هولودومور

(تم التحويل من Holodomor)
هولودومور
Голодомор в Україні
GolodomorKharkiv.jpg
Starved peasants on a street in Kharkiv, 1933
البلدUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union
الموقعCentral and eastern Ukraine
الفترة1932–1933
إجمالي الوفياتAround 3.5 million; see death toll
الإنقاذForeign relief rejected by the state. 176,200 and 325,000 tons of grains provided by the state as food and seed aids between February and July 1933.[1]
جزء من سلسلة عن
هولودومور
Holodomor icon.svg
خلفية تاريخية
الحكومة السوڤيتية

الهيئات

السياسات

الجهات المسئولة

الاتحاد السوڤيتي

التحقيق والعقاب
جزء من سسلة عن
الإبادة الجماعية
قضايا
العصور القديمة والوسطى
الإبادة الجماعية للشعوب الأصلية

القرن 18، 19 والربع الأول من القرن 20

Late Ottoman genocides
Soviet genocide

Ethnic cleansing in the Soviet Union

Nazi Holocaust and genocide (1941–1945)
Cold War
Genocides in postcolonial Africa
Ethno-religious genocide in contemporary era
Related topics
Category
جزء من سلسلة عن
تاريخ أوكرانيا
درع أوكرانيا
قبل التاريخ
التاريخ المبكر
التاريخ الحديث المبكر
التاريخ المعاصر
موضوعات حسب التاريخ

هولودومور Holodomor (أوكرانية: Голодомор, 'Морити голодом'، ترجمتها الحرفية القتل بالجوع) كانت مجاعة حدثت في اوكرانيا السوڤيتية ما بين 1932 و1933. أثناء المجاعة والتي عرفت وقتها باسم "الإرهاب-المجاعة في اوكرانيا" و"الماجعة-التطهير العرقي في اوكرانيا"،[2][3][4] في الموسم الزراعي 1932 - 1933. في ذات الفترة كانت المجاعات تعصف ببقاع أخرى أيضاً من الاتحاد السوڤيتي. تعتبر مجاعة هولودومور أحد أسوأ الكوارث في التاريخ الأوكراني، وأحد أسوأ معالم فترة حكم ستالين، حيث تشير التقديرات إلى أن ما بين 2.2 و3.5 مليون قد ماتوا في هذه المجاعة، كما أن البعض يطرح أرقاماً أعلى من ذلك بكثير.

أوكرانيا كانت تعتبر بمثابة سلة خبز أوروبا قبل المجاعة.أسباب المجاعة هي موضع جدل علمي وسياسي كبيرين، فبعض المؤرخين يعتبرون المجاعة مدبرة من قبل السلطات السوفييتية لاستهداف النزعة الوطنية الأوكرانية، آخرون يرون أنها نتيجة غير مقصودة للمشكلات الاقتصادية التي سببتها التغييرات الاقتصادية في حقبة تحويل السوفييت إلى الاقتصاد الصناعي. كما أن هناك من يعزو المجاعة بالأساس إلى أسباب طبيعية.

وقد أقر البرلمان [5] والحكومة الأوكرانيان وعدد من الدول الأخرى اعتبار الأحداث التي أدت إلى المجاعة بمثابة أفعال إبادة جماعية، رغم عدم وجود إجماع دولي حول ذلك.

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الاعتراف القانوني

التاريخ

الأسباب

المقالة الرئيسية: أسباب الهولودومور


الانتهاكات

الضحايا

انظر أيضاً: المجاعة السوڤيتية 1932–1933 and المسح السوڤيتي (1937)


Incidence of Disease in Russian Empire and USSR
السنة التيفود حمى التيفود الحمى الراجعة الجدري الملاريا
1913 120 424 30 67 3600
1918-22 1300 293 639 106 2940 (متوسط)
1929 40 170 6 8 3000
1930 60 190 5 10 2700
1931 80 260 4 30 3200
1932 220 300 12 80 4500
1933 800 210 12 38 6500
1934 410 200 10 16 9477
1935 120 140 6 4 9924
1936 100 120 3 0.5 6500


Declassified Soviet statistics[6]
السنة المواليد الوفيات التغير الطبيعي
1927 1184 523 661
1928 1139 496 643
1929 1081 539 542
1930 1023 536 487
1931 975 515 460
1932 782 668 114
1933 471 1850 -1379
1934 571 483 88
1935 759 342 417
1936 895 361 534


التطهير العرقي

البلدان التي أقرت الهولودومور كتطهير عرقي
المقالة الرئيسية: Holodomor genocide question


الإنكار الغربي والسوڤيتي

المقالة الرئيسية: إنكار الهولودومور


في السياسات المعاصرة

المقالة الرئيسية: الهولودومور في السياسات المعاصرة
One of the interpretations of The Running Man painting by Kazimir Malevich, also known as Peasant Between a Cross and a Sword, is the artist's indictment of the Great Famine.[7] "Kasimir Malevich's haunting 'The Running Man' (1933-34), showing a peasant fleeing across a deserted landscape, is eloquent testimony to the disaster."[8]


الذكرى

Viktor Yanukovych and Dmitry Medvedev near Memorial to the Holodomor Victims in Kiev


الذكرى خارج اوكرانيا

كندا

الولايات المتحدة

معرض الصور


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انظر أيضاً

هوامش

  1. ^ Davies & Wheatcroft 2010, pp. 479–484.
  2. ^ Davies, Norman (2006). Europe East and West. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 145. ISBN 0-224-06924-1. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  3. ^ Baumeister, Roy (1999). Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty. Macmillan. p. 179. ISBN 0-8050-7165-2. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  4. ^ Sternberg, Robert (2008). The Nature of Hate. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN 0-521-89698-3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ http://arabic.rnw.nl/currentaffairs/cur24120601
  6. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة HowMany
  7. ^ Dmytro Horbachov, Fullest Expression of Pure feeling, Welcome to Ukraine, 1998, No 1.
  8. ^ Andrew Wilson, "The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation", Yale University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-300-09309-8, p.144

قراءات إضافية

إعلانات وقوانين

كتب ومقالات

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  • Bruski, Jan Jacek (2008). Hołodomor 1932-1933. Wielki Głód na Ukrainie w dokumentach polskiej dyplomacji i wywiadu (in Polish). Warszawa: Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych. ISBN 978-83-89607-56-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

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وصلات خارجية

 اقرأ نصاً ذا علاقة في

Joint Statement on Holodomor


Map Countries which officially recognize the Holodomor as genocide

Flag of Andorra.svg أندورا · Flag of Argentina.svg الأرجنتين · Flag of Australia.svg أستراليا · Flag of Canada.svg كندا · Flag of Chile.svg تشيلي  · كولومبيا كولومبيا · Flag of the Czech Republic.svg التشيك · Flag of Ecuador.svg إكوادور · Flag of Estonia.svg إستونيا ·  جورجيا · Flag of Hungary.svg المجر · Flag of Italy.svg إيطاليا ·  لاتڤيا · Flag of Lithuania.svg لتوانيا · Flag of Mexico.svg المكسيك · Flag of Paraguay.svg پاراگواي · Flag of Peru (state).svg پيرو · Flag of Poland.svg بولندا · Flag of Slovakia.svg سلوفاكيا · Flag of Spain.svg إسپانيا · Flag of Ukraine.svg أوكرانيا[a 1] ·  الولايات المتحدة · Flag of مدينة الڤاتيكان الڤاتيكان

  1. ^ There seems to be a disagreement between branches of Ukrainian government over the issue. See Holodomor genocide question#Genocide debate: Ukrainian position for details
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