.[68] During the mid-2010s, Greater Houston experienced consecutive major flood events in 2015 ("Memorial Day"),[70] 2016 ("Tax Day"),[71] and 2017 (Hurricane Harvey).[72] Overall, there have been more casualties and property loss from floods in Houston than in any other locality in the United States.[73] The majority of rainfall occurs between April and October (the wet season of Southeast Texas), when the moisture from the Gulf of Mexico evaporates extensively over the city.[70][73]

Houston has excessive ozone levels and is routinely ranked among the most ozone-polluted cities in the United States.[74] Ground-level ozone, or smog, is Houston's predominant air pollution problem, with the American Lung Association rating the metropolitan area's ozone level twelfth on the "Most Polluted Cities by Ozone" in 2017, after major cities such as Los Angeles, Phoenix, New York City, and Denver.[75] The industries along the ship channel are a major cause of the city's air pollution.[76] The rankings are in terms of peak-based standards, focusing strictly on the worst days of the year; the average ozone levels in Houston are lower than what is seen in most other areas of the country, as dominant winds ensure clean, marine air from the Gulf.[77] Excessive man-made emissions in the Houston area led to a persistent increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide over the city. Such an increase, often regarded as "CO2 urban dome", is driven by a combination of strong emissions and stagnant atmospheric conditions. Moreover, Houston is the only metropolitan area with less than ten million citizens where such a CO2 dome can be detected by satellites.[78]

قالب:Houston weatherbox

Climate data for Houston (William P. Hobby Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1930–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 92
(33) 		93
(34) 		96
(36) 		94
(34) 		100
(38) 		105
(41) 		104
(40) 		109
(43) 		108
(42) 		98
(37) 		95
(35) 		94
(34) 		109
(43)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 78.2
(25.7) 		80.6
(27.0) 		84.3
(29.1) 		87.8
(31.0) 		92.5
(33.6) 		96.4
(35.8) 		98.1
(36.7) 		99.3
(37.4) 		96.1
(35.6) 		91.4
(33.0) 		84.7
(29.3) 		80.5
(26.9) 		100.2
(37.9)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 63.8
(17.7) 		67.6
(19.8) 		73.4
(23.0) 		79.3
(26.3) 		85.9
(29.9) 		91.0
(32.8) 		92.9
(33.8) 		93.5
(34.2) 		89.3
(31.8) 		82.1
(27.8) 		72.6
(22.6) 		65.7
(18.7) 		79.8
(26.6)
Daily mean °F (°C) 55.0
(12.8) 		58.9
(14.9) 		64.7
(18.2) 		70.6
(21.4) 		77.6
(25.3) 		83.0
(28.3) 		84.8
(29.3) 		85.1
(29.5) 		81.1
(27.3) 		73.0
(22.8) 		63.3
(17.4) 		56.9
(13.8) 		71.2
(21.8)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 46.1
(7.8) 		50.1
(10.1) 		55.9
(13.3) 		61.8
(16.6) 		69.3
(20.7) 		74.9
(23.8) 		76.6
(24.8) 		76.7
(24.8) 		72.9
(22.7) 		63.9
(17.7) 		54.0
(12.2) 		48.0
(8.9) 		62.5
(16.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 30.5
(−0.8) 		34.5
(1.4) 		38.7
(3.7) 		46.5
(8.1) 		57.2
(14.0) 		68.7
(20.4) 		72.3
(22.4) 		72.0
(22.2) 		62.2
(16.8) 		47.2
(8.4) 		36.8
(2.7) 		32.8
(0.4) 		28.4
(−2.0)
Record low °F (°C) 10
(−12) 		14
(−10) 		22
(−6) 		36
(2) 		44
(7) 		56
(13) 		64
(18) 		66
(19) 		50
(10) 		33
(1) 		25
(−4) 		9
(−13) 		9
(−13)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.09
(104) 		2.85
(72) 		3.28
(83) 		4.08
(104) 		5.42
(138) 		6.09
(155) 		4.59
(117) 		5.44
(138) 		5.76
(146) 		5.78
(147) 		3.90
(99) 		4.34
(110) 		55.62
(1٬413)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.2 8.9 8.3 8.0 7.7 10.4 9.2 9.6 9.8 7.2 8.4 9.5 107.2
Source 1: NOAA[79]
Source 2: National Weather Service[80]
Flooded parking lot during Hurricane Harvey, August 2017

Because of Houston's wet season and proximity to the Gulf Coast, the city is prone to flooding from heavy rains; the most notable flooding events include Tropical Storm Allison in 2001 and Hurricane Harvey in 2017, along with most recent Tropical Storm Imelda in 2019 and Tropical Storm Beta in 2020. In response to Hurricane Harvey, Mayor Sylvester Turner of Houston initiated plans to require developers to build homes that will be less susceptible to flooding by raising them two feet above the 500-year floodplain. Hurricane Harvey damaged hundreds of thousands of homes and dumped trillions of gallons of water into the city.[81] In places this led to feet of standing water that blocked streets and flooded homes. The Houston City Council passed this regulation in 2018 with a vote of 9–7. Had these floodplain development rules had been in place all along, it is estimated that 84% of homes in the 100-year and 500-year floodplains would have been spared damage.[محل شك][81]

In a recent case testing these regulations, near the Brickhouse Gulley, an old golf course that long served as a floodplain and reservoir for floodwaters, announced a change of heart toward intensifying development.[82] A nationwide developer, Meritage Homes, bought the land and planned to develop the 500-year floodplain into 900 new residential homes. Their plan would bring in $360 million in revenue and boost city population and tax revenue. In order to meet the new floodplain regulations, the developers needed to elevate the lowest floors two feet above the 500-year floodplain, equivalent to five or six feet above the 100-year base flood elevation, and build a channel to direct stormwater runoff toward detention basins. Before Hurricane Harvey, the city had bought $10.7 million in houses in this area specifically to take them out of danger. In addition to developing new streets and single-family housing within a floodplain, a flowing flood-water stream termed a floodway runs through the development area, a most dangerous place to encounter during any future flooding event.[83] Under Texas law Harris County, like other more rural Texas counties, cannot direct developers where to build or not build via land use controls such as a zoning ordinance, and instead can only impose general floodplain regulations for enforcement during subdivision approvals and building permit approvals.[83]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

السياسة والحكومة

قاعة مدينة هيوستن


الإقتصاد

يعتبر إنتاج المواد الكيميائية ـ وبخاصة البتروكيميائيات وتكرير الزيت ـ من الصناعات الأساسية في هيوستن. وتُصنّع البتروكيميائيات من الزيت الخام أو من الغاز الطبيعي. وتشمل البتروكيميائيات المنتجة في منطقة هيوستن البنزين والإثيلين والبروبيلين.

وتُعدُّ هيوستن رائدة في صناعة المخصّبات، والمبيدات الحشرية والمعدات الخاصة بحقول الزيت. وتتعامل ميناء هيوستن فيما يقرب من 73 مليون طن متري من البضائع سنويًا. وتستوعب المئات من عمال رصيف الميناء للشحن والتفريغ وتساعد في جعل هيوستن مركزًا صناعيًا.

هيوستن مدينة صناعية كبيرة. ويحتوي الإقليم على رواسب غنية من الزيت. وتقوم هيوستن كذلك بخدمة تتمثل في كونها مركزًا لبرنامج الفضاء الخاص بالولايات المتحدة. وتُوجَّه رحلات الفضاء من قاعدة فن وعلم الطيران ومركز فضاء ليندون ب. جونسون لإدارة الفضاء القائم في هيوستن.

Data from citydata.com[84]

التوزيع السكانى

خلال السبعينيات من القرن العشرين استمر نمو هيوستن في الصناعة، والتجارة، وعدد السكان. نقلت أكثر من 200 هيئة مكاتبها وقواعدها الرئيسية إلى المدينة أو أقامت لها هناك أقسامًا أو شُعبًا. وبين عامي 1970 و1980م، ازداد عدد سكان المدينة من 1,233,535 نسمة إلى 1,595,138 نسمة. وكان معدل النمو البالغ 29% واحدًا من أعلى نسب الزيادة في الولايات المتحدة. وفي عام 1977م، ضمت هيوستن إليها كلير ليك سيتي التي تقع إلى جوار مركز ليندون ب. جونسون للفضاء. وقد أشار تعداد الولايات المتحدة لعام 1980م، أن هيوستن قد أصبحت خامس أكبر مدينة في الدولة من حيث عدد السكان.

The annual Houston International Festival spotlights a different culture each year

الثقافة

Houston Art Car Parade

الفنون والمسرح

Wortham Center in the Theater District of Downtown
Hobby Center for the Performing Arts

الأحداث

السياحة والترفيه

Reflection pool in Hermann Park

الرياضة

Minute Maid Park

وسائل الإعلام

الهندسة المعمارية

The JPMorgan Chase Tower stands as the tallest building in Texas.

النقل

Interstate 10 and Interstate 45 near Downtown
METRO light rail along the Main Street Corridor in Downtown
George Bush Intercontinental Airport

الرعايه الصحية والأدوية

Texas Medical Center

التعليم

جامعة رايس
جامعة هيوستن

مدن شقيقة

قراءات إضافية

  • Houston, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online
  • 171 Years of Historic Houston Houstonhistory.com. 2007. Retrieved on 2007-01-13.
  • A thumb-nail history of the city of Houston, Texas, from its founding in 1836 to the year 1912, published 1912, hosted by the Portal to Texas History, republished 2007 by Copano Bay Press.
  • True stories of old Houston and Houstonians: historical and personal sketches / by S. O. Young., published 1913, hosted by the Portal to Texas History, republished 2007 by Copano Bay Press.
  • Allen, O. Fisher (1936). City of Houston from Wilderness to Wonder. Self Published. NA..
  • Johnston, Marguerite (1991). Houston, The Unknown City, 1836–1946. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-476-9.
  • Miller, Ray (1984). Ray Miller's Houston. Gulf Publishing Company. ISBN 0-88415-081-X.
  • Slotboom, Oscar F. "Erik" (2003). Houston Freeways. Oscar F. Slotboom. ISBN 0-9741605-3-9.[1].
  • Wilson, Ann Quin (1982). Native Houstonian - A Collective Portrait. The Donning Company - Houston Baptist University Press. 80-27644..
  • Young, Samuel Oliver (2007). A Thumbnail History of the City of Houston, Texas, From its Founding in 1836 to the Year 1912. Copano Bay Press. Limited Edition..
  • Young, Samuel Oliver (2007). True Stories of Old Houston and Houstonians - 1836-1912. Copano Bay Press. Limited Edition..

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Fort Bend County, Texas قالب:Harris County, Texas قالب:Montgomery County, Texas


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تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=هيوستن&oldid=4048646"